This document discusses the concept of appropriation in art, which involves borrowing and transforming existing images from other sources. It provides examples of famous artists like Andy Warhol, Jeff Koons, and Marcel Duchamp who pioneered appropriation techniques. The document also explains concepts like fair use and how copyright law aims to balance protecting artists' rights with allowing new creative works.

1. Appropriation

2. Appropriation in Art
• To appropriate is to borrow.
• It is the practice of taking a pre-
existing image from another source
(such as books, advertisements, the
media etc.) and transforming or
combining it with new ones.
• Can be three dimensional by using
found objects in art. Found objects are
existing objects given a new identity as
an artwork or part of an artwork

3. Andy Warhol – Marilyn Series 1962 Jeff Koons – Niagara, 2000Silk Sandals - Gucci, Aug 2000
Marilyn Monroe – Niagara,
1953
Andy Warhol - Marilyn Monroe (Marilyn) 1967

4. Appropriation
• Appropriation started in the
early 1900’s with cubism and
was further developed by
Machel Duchamp with pieces
such as “Fountain,
1917&1964”, “Bicycle Wheel,
1951” and Salvador Dali’s
“Lobster Telephone, 1936”.
This is Art because I say it is Art! - Duchamp

5. • Marcel Duchamp’s ‘L.H.O.O.Q’, a
cheap postcard of the Mona Lisa
with a moustache drawn on with
pencil.
•Was done in 1919 and is one of
the most well-known acts of
degrading a famous work of art.
•The title when pronounced in
French, puns the phrase "Elle a
chaud au cul", translated
colloquially as "She has a hot ass".
•Why do you think he did this?

6. • Appropriation further developed and began
influencing the Pop Art movement in the 1950s.
• POP ART is a type of art that is based on popular
culture and the mass media. It tends to reflect
current values of society/culture and uses images
borrowed from advertising, photography, comic
strips and other mass media sources.

7. • In 1980’s artists such as Sherrie Levine
and Jeff Koons tried reproducing art to
create a new situation and therefore a
new meaning/set of meanings for a
familiar image.
• These works sought to recontextualize
objects and have individuals think abut
them in a different manner.
Fountain (After Marcel Duchamp: A.P.) (1991)

8. Barbara Kruger: Untitled (It's a small world but not if you have to clean it)

9. Andy Warhol Campbell's Soup Cans 1962

10. Michael Jackson and Bubbles, 1988

12. Hirst was sued for breach
of copyright over his
sculpture Hymm in 2000.
The subject was a ‘Young
Scientist Anatomy Set’
belonging to his son
Connor, 10,000 of which
are sold a year by Hull
(Emms) Toy Manufacturer.

13. Cherrie Levine. After Walker-Evans. 1981

14. Jeff Koons String of Puppies (1988)

16. How are we protected from
‘Creative Criminals’?

17. Copyright Law
• Copyright is a law that protects original works of
authorship. Copyright is attached as soon as the original
work is created.
• Copyright owners have the right to do four things
known as their “Exclusive Rights”
• Reproduce the copyright work
• Display the copyrighted works publicly
• Prepare derivative works based on copyrighted
work
• Distribute copies of the copyrighted work too the
public by sale, rental and to display thee image

18. How do you know if someone is
genuinely inspired by an artists
technique & concept?
Or are they just copying?

20. FAIR USE
Fair use is a legal exception to the exclusive
rights an owner has for copyrighted works.
It aims to protect the rights of the user
while promoting the interests of the public.

21. Factors used to determine Fair Use
Purpose and character of use (educational/commercial)
Amount and substantiality of portion used in relation to the whole
Effect of the use upon potential market for or value of thee copyrighted works
The nature of the work (fact/fiction)

22. Photograph: Art Rogers – 1985; Polychrome: Jeff Koons – 1988 (both via The Design Observer Group)

23. Photograph: Mannie Garcia – 2006 (via The New York Times); Poster: Shephard Fairey – 2008 (via Wikipedia)

24. Illustrations: Modern Dog – 2008; T-shirt: Target (both via Business Insider)

25. Silk Sandals - Gucci, Aug 2000 and Jeff Koons – Niagara, 2000

26. Beyoncé’ vs The Garry’s ‘In the Dreams’
Video

27. How to avoid Copyright Infringement
• 1. Obtain royalty-free images from reputable sources.
• Free
• FreeImages.com
• morgueFile
• Image * After
• openphoto.net
• Freerange Stock
• Royalty-Free
• iStock (by Getty Images)
• Shutterstock
• Getty Images Royalty-Free
• Corbis Royalty-Free

28. • 2. Do a “background search” on any image before using it.
• Google Image Search – You can drag and drop an image to Google Image
Search to do a reverse search.
• TinEye – Perhaps the best reverse image search out there
• 3. Take your own photos.
• 4. Where none of the above is possible, cite all images used as
reference.

29. References
• http://www.artistrights.info/generall/
• https://99designs.com/blog/tips/5-famous-copyright-infringement-cases/
• https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/copyright-fair-use-and-how-it-works-for-
online-images/
• https://www.artslaw.com.au/articles/entry/i-like-your-style-part-i-copyright-
infringement-or-not/
• https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/appropriation
• https://www.theartstory.org/movement-pop-art.htm
• https://onward.justia.com/2015/08/26/three-ways-to-avoid-copyright-
infringement-for-images-on-your-blog/