The document discusses trends and future forms of terrorism. It analyzes religiously motivated terrorism as the 4th wave of terrorism and describes characteristics of 5th wave cult-like terrorist groups like ISIS and Boko Haram. It also examines the impact of ISIS mentoring jihadist groups in North Africa and discusses challenges of countering terrorism in democracies without compromising civil liberties or using torture.
The document provides an overview of terrorism, including:
1) Definitions of terrorism from different official sources emphasize premeditated politically motivated violence against civilians to create fear and influence audiences.
2) Terrorism is challenging to define and there are different types including state, dissident, religious, and criminal terrorism.
3) Ideologies like anarchism, Marxism, and fascism can motivate terrorist groups, and extremism is characterized by intolerance of opposing views.
This document discusses definitions and types of terrorism as well as profiles of terrorists and how they are recruited. It examines similarities between terrorist groups and cults, and explores psychological theories for why people engage in terrorist behavior, such as groupthink, social learning of aggression, and moral disengagement. Media coverage of terrorism is also discussed as terrorists seek attention, while government terror warnings may increase presidential approval ratings due to social identity and halo effects.
Terrorism involves the use or threat of violence for political purposes. It is committed by non-state actors and targets civilians to achieve political goals through fear and coercion. Key criteria for defining terrorism include the use or threat of violence, targeting of non-combatants, and perpetration for a political, religious, or ideological goal rather than financial gain. Terrorism has global impacts through instilling widespread fear and psychological trauma. It employs various tactics like bombings, shootings, and propaganda to maximize publicity. Responses to terrorism involve increased security measures, military action, intelligence gathering, and criminal law enforcement.
The document discusses the historical roots and evolution of terrorism over time. It traces terrorism back to secret killings against tyrants in ancient times. Modern terrorism emerged during the French Revolution. Nationalist and anarchist groups in the 19th century used terrorist tactics. More recently, terrorism has taken on a religious character, especially from Islamic extremist groups. The document also examines the structures, organizations, and goals of various global and local terrorist groups operating today.
This document discusses the causes and history of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and tracing its origins and original meaning. It then examines different perspectives on how terrorists should be classified and treated. The document then explores five main drivers of terrorism: 1) ethno-nationalism, 2) alienation and discrimination, 3) religion, 4) socio-economic factors, and 5) political grievances. For each cause, it provides historical examples and explains how the cause can contribute to radicalization and terrorist activities.
The Fearsome Grip of Terrorism (Causes and Solutions)Karan Khanna
Here is a presentation to give an idea of the current scenario of terrorism, its causes and certain solutions to fight it.Hope that I can successfully express my views on the topic.
Terrorism is defined as unlawful violence that intimidates governments or societies for political, religious, or ideological goals. It has a long history dating back to resistance against the Roman Empire, and modern terrorism emerged in the French Revolution. Terrorism takes various forms such as armed attacks, explosives, and biological or chemical weapons. While prevention requires education, surveillance, and addressing root causes, terrorism continues to threaten societies through deadly attacks like 9/11 and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
The document provides an overview of terrorism, including:
1) Definitions of terrorism from different official sources emphasize premeditated politically motivated violence against civilians to create fear and influence audiences.
2) Terrorism is challenging to define and there are different types including state, dissident, religious, and criminal terrorism.
3) Ideologies like anarchism, Marxism, and fascism can motivate terrorist groups, and extremism is characterized by intolerance of opposing views.
This document discusses definitions and types of terrorism as well as profiles of terrorists and how they are recruited. It examines similarities between terrorist groups and cults, and explores psychological theories for why people engage in terrorist behavior, such as groupthink, social learning of aggression, and moral disengagement. Media coverage of terrorism is also discussed as terrorists seek attention, while government terror warnings may increase presidential approval ratings due to social identity and halo effects.
Terrorism involves the use or threat of violence for political purposes. It is committed by non-state actors and targets civilians to achieve political goals through fear and coercion. Key criteria for defining terrorism include the use or threat of violence, targeting of non-combatants, and perpetration for a political, religious, or ideological goal rather than financial gain. Terrorism has global impacts through instilling widespread fear and psychological trauma. It employs various tactics like bombings, shootings, and propaganda to maximize publicity. Responses to terrorism involve increased security measures, military action, intelligence gathering, and criminal law enforcement.
The document discusses the historical roots and evolution of terrorism over time. It traces terrorism back to secret killings against tyrants in ancient times. Modern terrorism emerged during the French Revolution. Nationalist and anarchist groups in the 19th century used terrorist tactics. More recently, terrorism has taken on a religious character, especially from Islamic extremist groups. The document also examines the structures, organizations, and goals of various global and local terrorist groups operating today.
This document discusses the causes and history of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and tracing its origins and original meaning. It then examines different perspectives on how terrorists should be classified and treated. The document then explores five main drivers of terrorism: 1) ethno-nationalism, 2) alienation and discrimination, 3) religion, 4) socio-economic factors, and 5) political grievances. For each cause, it provides historical examples and explains how the cause can contribute to radicalization and terrorist activities.
The Fearsome Grip of Terrorism (Causes and Solutions)Karan Khanna
Here is a presentation to give an idea of the current scenario of terrorism, its causes and certain solutions to fight it.Hope that I can successfully express my views on the topic.
Terrorism is defined as unlawful violence that intimidates governments or societies for political, religious, or ideological goals. It has a long history dating back to resistance against the Roman Empire, and modern terrorism emerged in the French Revolution. Terrorism takes various forms such as armed attacks, explosives, and biological or chemical weapons. While prevention requires education, surveillance, and addressing root causes, terrorism continues to threaten societies through deadly attacks like 9/11 and the 2008 Mumbai attacks.
The document discusses various psychological and sociological theories that attempt to explain terrorism and extremism. It covers psychopathological theories that examine the relationship between terrorism and mental illness. It also discusses rational choice theory, which views terrorist actions as rational decisions to achieve political goals. Several sociological theories are outlined, including social learning theory, frustration-aggression theory, relative deprivation theory, oppression theory, and national cultural theory. Finally, it analyzes psychoanalytic psychological theories of terrorism, including those focused on identity, narcissism, and paranoia.
The root cause of terrorism and its solutionDabeer Nastar
Once people obtain peace, it opens opportunities to strive for ideals and attain justice constructively. The root cause of terrorism is an ideology of violence that must be countered with an ideology of peace based on Islam's original sources. The Prophet Muhammad's example of accepting all conditions in the Treaty of Hudaybiyya without violence gave his followers time to consolidate peacefully. This shows that Islam's method is completely peaceful.
The document discusses how media can help terrorists achieve their goals of spreading fear and influencing public perception. It argues that media sometimes plays a negative role by exaggerating the scale of terrorism, misinforming the public, provoking overreactions, legitimizing terrorist acts, and romanticizing terrorists. The document provides examples showing how extensive media coverage of terrorist incidents can make the problem seem larger than it is statistically. It also suggests that media should adopt policies to limit exaggerated or misleading coverage that could further terrorists' objectives.
