An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99
An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99
Nuclear Power in India The Indian Atomic Energy Commission's Role.pdfthenationaltv
The Indian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) plays a pivotal role in driving India's pursuit of nuclear power and research since its establishment in 1948. As an organization under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE), the AEC has been instrumental in the development and deployment of nuclear technology for peaceful purposes.
Presentation1.pptxPakistan Nuclear Power Capacity.pptxlodhisaajjda
n Pakistan, nuclear power is provided by six commercial nuclear power plants with a net capacity of 3,262 megawatts (3.262 GW) from pressurized water reactors.[1] In 2020, Pakistan's nuclear power plants produced a total of 133 terawatt-hours of electricity, which accounted for roughly 10% of the nation's total electric energy generation.[1][2][3]
Pakistan is the first country in the Muslim world to construct and operate commercial nuclear plants, with first being commissioned in 1972.: 31–33 [4]
As of 2023, there is one nuclear power plant is that being constructed and the other is in design phases to produce gross energy capacity of 1,000 megawatts (1.0 GW), while one has been permanently shut down.[5] The nuclear power in Pakistan is regulated through the Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority (PNRA), which grants licenses and their renewals, while the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) manages the operations of the nuclear power plants.[6][7]
Due to the country's refusal to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and accept full-scope IAEA safeguards, the imports and access to the reactor technology has been restricted by the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG). Under its current policy to address its energy security, the country plans on constructing 32 commercial nuclear power plants by 2050-51.[8]
In the past, Canada partnered with Pakistan in providing the nation's first nuclear power plant in 1965 and later, China and the IAEA has provided support in providing the nuclear power plants since 1993 at address its challenges relating to energy security.[1]
History
In 1960, the plans on the construction for nation's first nuclear power plant were submitted to the Ayub administration by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, with support from the Abdus Salam who was serving in capacity as Science Advisor to the Government of Pakistan at that time.[9] In fact, it was Abdus Salam's efforts that led to the approval of the country's first commercial nuclear power plant at the Paradise Point in Karachi, Sindh.[9][10] During this time, the Ayub administration successfully negotiated the Canadian government that allowed the GE Canada to work with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission in designing and constructing the country's first commercial nuclear power in 1965.: 54–55 [11]
In 1965, the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission's Centre for Nuclear Studies (CNS) was able to design and construct its own small reactor, known as the Pakistan Atomic Research Reactor (PARR-I) in Nilore.: 94–95 [11] The fuel bundles were for this reactor were, however, provided by the United States Atomic Energy Commission (USAEC) through the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) for research and training purposes only.: 193 [11] The first commercial nuclear power plant was design on the basis of CANDU-type which was earlier offered to India (in 1955) but Canada had its priced at US$ 10 million ($96.7 million in 2023) which was too expensive for the country's
Was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Behind Pakistan's Nuclear ProgramMalik Sohail Nawaz
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's struggle behind nuclear Pakistan and nuclear deterrence against arch rival India. His struggle and vision for nuclear arsenals and foreseeing about Indian policies.
2. How did AQ Khan influence today’s global proliferation efforts?
3. Overview | AQ Khan
The Man, The Myth, The Legend
Abdul Qadeer Khan (1936-Present)
• Pakistani nuclear
physicist/metallurgical
engineer
• Founder of Pakistan’s
uranium enrichment
program
• Global nuclear black
market
6. Overview | AQ Khan
The Man, The Myth, The Legend
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (1928-1979)
• Founded nuclear
program in 1972
• January 24, 1972:
Multan Meeting
• “With granite
determination, I put my
entire vitality behind the
takes of acquiring
nuclear capability for my
country”
7. Overview | Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
Purpose: To Build Industrial Nuclear Infrastructure Throughout the Country
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
1955: PAEC Established
• Peaceful program became
weapons program
• Turning Point: 1971: India’s
humiliating win in Indo-
Pakistani War of 1971
• Retracted non-weapon policy
and began research in 1972
8. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain a nuclear weapon
Crash-Program
1972: President Bhutto approved a nuclear bomb crash-program
1974: Due to India’s "Smiling Buddha” Test, Bhutto created Project-706
“We will eat grass, even go hungry, but we will get one”
9. Overview | AQ Khan in Holland
Early Espionage
Almelo, Holland Enrichment Plant
1974: 16 Day Espionage
• URENCO
• Major information leak – centrifuge technology
1976: Return to Pakistan
10. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.
