Arches and Dome
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An arch is a structure that spans an opening and supports weight by resolving forces into compression. Key elements include voussoirs, the wedge-shaped stones that form the arch, and the keystone at the top. Arches fail through crushing, sliding of stones, or uneven settlement. A dome is similar to an inverted arch that resembles half a sphere. Domes channel forces into compression through their curved shape. Common dome types include simple and compound designs.
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Some basic knowledge about Domes and it's awesome properties :) , I tried to make it as simple as possible.For more information you can comment below and I will try my best to answer your questions.
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The PPT describes various ways in which glass is used in Interior Design. Different and unique ways in which glass is used to brighten up your home.
Evolution of the arch
What is an Arch?
An arch is a structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight above it.
Arches appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamian brick architecture and their systematic use started with the Ancient Romans who were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures.
What are the Types of Arches?
Arches have many forms, but all fall into three basic categories: Circular, pointed, and parabolic.
Arches with a circular form, also referred to as rounded arch, were commonly employed by the builders of ancient history, heavy masonry arches.
Ancient Roman builders relied heavily on the rounded arch to span large, open areas.
Several rounded arches placed in-line, end-to-end, form an arcade, such as the Roman aqueduct.
Pointed arches were most often used by builders of Gothic-style architecture.
The advantage to using a pointed arch, rather than a circular arch, is that the arch action in a pointed arch produces less thrust at the base.
This innovation allowed for taller and more closely spaced openings, typical of Gothic architecture
Vaults are essentially "adjacent arches [that] are assembled side by side."
If vaults intersect, complex forms are produced with the intersections.
The forms, along with the "strongly expressed ribs at the vault intersections, were dominant architectural features of Gothic cathedrals."
The parabolic arch employs the principle that when weight is uniformly applied to an arch, the internal compression resulting from that weight will follow a parabolic profile.
Of any arch type, the parabolic arch produces the most thrust at the base, but can span the largest areas.
It is commonly used in bridge design, where long spans are needed.
Glass
Glass is a hard, brittle material made by melting together silica sand, soda ash, limestone and other ingredients at high temperatures. It can be formed into different shapes through processes like glassblowing, pressing or drawing and is then annealed to increase its strength. Common types of glass include soda-lime glass for windows and containers, lead crystal for tableware, Pyrex for labware and heat resistance, and optical glass for lenses. Glass fibers are used for insulation, reinforcement and other applications. Modern glass production involves batching raw materials, melting in furnaces, forming the glass, annealing and inspection.
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The document provides information about various building components including lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It describes 6 different types of lintels - stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. It also discusses arches and their classification based on material, shape, and number of centers. Additionally, it covers vaults like barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it summarizes the different parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and half turn stairs.
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This document provides information on various structural elements used in construction including beams, slabs, arches, vaults, trusses, frames, and domes. It describes the basic components, characteristics, types, and applications of each element. For example, it states that a beam is an element that resists bending forces, a slab is a horizontal surface element reinforced with steel bars, an arch distributes vertical loads into sideways forces through wedge-shaped blocks, and a dome is a curved ceiling structure similar to a hemisphere. The document also provides diagrams to illustrate different structural configurations.
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1. A lintel is a horizontal structural member placed across an opening to support the structure above, while an arch is a structure that spans a space and supports weight below through mutual support of wedge-shaped blocks.
2. Lintels are classified by material including timber, stone, brick, reinforced brick, steel, and reinforced concrete. Arches have various geometries including flat, semi-circular, segmental, parabolic, and more.
3. The key to an arch's strength is that it resolves forces into compression rather than tension. Proper design and construction are needed to ensure the arch remains compressed and does not collapse due to crushing, sliding, or other failures.
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This document provides information on building components such as lintels, arches, vaults, and staircases. It discusses different types of each component and their characteristics. For lintels, it describes stone, wooden, brick, steel, reinforced concrete, and reinforced brick lintels. For arches, it defines various arch terminology and classifies arches based on material, shape, and number of centers. Vaults are classified as barrel, groin, rib, and fan vaults. Finally, it discusses the parts of staircases and types including straight, quarter turn, and bifurcated stairs.
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Arches and Dome
- 2. What is Arch…? An arch is structure that spans a space and supports structure and weight above it. Provides a structure which eliminates tensile stresses in spanning a great amount of open space. All the forces are resolved into compressive stresses.
- 3. Force acting on arch
- 5. Technical Terms Keystone: A keystone is the wedge-shaped stone piece at the apex of an arch, which is the final piece placed during construction and locks all the stones into position, allowing the arch to bear weight. Voussoirs: The voussoirs are the wedge shaped units forming the arch.
- 6. Intrados: It is the inner curve of an arch. Extrados: It is the outer curve of an arch. Springing stone: The springing stone or springer is the first voussoirs at springing level on either side of the arches. Crown: Highest point of extrados or
- 7. Span : Clear horizontal distance between the two supports. Rise :The vertical distance between the spring line of an arch and the keystone .
- 8. Failure of an arch EVERY ELEMENT OF ARCH REMAINS IN COMPRESSION. An arches fail due to: 1) Crushing of the masonry. 2) Sliding of voussoirs. 3) Rotation of some joints about an edge. 4) Uneven settlement of an abutment.
- 9. Failure of an arch Crushing of the masonry: If the compressive stress exceeds the safe crushing strength of the masonry unit and mortar , the arch will fail in crushing. Sliding of voussoirs :To safeguard against sliding of voussoirs past each other due to transverse shear ,the voussoirs of greater height should be provided. Rotation of some joints about an edge :Rotation can be prevented ,if the line of resistance is kept within intrados and extrados. Also, the line of thrust should be made to cross the joint away from the edge to prevent the crushing of that edge.
- 11. Construction Masonry work in arch should be carried up from both ends uniformly and keyed in the centre. Defects in dressing should not be made good by mortar or chips. The arch work should be kept thoroughly wet. so that no portion of the arch hardens and fully ,sets before the whole arch is completed. From this consideration, it is desirable to employ a mortar which is slow setting.
- 12. Loading of Arches Loading of arches should be gradual and so regulated that at least 7 days should elapse before 50% of design load. At least 14 days should elapse before 75%of design load comes on the arch, allowing full design load only after 28 days of completion of arch.
- 13. Main types of arches Semi Circular Arch Segmental arch or arch that is less than a semicircle Flat arch •A semi-circular arch is a half circle. This arch has an advantage over segmental arch that side thrust at the support is much less and thus side supports need not be very wide. •A flat arch, which is suitable only for small spans (say up to 1 meter) and light loads, has a horizontal extrados and slightly cambered intrados is employed mainly for spanning door and window openings in ordinary buildings.
- 14. DOME
- 15. A dome is an element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere. Dome structures made of various materials have a long architectural lineage extending into prehistory. A dome is a rounded vault made of curved segments, meaning an arch rotated around its central vertical axis.
- 16. Coffer Cupola Lantern Oculus Pendentive Rotunda Squinch Tholobate Whispering gallery
- 17. Compound Dome Simple Dome
- 18. • Masonry domes were provided in the past to serve as roof cover for large structures, when no other structural means of bridging large spans were available. • With the advent of steel, reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete, use of domes is not made now, except on special architectural considerations in case of monumental, religious and institutional buildings. • Construction technique of a dome is more or less similar to that of an arch.