Social media plays a role in both terrorism and anti-terrorism efforts. It allows terrorist groups like ISIS to widely distribute propaganda like violent videos and images to recruit supporters and influence audiences. It also allows individuals to publish manifestos outlining their motivations for violent attacks. However, social media also aids in countering terrorist groups by distributing anti-ISIS messages. Defining terrorism remains challenging as different groups and governments have varying definitions, and social media has complicated efforts to form a universal description.
The Moral Questions on the Religious Basis for Terrorisminventionjournals
Terrorism has been informed and propelled by many factors such as tribal, political, religious and many other factors but experience has shown that religious factor has been a key factor for terrorism; sometimes, it is used to champion other courses which may be political or tribal. Religious terrorism is the justifiability of terror acts on the ground that such an act is sanctioned by a deity; thus, adherents are called to even kill in order to defend their faith. Religious motivated terrorism (e. g., Joshua conquest of the Canaanites in the Old Testament, ISIS terrorist attacks, Al Qaeda, Hezbollah in Lebanon, Boko-Haram in Nigeria etc.) is said to be the deadliest of all other kinds of terrorism. Looking at the religious basis for terrorism, one is poised to raise some moral questions such as: are there ethical justifications for religious terrorism? Is religion the bedrock for morality or vice versa? Since God has reason for all His actions, can He ever sanction the killing of His creatures for His delight? What is the moral undertone of martyrdom? Etc. This research considers these questions and more thereby unveiling a possible moral condemnation of religious basis for terrorism.
The document discusses several goals and motivations that have been linked to terrorism, including religion, social causes, political achievements, desire for change, gaining attention, and revenge. It argues that while some of these goals like political change may have motivated terrorism in the past, religion is now the primary motivation behind many terrorist attacks. It also contends that using violence and harming innocent people can never be justified as a means to enact change or get revenge.
This document examines the relationship between globalization and transnational terrorism. It begins with distinguishing between "old" and "new" terrorism, noting how new terrorism since the 1990s has shifted to religious motivations and become more lethal. The author then reviews literature on defining terrorism and globalization. Several dimensions of globalization are discussed, including how economic globalization has increased terrorists' access to information, funding, and weapons through new technologies and financial systems. Regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of different aspects of globalization on transnational terrorist attacks and casualties.
This document discusses how global jihadist groups have tactically adopted terrorism as an insurgent tactic. It argues that the US needs to redefine these groups as radical Islamic insurgencies using terrorist tactics, rather than solely terrorist groups. The document examines the differences between insurgency and terrorism, and how groups have adopted terrorist tactics for their coercive effects. It recommends that the US improve its understanding of why groups adopt different tactics and view them as strategic choices based on factors like resources and environment, rather than fixed labels, to better counter future insurgent threats.
Globalization has allowed terrorism to exist on a global level due to increased technology and interconnectivity. While there is no agreed-upon definition, terrorism generally involves the use or threat of violence against civilians to achieve political goals. Globalization has aided terrorism through expanded air travel, televised news coverage, and access to more dangerous weapons. It has also contributed to cultural, economic, and religious explanations for terrorism. Technologies associated with globalization have improved terrorists' abilities to coordinate attacks, maintain security, gain mobility, and conduct more lethal operations. International efforts aim to curb terrorism through collaboration, but challenges remain around identification, bureaucratic defects, and addressing radicalizing messages.
Detecting Suicide Bombers, Richard Garrity 2014Richard Garrity
This document provides information on detecting potential suicide bombers, including behaviors and physical characteristics to watch for. It discusses signs of religious preparation for death, pre-attack body motions like maintaining a strong grip on suspicious objects, and how improvised explosive devices can restrict mobility. The document stresses that facilities like transportation hubs, railways, airports, malls and office buildings are most at risk, and that officers should observe suspicious behavior in anyone without profiling based on appearance.
This document discusses definitions of terrorism from various government and international organizations. It notes that there is no universally agreed upon definition. The US Department of Defense, FBI, and Department of State each have their own definitions that focus on unlawful violence or threats of violence intended to create fear and coerce for political, religious or ideological goals. The UN and British government also have their own definitions. The document examines key elements of terrorism, such as it being a tactic to influence audiences beyond the immediate victims, and how terrorists seek publicity through violence. Experts note challenges in defining terrorism given its politically charged nature.
This document discusses globalized terrorism from two perspectives: 1) State terrorism practiced by major Western powers like the US to control natural resources and markets in other countries. This has led to wars, dictatorships, and sponsorship of terror. 2) Terrorism by organizations reacting to Western imperialism in places like the Middle East against military occupations. It argues the US and allies are responsible for social and economic ruin worldwide and instigate conflicts for their interests. According to philosopher Thomas Hobbes, the current international situation resembles a "state of nature" without common laws, where all states act in self-interest through force. To end this state and global wars/bloodshed, the document argues for establishing a democratic world government representing all peoples
The document discusses terrorism and provides context on its definition, history, and types of terrorist acts. It details how terrorism has been used for centuries in various forms by groups seeking political, social, or religious goals. Specific terrorist groups and their tactics are examined, including Al Qaeda and the types of weapons of mass destruction that may be used. The document also reviews how different government agencies work to counter terrorism within the United States and abroad through intelligence gathering and analysis.
The document defines and discusses different types of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism as acts intended to create fear through violence against civilians. It then outlines and provides examples of several types of terrorism: state terrorism carried out by governments; religious terrorism motivated by religious ideologies; right-wing and left-wing terrorism that aim to combat or overthrow certain political systems; pathological terrorism for personal pleasure; issue-oriented terrorism focused on specific causes; separatist terrorism seeking independence; and narco-terrorism related to drug trafficking. The document also discusses the goals, factors, and effective ways to reduce terrorism such as alleviating poverty, reducing unemployment, ending injustice, reducing corruption, and increasing education.
1. The document discusses the relationship between religion and terrorism, examining how religiously motivated terrorist groups use sacred texts and beliefs to justify violence.
2. It explores various causes of religious terrorism, such as crises in their environment and a desire to establish religious rule.
3. Religious terrorism is distinguished from secular terrorism by its extreme brutality and seemingly irrational goals like destroying the world to create a new one or establishing a theocracy through violence.
Terrorism involves creating fear through violence to further political, religious, or ideological goals. It has ancient origins but the modern concept emerged during the French Revolution. Terrorism can take several forms including state-sponsored, dissent, religious, and criminal. Leading causes include ethno-nationalism, discrimination, religion, socio-economic factors, and political grievances. Common terrorist acts are hijackings, bombings, mass shootings, assassinations, and government takeovers. ISIS is a powerful and brutal terrorist group that has seized large areas of the Middle East and claimed responsibility for attacks worldwide.