Project 706 (1974-1983)
• Uranium based nuclear program
• Maintain intelligence on India’s nuclear program
11. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.
1976: Project 706 "Kahuta Research Laboratories"
• Highly-Enriched Uranium Production
Kahuta Research Laboratories
12. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.
1978: A. Q. Khan Launches Global
Recruiting Campaign
• Promises of riches
• Revamped recruitment effort
Global Recruitment for Nuclear Weapons Development
13. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.
1980: Pakistan advertises nuclear potential
• Centrifuge designs
• Enough fuel for 3-6 weapons per year
Self-Sustainability
14. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons.
1983: Dutch court sentences A.Q. Khan to four years’ jail - technicality
(URENCO 16 Days Espionage)
1986: Pakistan and Iran sign nuclear cooperation agreement
• $3,000,000 Deal
• United States: CIA tells the Dutch government to back off AQ Khan
About
15. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain nuclear weapons
About
1991: Gadaffi spent $40,000,000 on nuclear components
• Pakistan black market dealers and scientists
1992: A.Q. Khan talks with North Korea to obtain intermediate-range ballistic missiles
for gas centrifuge designs
16. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Tension with India
April 1998: Pakistan test-fires 937-mile range Ghauri missile, can carry nuclear
warheads
May 1998: India conducts five nuclear tests
Back – and - Forth
Progress in India
1996: India tests Prithvi II missile capable of carrying nuclear warheads
June 1998: Pakistan conducts its first nuclear tests, six in total
18. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain a nuclear weapons
Rising Tensions
2001: President Musharraf promotes A.Q. Khan to scientific adviser to president
2002: India and Pakistan close to war after attack on parliament in New Delhi blamed on
Pakistani militants
19. IAEA | AQ Khan
How the IAEA Shut Down AQ Khan
IAEA
2003: Iran
• IAEA found a large
enrichment facility
(Natanz)
• Using centrifuge based on
the Urenco Pak-1 gas
centrifuge
2003: Libya
IAEA dismantled Libya's
nuclear program
20. Pakistan’s Nuclear Weapon Development | Overview
Objective: To obtain a nuclear weapon
The Downfall
2003: Pakistan questioning nuclear scientists, including A.Q. Khan
• Information from Iran and Libya passed on by the U.N.'s International Atomic
Energy Agency
2004: Removal of A.Q. Khan as adviser to prime minister.
21. Global Network | AQ Khan
What programs were enabled by AQK, how did he influence proliferation efforts worldwide?
Abdul Qadeer Khan’s Role
Editor's Notes
Hello, Today I am presenting on AQ Khan. By the end of the presentation you're going to have an overview of aq khan's role in pakistan’s nuclear program, and how he spread nuclear weapons.
This is one of the questions that will be answered throughout the presentation. Hello, Today I am presenting on AQ Khan. By the end of the presentation you're going to have an overview of aq khan's role in pakistan’s nuclear program, and how he spread nuclear weapons. This is one of the questions that will be answered throughout the presentation.
1936: Born in India
After the violent partition of India in 1947, his family forced to flee India to Pakistan in 1952, forced to flee
1961: Khan moves to Europe to complete his studies in Holland where he eventually would began his espionage
Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is the founder of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program and is the leading figure behind a global nuclear black market that continued to operate until the fall of 2005 By 2005, American, European and Pakistani officials say. Dr. Khan's network sent nuclear weapons technology to Iran, North Korea and Libya.
Founder of Pakistan's nuclear weapons program, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan is the leading figure behind a global nuclear black market that continued to operate until the fall of 2005, American, European and Pakistani officials say. Dr. Khan's network sent nuclear weapons technology to Iran, North Korea and Libya. founded pakistans uranium enrichment program
This is a map of aq kjan's network and if you look to key in bottom right hand sign describe customers lighter grey suppliers is darker. This essentially shows the global scope of AQ Khan’s black market nuclear network.
The black market is important because it shows the emergence of the private sector as an additional source of nuclear technology and expertise for proliferant states. Such activity has been notable in the nuclear weapons programs of Iraq and Iran – both of which, like Pakistan, developed extensive procurement networks to obtain technology from the private sector
To a lesser extent India, North Korea, Libya, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, South Africa, Syria and Israel are also alleged to have been involved in the nuclear black market. For obvious reasons, this is difficult to monitor from the IAEA’s perspective.
