The document summarizes India's nuclear program through three phases from 1947-1998, highlighting key leaders and developments in each era. It discusses India's nuclear doctrine of no-first use and minimum credible deterrence. The Nehruvian era from 1947-1964 focused on developing nuclear technology for peaceful purposes. Several quotes from Nehru and others show support for developing nuclear weapons if needed for defense. The true nuclear story involved establishing nuclear institutions from 1944-1962 and tensions with China influencing the program. Architects of the program like Bhabha, Sarabhai, Chidambaram, Iyengar, Sethna, Prakash, and Santhanam played important roles.

1. INDIA'S NUCLEAR OPTION DeepaKylasamIyer

2. OUR NUCLEAR STORY The Nehruvian Era (1947-1964)- J. Nehru, HomiJehangirBhabha, Dr. BrahmPrakash The second phase (1964-1974)- Indira Gandhi, Vikram Sarabhai, Dr. Raja Ramanna, P.K. Iyengar, Dr. R. Chidambaram, Dr. Sethna The third phase (1987-1998)- Rajiv Gandhi, NarasimhaRao, AtalBihari Vajpayee, Dr. Anil Kakodkar, Dr. R. Chidambaram, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, Dr. K. Santhanam

3. INDIA’S NUCLEAR TRIPOD

4. OUR NUCLEAR STORY THROUGH THE YEARS

5. INDIA’S NUCLEAR DOCTRINE Universal, comprehensive, non discriminatory compliance No first use Minimum credible deterrance

6. THE NEHRUVIAN ERA 1948- Atomic energy for peaceful purposes 1954- Standstill agreement 1959- Suspension of nuke and thermo nuke tests in UN agenda 1964- Non proliferation of nuke weapons in UN agenda 35000 nuke warheads

7. SOME INTERESTING OBSERVATIONS “The application of science is inevitable and unavoidable for all countries and people today. But something more that its application is necessary. It is the scientific approach, the adventurous and yet the critical temper of science, the capacity to change previous conclusions in the face of new evidence, the reliance on observed fact and not on pre-conceived theory - all this is necessary not merely for the application of science, but for life itself and the solution of its many problems” J. Nehru, 1946

8. "As long as the world is constituted as it is, every county will have to devise and use the latest scientific devices for its protection. I have no doubt that India will develop her scientific researches and I hope Indian scientists will use the atomic force for constructive purposes. But if India is threatened she will inevitably try to defend herself by all means at her disposal” J. Nehru, 1946

9. “Apart from building power stations and developing electricity there is always a built-in advantage of defense use if the need should arise” J. Nehru in a reply to Bhabha "There was never a discussion among us over whether we shouldn't make the bomb. How to do it was more important. For us it was a matter of prestige that would justify our ancient past. The question of deterrence came much later. Also, as Indian scientists we were keen to show our Western counterparts, who thought little of us those days, that we too could do it.“ Dr. Raja Ramanna

10. THE TRUE NUCLEAR STORY 1944- Bhabha’s request- TIFR (1945) 15 April, 1948- Atomic Energy Act- IAEC 3 January, 1954- Atomic Energy Est., Trombay 3 August, 1954- DAE- Answered directly to PM 1955- 1 MW Apsara (British) 1955- Canada India Research Reactor (14 MW), US heavy water 1958- Phoenix 1960-61- Tarapur (nuclear power plant)

11. 1959- India China tension 1961- China’s nuke operations begin 1962- High level meeting at TIFR 1962- Nehru passes revised Atomic Energy Act (scarcely mentioning civilian application) 27 May, 1964- Nehru passes away

12. THE ARCHITECTS OF INDIAN NUCLEAR PROGRAM

13. Nehru with Dr. Bhabha

14. Dr. Vikram Sarabhai

16. Dr. R. Chidambaram

17. Dr. P. K. Iyengar

18. Dr. HomiSethna

20. Dr. BrahmPrakash

22. Dr. Santhanam