This document outlines and discusses various definitions and perspectives on terrorism. It explores the differences between "new" and "old" terrorism in terms of characteristics like martyrdom, the role of religion versus politics, and organizational structure. The document also examines government reactions to terrorism such as counterterrorism and anti-terrorism approaches, and debates around the effectiveness of military force versus political negotiations. Overall, terrorism involves the use of violence for political goals, but definitions and viewpoints vary considerably.
The document summarizes a research paper on the causes and motivations of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and outlining its historical uses as a tactic by states and religious groups to consolidate power and enforce social control. It then examines legal definitions of terrorism in international law, US law, and laws of war. Finally, it explores possible political, social, and psychological motivations for terrorism, suggesting it can be used as a tactic to escalate conflict, disrupt societies, and demoralize populations.
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
The document discusses global extremism and terrorism from the perspective of the Muslim world. It provides definitions of extremism and terrorism, examines their root causes such as misinterpretation of religious texts and oppression. It analyzes the portrayal of terrorism in Western media and the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The document argues that extremism cannot be eliminated through force alone and that the underlying social and political factors fueling extremism must be addressed.
The document discusses the origins, definitions, types, history, causes, and countermeasures of terrorism. It defines terrorism as the unlawful use of violence and intimidation against civilians for political aims. The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" originated during the French Revolution but gained popularity in the 1970s. Terrorism has taken many forms throughout history, including state-sponsored terrorism, dissent terrorism, religious terrorism, and ideological terrorism. The document lists several possible causes of terrorism such as social and political injustice, illiteracy, inequality, and rapid modernization. It concludes by stating that counterterrorism has become a major challenge for modern societies.
Terrorist behavior: Terrorists personalities reveal aggressiveness, a degree of flawed self-concept, a tendency to blame and scapegoat others, and a proneness to failure.
1. The document discusses how terrorists use media and the internet for propaganda purposes. Terrorists understand that their acts must be spectacular in order to achieve widespread media coverage and communicate their messages to supporters.
2. The internet in particular has allowed terrorist groups to spread their messages to huge audiences worldwide with very little cost or regulation. Terrorist groups use websites and social media to recruit, fundraise, and share information and resources.
3. The relationship between terrorists and the media is complex and codependent. Terrorists need media coverage to propagate their messages, while the media is attracted to spectacular acts of violence which aid the terrorists' goals. Both sides sometimes attempt to manipulate coverage and messages for their own ends.
The root cause of terrorism and its solutionDabeer Nastar
Once people obtain peace, it opens opportunities to strive for ideals and attain justice constructively. The root cause of terrorism is an ideology of violence that must be countered with an ideology of peace based on Islam's original sources. The Prophet Muhammad's example of accepting all conditions in the Treaty of Hudaybiyya without violence gave his followers time to consolidate peacefully. This shows that Islam's method is completely peaceful.
The document discusses how media can help terrorists achieve their goals of spreading fear and influencing public perception. It argues that media sometimes plays a negative role by exaggerating the scale of terrorism, misinforming the public, provoking overreactions, legitimizing terrorist acts, and romanticizing terrorists. The document provides examples showing how extensive media coverage of terrorist incidents can make the problem seem larger than it is statistically. It also suggests that media should adopt policies to limit exaggerated or misleading coverage that could further terrorists' objectives.
Social media plays a role in both terrorism and anti-terrorism efforts. It allows terrorist groups like ISIS to widely distribute propaganda like violent videos and images to recruit supporters and influence audiences. It also allows individuals to publish manifestos outlining their motivations for violent attacks. However, social media also aids in countering terrorist groups by distributing anti-ISIS messages. Defining terrorism remains challenging as different groups and governments have varying definitions, and social media has complicated efforts to form a universal description.
The Moral Questions on the Religious Basis for Terrorisminventionjournals
Terrorism has been informed and propelled by many factors such as tribal, political, religious and many other factors but experience has shown that religious factor has been a key factor for terrorism; sometimes, it is used to champion other courses which may be political or tribal. Religious terrorism is the justifiability of terror acts on the ground that such an act is sanctioned by a deity; thus, adherents are called to even kill in order to defend their faith. Religious motivated terrorism (e. g., Joshua conquest of the Canaanites in the Old Testament, ISIS terrorist attacks, Al Qaeda, Hezbollah in Lebanon, Boko-Haram in Nigeria etc.) is said to be the deadliest of all other kinds of terrorism. Looking at the religious basis for terrorism, one is poised to raise some moral questions such as: are there ethical justifications for religious terrorism? Is religion the bedrock for morality or vice versa? Since God has reason for all His actions, can He ever sanction the killing of His creatures for His delight? What is the moral undertone of martyrdom? Etc. This research considers these questions and more thereby unveiling a possible moral condemnation of religious basis for terrorism.
The document discusses several goals and motivations that have been linked to terrorism, including religion, social causes, political achievements, desire for change, gaining attention, and revenge. It argues that while some of these goals like political change may have motivated terrorism in the past, religion is now the primary motivation behind many terrorist attacks. It also contends that using violence and harming innocent people can never be justified as a means to enact change or get revenge.
This document examines the relationship between globalization and transnational terrorism. It begins with distinguishing between "old" and "new" terrorism, noting how new terrorism since the 1990s has shifted to religious motivations and become more lethal. The author then reviews literature on defining terrorism and globalization. Several dimensions of globalization are discussed, including how economic globalization has increased terrorists' access to information, funding, and weapons through new technologies and financial systems. Regression analysis is used to analyze the impact of different aspects of globalization on transnational terrorist attacks and casualties.
This document discusses how global jihadist groups have tactically adopted terrorism as an insurgent tactic. It argues that the US needs to redefine these groups as radical Islamic insurgencies using terrorist tactics, rather than solely terrorist groups. The document examines the differences between insurgency and terrorism, and how groups have adopted terrorist tactics for their coercive effects. It recommends that the US improve its understanding of why groups adopt different tactics and view them as strategic choices based on factors like resources and environment, rather than fixed labels, to better counter future insurgent threats.
Globalization has allowed terrorism to exist on a global level due to increased technology and interconnectivity. While there is no agreed-upon definition, terrorism generally involves the use or threat of violence against civilians to achieve political goals. Globalization has aided terrorism through expanded air travel, televised news coverage, and access to more dangerous weapons. It has also contributed to cultural, economic, and religious explanations for terrorism. Technologies associated with globalization have improved terrorists' abilities to coordinate attacks, maintain security, gain mobility, and conduct more lethal operations. International efforts aim to curb terrorism through collaboration, but challenges remain around identification, bureaucratic defects, and addressing radicalizing messages.