Ever since the partition of the sub-continent in 1947, when Britain dismantled its Indian empire, India and Pakistan have been arch rivals.
The animosity has its roots in religion and history, and is epitomised by the long-running conflict over the state of Jammu and Kashmir. This then escalated into a dangerous nuclear arms race.
Bhutto was the founder of Pakistan's atomic bomb programme, and is known as Father of Nuclear deterrence programme. The starting points of Pakistan’s nuclear program is known as January 24, 1972 which was the Multan Meeting that Bhutto called after Pakistan’s defeat in the Bangladesh War. . On this date President Bhutto committed Pakistan to acquiring nuclear weapons at the secret. Bhutto was the main architect of this programme, and it was here that he rallied Pakistan's academic scientists to build the atomic bomb in three years for national survival. He was known for his determination and some even say obsession with acquiring a nuclear weapon.
1955: Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission set up to promote peaceful uses of atomic energy.
The government established a committee of scientists to prepare nuclear energy plans and build an industrial nuclear infrastructure throughout the country.[12] As the Energy Council Act went into full effect, the Prime minister (Suhrawardy) established the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) in March 1956. Although this began as a peaceful program, it would soon turn into a weapons program after India’s win in the Indo-Pakistanti War
A. Q. Khan was employed from 1972 to 1975 by a Research Laboratory (FDO) in Amsterdam that was the a partner of the uranium enrichment centrifuge consortium URENCO.
They had an enrichment plant in Almelo, Holland, and used highly classified ultracentrifuge technology to separate scarce highly fissionable U-235 from abundant U-238 by spinning the two isotopes at up to 100,000 revolutions a minute. The research lab that Khan worked in was a URENCO subcontractor and consultant. Its personnel, including Khan, were technically subject to tight security controls.
But Khan's most important foray to Almelo was made in the autumn of 1974, when he spent 16 days in the plant's most secret area. His assignment was to translate a highly classified report on a breakthrough in centrifuge technology from German to Dutch. During the 16 days, he was noted as looking around at everything. Once he was asked by a colleague why he was writing in a foreign script and Khan replied that it was only a letter back to his family back home. Others noticed that he continually roamed around the factory, notebook in hand, but thought nothing of it.
In January 1976, Khan and his family suddenly left Holland and turned up in Pakistan. His wife wrote to her former neighbors that they were on vacation and that her husband had fallen ill. Soon afterward, Khan himself sent a letter of resignation to the research lab. A. Q. Khan apparently managed to steal secrets that were the most closely guarded industrial gems in western Europe and technical materials aside, he got a list of suppliers to URENCO, the companies across Europe that made the components he needed to obtain for Pakistan. And he wasn’t asked to do al of this. I mean AQ Khan was known as a nationalist and some say a fanatic. He wanted to help Pakistan and he had a knack for what needed to be done.
Project-706 led to the creation of multiple production and research sites that operated in extreme secrecy and ambiguity. Apart from research and development the project was also charged with gathering intelligence on Indian nuclear efforts. The Project was disbanded when the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) carried out the first cold test of a miniature nuclear device on 11 March 1983.
1976: Pakistan sets up "Kahuta Research Laboratories" near Islamabad to establish a uranium enrichment plant to seek nuclear capability.
The purpose of Kahuta was for research, development, and production of Highly-Enriched Uranium (HEU), using gas centrifuge (Zippe-type) technological methods roughly based on the model of the Urenco Group—the technology brought by Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, who worked there as a senior scientist.
In 1978 A. Q. Khan launches a worldwide recruiting campaign with ads in newspapers around the world to lure expatriate Pakistani scientists back home to help him with his nuclear weapons work. The campaign is the result of Khan’s prior failure to lure scientists. The ads promise large salaries and new homes in Islamabad
1980s Pakistan began advertising its nuclear potential by publishing technical articles on centrifuge design. including a 1987 article co-authored by A. Q. Khan on balancing sophisticated ultracentrifuge rotors. Operating at full capacity, Kahuta was estimated to have the potential to produce enough weapon-grade uranium for as many as 3 to 6 weapons each year.
and that that it can fabricate its own nuclear fuel based on uranium available in the country
Operating at full capacity, Kahuta is estimated to have the potential to produce enough weapon-grade uranium for as many as 3 to 6 weapons each year.