Detecting Suicide Bombers, Richard Garrity 2014Richard Garrity
This document provides information on detecting potential suicide bombers, including behaviors and physical characteristics to watch for. It discusses signs of religious preparation for death, pre-attack body motions like maintaining a strong grip on suspicious objects, and how improvised explosive devices can restrict mobility. The document stresses that facilities like transportation hubs, railways, airports, malls and office buildings are most at risk, and that officers should observe suspicious behavior in anyone without profiling based on appearance.
This document discusses definitions of terrorism from various government and international organizations. It notes that there is no universally agreed upon definition. The US Department of Defense, FBI, and Department of State each have their own definitions that focus on unlawful violence or threats of violence intended to create fear and coerce for political, religious or ideological goals. The UN and British government also have their own definitions. The document examines key elements of terrorism, such as it being a tactic to influence audiences beyond the immediate victims, and how terrorists seek publicity through violence. Experts note challenges in defining terrorism given its politically charged nature.
This document discusses globalized terrorism from two perspectives: 1) State terrorism practiced by major Western powers like the US to control natural resources and markets in other countries. This has led to wars, dictatorships, and sponsorship of terror. 2) Terrorism by organizations reacting to Western imperialism in places like the Middle East against military occupations. It argues the US and allies are responsible for social and economic ruin worldwide and instigate conflicts for their interests. According to philosopher Thomas Hobbes, the current international situation resembles a "state of nature" without common laws, where all states act in self-interest through force. To end this state and global wars/bloodshed, the document argues for establishing a democratic world government representing all peoples
The document discusses terrorism and provides context on its definition, history, and types of terrorist acts. It details how terrorism has been used for centuries in various forms by groups seeking political, social, or religious goals. Specific terrorist groups and their tactics are examined, including Al Qaeda and the types of weapons of mass destruction that may be used. The document also reviews how different government agencies work to counter terrorism within the United States and abroad through intelligence gathering and analysis.
The document defines and discusses different types of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism as acts intended to create fear through violence against civilians. It then outlines and provides examples of several types of terrorism: state terrorism carried out by governments; religious terrorism motivated by religious ideologies; right-wing and left-wing terrorism that aim to combat or overthrow certain political systems; pathological terrorism for personal pleasure; issue-oriented terrorism focused on specific causes; separatist terrorism seeking independence; and narco-terrorism related to drug trafficking. The document also discusses the goals, factors, and effective ways to reduce terrorism such as alleviating poverty, reducing unemployment, ending injustice, reducing corruption, and increasing education.
1. The document discusses the relationship between religion and terrorism, examining how religiously motivated terrorist groups use sacred texts and beliefs to justify violence.
2. It explores various causes of religious terrorism, such as crises in their environment and a desire to establish religious rule.
3. Religious terrorism is distinguished from secular terrorism by its extreme brutality and seemingly irrational goals like destroying the world to create a new one or establishing a theocracy through violence.
Terrorism involves creating fear through violence to further political, religious, or ideological goals. It has ancient origins but the modern concept emerged during the French Revolution. Terrorism can take several forms including state-sponsored, dissent, religious, and criminal. Leading causes include ethno-nationalism, discrimination, religion, socio-economic factors, and political grievances. Common terrorist acts are hijackings, bombings, mass shootings, assassinations, and government takeovers. ISIS is a powerful and brutal terrorist group that has seized large areas of the Middle East and claimed responsibility for attacks worldwide.
This document outlines and discusses various definitions and perspectives on terrorism. It explores the differences between "new" and "old" terrorism in terms of characteristics like martyrdom, the role of religion versus politics, and organizational structure. The document also examines government reactions to terrorism such as counterterrorism and anti-terrorism approaches, and debates around the effectiveness of military force versus political negotiations. Overall, terrorism involves the use of violence for political goals, but definitions and viewpoints vary considerably.
The document summarizes a research paper on the causes and motivations of terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and outlining its historical uses as a tactic by states and religious groups to consolidate power and enforce social control. It then examines legal definitions of terrorism in international law, US law, and laws of war. Finally, it explores possible political, social, and psychological motivations for terrorism, suggesting it can be used as a tactic to escalate conflict, disrupt societies, and demoralize populations.
Terrorism has become a global phenomenon with a 61% increase in the number of people killed in terrorist attacks over the last year. The 2014 Global Terrorism Index provides a fact-based understanding of terrorism and its impact.
There is an urgent need for world community to fight terrorism together. There can not be good terrorist and bad terrorist A terrorist is a terrorist
The document discusses global extremism and terrorism from the perspective of the Muslim world. It provides definitions of extremism and terrorism, examines their root causes such as misinterpretation of religious texts and oppression. It analyzes the portrayal of terrorism in Western media and the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The document argues that extremism cannot be eliminated through force alone and that the underlying social and political factors fueling extremism must be addressed.
The document discusses the origins, definitions, types, history, causes, and countermeasures of terrorism. It defines terrorism as the unlawful use of violence and intimidation against civilians for political aims. The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" originated during the French Revolution but gained popularity in the 1970s. Terrorism has taken many forms throughout history, including state-sponsored terrorism, dissent terrorism, religious terrorism, and ideological terrorism. The document lists several possible causes of terrorism such as social and political injustice, illiteracy, inequality, and rapid modernization. It concludes by stating that counterterrorism has become a major challenge for modern societies.
Terrorist behavior: Terrorists personalities reveal aggressiveness, a degree of flawed self-concept, a tendency to blame and scapegoat others, and a proneness to failure.
1. The document discusses how terrorists use media and the internet for propaganda purposes. Terrorists understand that their acts must be spectacular in order to achieve widespread media coverage and communicate their messages to supporters.
2. The internet in particular has allowed terrorist groups to spread their messages to huge audiences worldwide with very little cost or regulation. Terrorist groups use websites and social media to recruit, fundraise, and share information and resources.
3. The relationship between terrorists and the media is complex and codependent. Terrorists need media coverage to propagate their messages, while the media is attracted to spectacular acts of violence which aid the terrorists' goals. Both sides sometimes attempt to manipulate coverage and messages for their own ends.
C05.8 gender roles, tactics, and force multipliers in terrorMatthew Boutross
This document outlines the key learning objectives and content covered in Chapter 5, which discusses gender roles, tactics, and force multipliers in terrorism. The chapter covers modern terrorism tactics, four common force multipliers, the roles and impacts of women in terrorism, technological threats like cyberterrorism and weapons of mass destruction, the roles of the media and targeting of industries like tourism and transportation, and theories of suicide bombing. Discussion questions are provided throughout to enhance understanding of the concepts.
The document discusses changes in the terrorism scenario and different actors of terrorism. It defines terrorism and notes the ambiguity around defining it. It distinguishes between old and new terrorism, with old terrorism referring to more secular groups before 1990 that had limited, specific goals, while new terrorism has ambiguous or unrealistic goals and is often religiously motivated. Possible factors for terrorism in the new scenario include lack of democracy, weak states, rapid modernization, extremist ideologies, issues of social justice, and illegitimate governments. The conclusion notes that further research is still needed to better understand terrorism.
This document discusses the role of media in terrorism. It begins by defining terrorism and outlining its history. It then examines how terrorists now exploit technology and media to advance their causes. Terrorists utilize communication devices like cell phones and laptops to plan attacks more easily. They also leverage the internet and software to develop and execute their plans. The document argues that modern technology has amplified the threats and horrors of terrorism, and that terrorists misuse engineering fields like electronics and biotechnology to create havoc in the world.
This document provides an overview of terrorism, including its definition, historical background, causes and conditions that facilitate its start and survival, as well as strategies to curb it. It discusses terrorism in terms of initiating "pull factors" and "push factors" that motivate individuals to engage in terrorism. It also analyzes sustaining conditions like marginalization, identity politics and lack of political empowerment. The document recommends a multidimensional and coordinated long-term approach, including addressing socioeconomic grievances, improving criminal justice systems, and increasing regional/global cooperation to counter terrorism.
Islam is a religion of peace,but radicals have changed its preaching. Can one considered jihad as a just war? Since its inscribed in the Holy Koran.As such,this presentation give some of the reasons why a certain groups (mostly Muslims) have developed new ideologies.
Gender plays a role in the tactics used by terrorist groups. Women have historically been involved in terrorism through various movements but their roles are often overlooked. Domestic terrorist groups are more likely to utilize women in combat and leadership roles, while international groups tend to employ women as supporters. Common terrorist tactics include bombings, hijackings, arson, assaults, kidnappings and hostage taking. Technology, media coverage, transnational support networks and religious fanaticism act as force multipliers that enhance the effectiveness of these tactics. Weapons of mass destruction such as biological agents, chemical and radiological weapons, and potentially nuclear weapons vastly increase the destructive power of terrorist attacks. The media also serves as a force multiplier by amplifying the impact
This document discusses how gender roles impact terrorist tactics and force multipliers. It summarizes that women have historically played roles in terrorism through various movements. Their roles tend to be more related to political orientation than tactics. Women are drawn more to domestic terrorist groups where they take on combat and leadership roles, while in international groups they usually serve in support roles. The document also outlines common terrorist tactics like bombings and discusses how technology, media coverage, transnational networks, and religious fanaticism can multiply a terrorist group's force. It provides examples of how different weapons of mass destruction like biological agents, chemicals, radiological weapons, and even nuclear weapons could be used by terrorists. Finally, it discusses how the media can serve as
Terrorism has a significant impact on global politics. Terrorist groups use violence and attacks to create fear in society and force political reactions from governments. Modern terrorism poses many threats as demonstrated by attacks in major cities like Paris in 2015. The rise of groups like ISIS and al-Qaeda has increased terrorism's influence on global affairs, forcing states to rethink policies like immigration, spending, and defense.
1. The document discusses the relationship between religion and terrorism, examining how religiously motivated terrorist groups use sacred texts and beliefs to justify violence.
2. It explores various types of religious terrorism including apocalyptic terrorism aimed at fomenting the end of the world, and terrorism seeking to create a religious government or cleanse a region of non-believers.
3. Religious terrorism is argued to be uniquely motivated by extreme beliefs in divine duty and salvation through violence, making negotiations more difficult compared to secular terrorism.
Chapter 3BeginningsThe Causes of TerrorismPolitical Violen.docxketurahhazelhurst
Chapter 3
Beginnings
The Causes of Terrorism
Political Violence as Strategic Choice
· Making Revolution: Acts of Political Will
· A rational strategic choice to force change.
· Terrorism as a tool to achieve a desired goal.
· Case: Mao Zedong and “people’s war.”
Perception and Cultural Disconnect: Adversaries in the War on Terrorism
· Perceptions.
· Western: A war against Western-style civilization.
· Non-Western: An imbalance in policies toward Muslim countries vis-à-vis Israel.
· Concept: The behavior of the West is the cause of angry sentiment in the Muslim world.
· Case: CIA’s 2007 National Intelligence Estimate warning Iraq is a new training ground for terrorists.
Political Violence as the Fruit of Injustice
· Sociological Explanations of Terrorism
· Intergroup conflict that leads to collective violence.
· Structural theory: Social conditions (‘structures”) that affect group access to societal benefits.
· Deprivation theory: Relative deprivation and absolute deprivation.
· Cases: Basque Nationalism in Spain, Irish catholic Nationalism, Palestinian Nationalism, and French Canadian Nationalism
· Criminological Explanations of Terrorism: The Path to Political Criminality
· Differential Association Theory.
· Anomie and Strain Theories
· Routine Activity Theory.
· Radical Criminology.
· Psychological Explanations of Terrorism: Rationality and Terrorist Violence
· Individual-level explanations.
· Group-level explanations.
· Generalized psychological explanations.
· Case: The Stockholm syndrome.
The Morality of Political Violence
· Moral Convictions of Terrorists
· Terrorists have an unambiguous certainty in the righteousness of a cause.
· Concepts:
· A group concludes it has been morally wronged by an immoral, evil enemy.
· A group concludes it possesses an inherent moral superiority to an enemy.
· Simplified Definitions of Good and Evil
· A clear line is drawn between good and evil.
· Violent methods are justified by the ennobled goals of the cause.
· Seeking Utopia: Moral Ends Through Violent Means
· The promised good outweighs present actions.
· “The end justifies the means.”
· Moral Purity: Codes of Self-Sacrifice
· Superior codes of living that “cleanse” those who follow the code.
· Case: Germany’s Waffen SS.
· Case: Japan’s code of Bushido.
· The Morality of Political Violence
(continued)
· Understanding Codes of Self-Sacrifice
· Codes of self-sacrifice are an important explanatory cause for terrorist behavior.
· Belief systems “cleanse” participants.
Chapter 2
The Nature of the Beast
Defining Terrorism
Understanding Extremism
Defining Extremism
· Intolerance in what someone believes.
· Intolerance in how someone expresses their beliefs.
· Violent expression is not a universal characteristic.
· Understanding Extremism
(continued)
Common Characteristics of Violent Extremists
· Intolerance.
· Moral absolutes.
· Broad conclusions.
· New language and conspiratorial beliefs.
· The World of the Extremist
· Different, often fantastic, wor ...
Thermal imaging video released by police shows the capture of the Boston Marathon bombing suspects. The video shows officers with thermal imaging equipment tracking one of the suspects hiding in a boat in a backyard. It then shows police firing flashbangs and pulling the injured suspect from the boat and placing him in an ambulance. The release of this video provided insight into the police tactics used to locate and capture the suspects in the Boston Marathon attack.
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Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Combined Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported (IUU) Vessel List.Christina Parmionova
The best available, up-to-date information on all fishing and related vessels that appear on the illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing vessel lists published by Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) and related organisations. The aim of the site is to improve the effectiveness of the original IUU lists as a tool for a wide variety of stakeholders to better understand and combat illegal fishing and broader fisheries crime.