So then in 1983: Dutch court sentences A.Q. Khan to four years' later overturned on a technicality that he was never served. Khan denies allegations that he stole plans for uranium enrichment centrifuges from URENCO.
1986: Pakistan and Iran sign nuclear cooperation agreement after a visit by Khan.
the deal allegedly calls for the training of six Iranians at Pakistan’s nuclear studies institutes; Khan network closes $3 million deal for centrifuge technology with Iran after being approached.
1991: Pakistan Army chief (Gen. Mirza Aslam Beg) tells U.S. ambassador he is discussing nuclear and conventional military cooperation with Iranian army.
1992: U.S. officials say A.Q. Khan initiates talks with North Korea to obtain intermediate-range ballistic missiles for Pakistan in return for gas centrifuge designs and other assistance to enrich uranium for nuclear weapons
US gave $4 billion in aid to support pakistan in supporting afghanistan versusthe soviet union
1998: Pakistan conducts its first nuclear bomb tests, six in all.
say bullet and ssay that's the photo you see to the left..
pakistan's first test, this may not be taken with a film camera with 1998 funny
Highly competitive nature and tension between Pakistan and India
it's 2001 now
Aq khan is now this 65. He has been working on the nuclear program for 27 years been doing the program for this long, is still working for the pakistan program. Now we are in the modern era, the cold war is over, and there is still this perpetual conflict. 2001: Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf removes A.Q. Khan as head of Pakistan's nuclear programs and names him as scientific adviser to the president. Which is a promotion.
2002: India and Pakistan close to war after attack on parliament in New Delhi blamed on Pakistani-based militants. So again, tensions are high between Pakistan and India.
The IAEA took down AQ Khan essentially by following the trail of bread crumbs like in Hansel and Gretel.
France, Germany and the United Kingdom (the EU-3) undertook a diplomatic initiative with Iran to resolve questions about its nuclear program. Iranian government and EU-3 Foreign Ministers issued a statement known as the Tehran Declaration in which Iran agreed to co-operate with the IAEA, to sign and implement an Additional Protocol and to suspend its enrichment and reprocessing activities during the course of the negotiations. The EU-3 in return explicitly agreed to recognize Iran's nuclear rights and to discuss ways Iran could provide "satisfactory assurances" regarding its nuclear power program, after which Iran would gain easier access to modern technology. Iran signed an Additional Protocol on 18 December 2003, and agreed to act as if the protocol were in force, making the required reports to the IAEA and allowing the required access by IAEA inspectors, pending Iran's ratification of the Additional Protocol. It offered full transparency of Iran's nuclear program and withdrawal of support for Hamas and Hezbollah, in exchange for security assurances from the United States and a normalization of diplomatic relations.
IAEA figured out that Iran had established a large enrichment facility using centrifuge based on the Urenco, which had been obtained "from a foreign intermediary in 1989” (AQ Khan)
Iranians turned over the names of their suppliers and the international inspectors quickly identified the Iranian gas centrifuges as Pak-1's–the gas centrifuges invented by Khan during the atomic bomb project.
In 2003, the IAEA successfully dismantled Libya's nuclear program after persuading Libya to roll back its program to have the economic sanctions lifted
The Libyan officials turned over the names of its suppliers which also included Khan.
2003: Pakistan says it questioning nuclear scientists, including A.Q. Khan, over allegations of proliferation. It says it acting on information from Iran and Libya passed on by the U.N.'s International Atomic Energy Agency.
2004: Probe leads to removal of A.Q. Khan as adviser to prime minister. Khan confesses to supplying designs, hardware and materials used to make enriched uranium for atomic bombs to Iran, Libya and North Korea.
Still today, Pakistan claims to not know about North Korea, Ira, and Libya, but it is unlikely they were not aware of at least some of what was going on.
And this map is just another example of the global network. Notable nuclear deals have been when:
Pakistan traded nuclear technology to North Korea in exchange for ballistic missile technology
Libya acquired highly restricted centrifuge and warhead designs and components that nearly constituted "turn-key"--or functional--fuel-enrichment systems
Iran built illicit plants to enrich uranium
So today, could something like Khan’s 16 days of espionage in Holland happen? Is it possible that an inside-man could take similar secrets and sell them on a nuclear black market?