To date, the following regional organisations maintain or share lists of vessels that have been found to carry out or support IUU fishing within their own or adjacent convention areas and/or species of competence:
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT)
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM)
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC)
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT)
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC)
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (NAFO)
North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC)
North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC)
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO)
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO)
Southern Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA)
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)
The Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List merges all these sources into one list that provides a single reference point to identify whether a vessel is currently IUU listed. Vessels that have been IUU listed in the past and subsequently delisted (for example because of a change in ownership, or because the vessel is no longer in service) are also retained on the site, so that the site contains a full historic record of IUU listed fishing vessels.
Unlike the IUU lists published on individual RFMO websites, which may update vessel details infrequently or not at all, the Combined IUU Fishing Vessel List is kept up to date with the best available information regarding changes to vessel identity, flag state, ownership, location, and operations.
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Preliminary findings _OECD field visits to ten regions in the TSI EU mining r...OECDregions
Preliminary findings from OECD field visits for the project: Enhancing EU Mining Regional Ecosystems to Support the Green Transition and Secure Mineral Raw Materials Supply.
United Nations World Oceans Day 2024; June 8th " Awaken new dephts".Christina Parmionova
The program will expand our perspectives and appreciation for our blue planet, build new foundations for our relationship to the ocean, and ignite a wave of action toward necessary change.
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).Christina Parmionova
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world. Potatoes are tubers of the plant Solanum tuberosum, a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Wild potato species can be found from the southern United States to southern Chile
Synopsis (short abstract) In December 2023, the UN General Assembly proclaimed 30 May as the International Day of Potato.
About Potato, The scientific name of the plant is Solanum tuberosum (L).
Lecture 9 counter terrorism
1. 1
The future trends of Terrorism and discuss the law of
unintended consequences on policies, politics and
throughout the world
Trends and Future of Terrorism
2. 2
The Origins of New Terrorism
Tends in Terrorism
1980’s: High point for number of terrorist attacks:
Over 600 attacks annually between 1985-1988
After 1988 attacks decreased to fewer than 450 / yr reaching recent low
point in the years 1996-1998 when averaged about 300
UBL and Al-Qaeda were prime examples but not only form of apocalyptic,
catastrophic terrorism
Aum Shinrikyo, Japanese religious cult - gas attack in Tokyo
American Christian Identity terrorist attacks - OKBOMB
David Rapport:
Religious terrorism is the Fourth wave in evolution of terrorism
1. Breakup of empires
2. De-colonization
3. Anti-Westernism
3. 3
Fanaticism rather than political interests is more often the
Motivation and terrorist are more unrestrained then ever
UBL quotes from the Quranic Concept of War:
“Terror struck in to he hears of the enemies is not only a means, it is
in the end in itself. Once a condition of terror into the opponent’s heart is
obtained, hardly anything is left to be achieved. It is the point where the
means and the ends meet and merge. Terror is not a means of imposing
decision upon the enemy: it is the decision we wish to impose upon him”
Terror has evolved from being a means to an end, to becoming the
END IN ITSELF!
Religiously motivated terrorist groups grew six-fold from 1980-1992
The Origins of New Terrorism
Tends in Terrorism
4. 4
Secular terrorists may view random violence as immoral
Religious terrorists: Indiscriminate violence may not be only morally
justified but constitute a righteous and necessary advancement of their
religious cause
Most dangerous cults are fascinated by visions of the end of the world
“Cults are a particularly dangerous form of religious terrorism because
they can appear quickly without warning, have no rational goals, and can
become agitated due to the apprehension and hostility with which they are
viewed by the society at large.”
Religious terrorists: Violence is a divine duty…executed in direct response
to some theological demand….and justified by scripture~ Hoffman
The Origins of New Terrorism
Tends in Terrorism
5. 5
Mark Juergensmeyer: Identified three elements that
Islamist, radical Christians, and other religious terrorists share
1. Perceive their objective as defense of basic identity and dignity
2. Losing the struggle would be unthinkable
3. Struggle is deadlocked, cannot be won in real time or terms
Cultural features among new international terrorist groups
1. Concept of righteous killing-as-healing
2. Total social destruction as part of a process of ultimate purification
3. Preoccupation with weapons of mass destruction
4. Cult of personality: Leader dominates his followers who seek
to become perfect clones
** One of the major consequences of globalization has been a deterioration
of the power of the state
The Origins of New Terrorism
Tends in Terrorism
6. 6
The Islamic State and Boko Haram:
Fifth Wave Jihadist Terror Groups
Tends in Terrorism
Islamic State and Boko Haram are characterized by
cultish practices and a millenarian ideology
Theories that all terror networks are rational have been attacked
o Takfiri terrorism and millenarian violence seems particularly
resistant to rational explanation
French Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks and Nazis examples of quazi-
religious passions
o Paul Berman, rational paradigm fails to account for theological
imperatives
o Robert Nalbandov: Rational perspectives are poorly designed to
analyze Islamic terrorism
Jihadism: Unique terrorism driven by mystical “prophetic” forces
Jeffery Kaplan: 5th wave of terror - precedent in Khmer Rouges
7. 7
The Islamic State and Boko Haram:
Tends in Terrorism
5th Wave theory:
Refines David Rapoport’s four-wave theory of modern terrorism
Four wave (anarchist, colonial, left-revolutionary and Islamist)
Rapoport: Revolutions in communication/ travel have accelerated global
reach of terrorists spreading their ideals among radicalized Diaspora’s
Khmer Rouge fifth wave prototype:
KR broke from the left-revolutionary phase
A cult-like organization exacerbated by Maoist principles of localism
and millenarian desire to remake the world
KR and LRA - Kaplan develops 5th wave terrorism theory
o Islamist quest for a united Ummah prevents 5th wave devolution
8. 8
The Islamic State and Boko Haram:
Tends in Terrorism
Kaplan:
Janjaweed violence against Darfur’s black population exhibits
5th wave hallmarks
Efraim Karsh:
Ethnic tribal divisions prevent attaining a unified caliphate
Walid Phares:
Arabic /Islamist animus for Kurds, Berbers, Copts, Sudanese Muslims
reflects atavistic desire to rule over ethno-religious minorities
Che Guevara’s “el foci” insurgency theory
Islamists hope their micro communities will catalyze populist revolt
9. 9
The Islamic State and Boko Haram:
Tends in Terrorism
Distinctive qualities
1. Devolution from a preexisting terror wave
2. “Hopeful” extreme idealism
3. Physical withdraw into the hinterland
4. Desire to recreate a past “golden age” by beginning the calendar anew
5. Intent to destroy the old world and create a pure new society
6. Inability to compromise and use force against internal dissidents
7. Belief in perfectibility of humans and creation of a new man
8. Quest for anew society leading to genocidal violence
9. Violence as a way of group life
10. Emphasis on the subjugation of women and children
11. Recruitment of child soldiers and child brides
12. Use of rape as a terror tactic
13. Continuous cycle of violence engaged by the group across generation
14. Particularistic emphasis on racial purity and ethno-tribal centrism
15. Pragmatic reliance on foreign allies to enhance groups survival
16. Charismatic and authoritarian leadership
17. Apocalyptic world view buttressed by intense religious commitment
10. 10
“Transnational Terrorism”
Tends in Terrorism
Theories:
1. ISIS that transnational terrorism poses an existential
threat to the security of the U.S.
2. Transnational terrorism does not pose a security threat and that it
should be treated as a crime
Total number of attacks has declined and absolute numbers are low
Domestic not transnational groups have carried out almost all attacks
Fatalities resulting from terrorist attacks have been low (except 9/11)
Black swans
High improbability
High impact
Explicable only after the event
2nd reason: Transnational terrorism is treated as an existential security
threat is that level of destruction could approximate that seen in war
11. 11
“Transnational Terrorism”
Tends in Terrorism
Biologics: More likely threat for the future
Ability to develop biological weapons is becoming more widespread
Questions of proportionality
Transnational terrorism will continue to be treated as an existential
threat rather than a criminal activity because of the way in which
human being confront low probability bur potentially large loss events
Daniel Khaneman
Type 1 thinking –emotive, intuitive, non-reflective
Type 2 rational and calculating
U.S. Government is devoting too many resources to CT activities
12. 12
Trends in of Terrorism
Future Forms of Terrorism
Terror is becoming more sophisticated in at least two new
directions:
More funds to buy hypermodern devices to be “capitalists of death”
Easily remote control mechanisms and state-of-the-art communication
Harness technological devices to disrupt a regions communications, disable
the transport system of a city, or to cause wholesale flight of refugees from
terror
Chemical weapons used in two ways:
1. Attacks planned to lead to mass devastation
2. Cause economic damage or result in blackmail
Advantages:
Chemical weapons are easier to produce than biological weapons
(materials and equipment are readily available commercially)
13. 13
Trends in of Terrorism
Future Forms of Terrorism
Biological weapons: Designed as mass destructive agents
and not for small-scale specific targeting
Since 1968: 8000 terrorist attack, less than 60 were attempts to
use chemical or biological weapons
Known market for “weapons-grade” biological agents subsist in Libya,
Iran, Syria and Iraq
Anthrax: 21 countries
Conclusion random exercise that it probably was not the action of any
well-known terrorist group (little to gain)?
Most effective defenses against terrorist threat use of WMD
1. Good intelligence
2. Efficient procedures to control the entry of people in material
3. Means to respond effectively to incidents
14. 14
Trends in of Terrorism
Future Forms of Terrorism
Terrorist organization maybe more dangerous than
sovereign states:
Deterred politically from engaging in WMD attacks - moral scruples?
Publicity is one thing that counts for terrorists
Cyber terrorism
Logic Bombs, computer virus
o Manuals are available on the Internet
o General assumption is hacking is part curious, part pertinent play
about young people with too much time on their hands
Remarkable thing is that “so far” the civilized world has not been thrown
into complete disarray by those defined as “terrorists”
15. 15
Trends in of Terrorism
Future Forms of Terrorism
Containing nonconventional terrorism
Only secure approach to containment is to curb proliferation
o Dual use technology
o United Nations treaties
Biological weapons convention of 1972
Unique and banning a whole class weapons
Convention does not provide systematic and total reliable means
of verifying compliance with prohibition rules
50 countries employed nuclear energy and have well over 600
research reactors. Fissionable material are therefore widely spread
1957: International Atomic Energy Authority set up to attempt
to control atomic energy and regulate its contribution to peace,
health and prosperity
16. 16
Trends in of Terrorism
The Impact of ISIS’ Mentoring of
North Africa’s Jihadist Groups”
ISIS goal in North Africa:
Assist insurgency groups to establish Islamic states in their countries
Global power struggle between al-Qaeda and ISIS provided offers
for ISIS to deepen ties with insurgents in Africa
Tunisian government: Findings show that 2560 citizens have fought in
Syria
80% are believed to have been recruited into ISIS.
Algerian Group Soldiers of the Caliphate led by Gouri Abdelmalek
Faction of AQIM - Broke away and declared allegiance to ISIS
after Abdel Malek Droukdel, renewed AQIM’s allegiance to AQ and
rejected ISIS vision of an Islamic Caliphate
Gouri Abdelmalek
17. 17
Trends in of Terrorism
The Impact of ISIS’ Mentoring of
North Africa’s Jihadist Groups
2014: Public feuding occurred between AQ Syrian
affiliate al Nusra Front and ISIS affiliated jihadists
Rival jihadist groups seemed to favor the younger, more vibrant ISIS.
Libya: Serves as part of a widespread arm trafficking route linking the
Sahel, Western Africa and Middle East that supplies Jihadists
Ansar al Sharia’s declaration of a Caliphate in Benghazi
Ansar bayt al Maqdis in the Sinai peninsula
Indicative of broader impact ISIS is having on African Jihadism
ISIS: Influences Jihadis on ideational rather than operational level
Attempts by AQ to stem exodus of defections of former affiliated
groups across Africa
Shift from radical extremists to extreme extremists is troubling for the
region and international partners with stakes in North Africa
19. 19
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism in Democracies:
Fighting Fire with Fire?
Facing acts of exceptional physical and symbolic violence,
States may be tempted to maximize their repressive actions
May breach their constitutional and/or international constraints
Council of Europe Committee for Prevention of Torture
o Alarming illustration of possible drifts in reaction to terrorist attacks
European convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
Democratic states must address issue of conciliating opposed objectives
o Right to security on one side
o Individual rights and freedoms on other side
Preservation of public order justifies dissolution of political parties
calling to violence or praising terrorism
ECHR prohibition of torture, enshrined in Article 3 of the Convention
ECHR Constitution under article 15 forbids use of torture
20. 20
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism in Democracies:
Fighting Fire with Fire?
Democratic systems may accept deviant means
Pardon convicted torturers, comforts torturers in validity of methods
Consequently, systemic failures lead to the fall of system as a Democracy
Fighting Fire with Fire as the Worst Response to Terrorism
Torture: Ineffective as, water boarding, “walling” and other
“enhance interrogation techniques”
o Conclusions of CIA’s report on detention /interrogation program *
Torture: Would echo terrorist claims that Institutions are violent and
oppressive and use of torture could be used to justify their attacks
Use of torture would break “social contract’ infringe Rule of Law
and annihilate citizen’s trust in their State
21. 21
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
Popular support can be a two-edged sword:
Insensitive to their needs, the people can turn to
authorities outside of the ruling government for support
Similarly, when movements act without concern toward the people, the
people can reject their movements in favor of the ruling government
Case Study # 1: “Propaganda of the Deed”
‘An-Archy’ (Anarchy): Philosophical belief that people could prosper
without government, lack of government results in equality and justice
Pierre Proudhon: Believed the individual was a pawn, to be controlled
and abused at the whim of the governing (propertied) classes
Originally, Anarchist movement was dedicated toward non-violence
o Engage in violent acts to achieve desired end:
o Replace hierarchical societies with flat, and theoretical equal society
22. 22
Credo of violent Anarchists: “Propaganda of the Deed”
Acts of anarchist bombers and assassins (“Propaganda of the Deed”)
Anarchist burglars (“individual re-appropriation”) - expressed their
desperation and personal violent rejection of an intolerable society
The Bonnot Gang: Most famous group to embrace illegalism:
Violent acts against symbols of bourgeois (establishment) such as
public officials, infrastructure, or events, constituted a political
statement against that establishment
“We preach not only action in and for itself, but also action as propaganda."
~ Johann Most.
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
23. 23
Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876)
Blowing up public events was an acceptable form of
political protest against the empowered establishment
o Similarly, theft from the rich was acceptable
The “deed,” against the symbols and members of the ruling elites was
seen, and supported, by the politically and economically dispossessed as
legitimate forms of protest (OWS)
Leon Czolgosz: Murdered President McKinley in 1901, influenced by anarchist
France’s lois scélérates of 1894, represent aggressive anti-anarchist
responses by authorities threatened by this unfettered violence
Authorities: Not always sensitive to needs of common people, they benefitted
when the violent anarchists became extreme and indiscriminate in their targets
That split the extremists from their base of support
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
24. 24
Case Study #2: “Malayan Emergency” 1948 -1960
British forces vs. Malayan Communist Party (MCP)
MCP outgrowth of the anti-Japanese guerrilla movement during WWII
Drew on support of Malayan Chinese, who were upset with the British
o October 1951, MCP assassinated Sir Henry Guerney
Lieutenant-General Sir Harold Briggs: Recommended active anti-guerrilla
operations and cutting guerrillas off from communities likely to help them
Key feature of the “Briggs Plan” ; cut MCP off from supporters
o Jungle inhabitants supplying MLNA with food from the jungle
o MLNA supporters in the villages on the edges of the jungle
Part 1: Relocate half-million Malayans, from villages on edges of forests and
into guarded camps called “New Villages”
Better living standards and sanitation conditions in the “New Villages”
Grant villagers money / ownership of the land they lived on
o Prior British experience with forced relocations (Boer War)
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
25. 25
Part 2: Use overwhelming force: 40,000 vs. 7–8K guerrillas
Part 3: “Hearts and minds campaign." Giving medical aid and food to
Malayan’s
End of British regime meant rapid and massive change in economic and
political environment
o Durkheim: Social upheaval, would motivated some to violate
existing norms prohibiting violence
Authorities’ labeled some factions, which may have hardened positions
o Tannenbaum, Lemert, and Schur:
• This labeling drove the sides further apart, created an
“us-them paradigm”, and thereby promoted violent means
Example where authorities intentionally targeted support mechanisms for
terrorists, both through kinetic action and through “soft power”
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
26. 26
Case Study #3: Boston Marathon bombings
April 15, 2013: Explosive devices killed 3 and wounded 260
o Tamerlan Tsarnaev, and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev
o Dzhokhar was a naturalized American citizen
o Tamerlan was a permanent resident alien
Dzhokhar: Motivated by extremist beliefs and wars in Iraq /
Afghanistan
o Self-radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups
o Online magazine of the al-Qaeda affiliate in Yemen (Inspire)
Authorities credited massive outpouring of public support in aiding
their rapid identification, location, and interdiction of the two suspects
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
27. 27
When immediate needs are met, the populace did not
have a stake in whether the insurgents succeeded
As such insurgents became isolated, easier to identify, and target
Understanding connection between extremists and the population at large
CS #1: Anarchists connection was severed
1: “Deeds” of the anarchists had become too extreme
2: Failed to deliver results that benefitted the common man
CS#2: MCP in Malaya, authorities quickly separated insurgents from
their bases of support
1: Offered something that benefitted villagers for complying with
draconian measures
2: Deprived insurgents of support, isolated them physically from the
people
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
28. 28
Anarchist movement;
Social and political change in Western societies
undermined some of the causes complaints of the violent actors
Malaysian Emergency;
Social change undermined the support enjoyed by the insurgency
(relocation, security , economic benefits, better living conditions)
Relocation strategy enabled government authorities to better engage in
strategic communication, deprived insurgency of initiative.
Formula for better government that denies terrorists a friendly environment
“DIME”
Diplomatic: Engage populations to identify issues of concern
Information: Encourages populations to invest in their environments
Military: Employs power that promote security and confidence
Economic: Direct investment into economically hard-hit areas
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
29. 29
Violent anarchism, acts of extremists
themselves caused the rift between
themselves and their base support
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
Malayan Emergency: “Briggs Plan” was
to separate the violent terrorist from
populations that might provide support
Boston Marathon bombings: No
support with populace
30. 30
St. Augustine of Hippo: Jus ad Bellum (just cause for war)
Legitimized warfare for a religion based upon peace
Times and circumstances justified a nation engaging in war
o Christian’s duty to punish sin
o Soldier’s duty is to act justly to protect the state
Augustine: “Soldier’s failure to act in obedience with legitimate
authority would itself be a sin.”
When justified in going to war?
Just cause = Engage in a conflict must involve a sense of justice
Comparative justice = Injustice suffered / outweigh who would suffered
Competent authority = Only duly constituted authority may wage war
Right intention = Use force only with the intent of achieving a just end
Probability of success = Violence verboten if there is no hope of success
Last resort = When all other peaceful alternatives exhausted
Proportionality = War proportionate to its expected evils or harms
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
31. 31
Jus in Bello (just, or lawful, acts in war):
How combatants are to act:
o Support hinges on sense people are supporting “right side”
o “Just” warrior distinguishes between combatants or lawful targets
Proportionality = “Just war” must be tempered by proportionality
Military necessity = Governed by principle of minimum necessary force
Fair treatment of non-combatants = Civilians or POWs
No malum in se = Soldiers may not use weapons / methods of warfare
which are considered evil;
o Mass rape
o Forcing soldiers to fight against their own side
o Using weapons whose effects cannot be controlled (e.g. WMD)
Jus ad bellum and Jus in bello are relevant, and can be the difference
between success and failure on a strategic and political level
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
32. 32
Case Study(s): Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Abu Ghraib
Iraq: Many nations opposed to invasion
o Facts for war proved to be inaccurate, unreliable, and even false
o Then: Saddam Hussein’s internal record of human rights abuses
o Now: War no longer about a state’s inherent right to defend
itself, but establish an idealist & moralist regime in Iraq
Abu Ghraib revelations were receiving wide-spread publication
o Revelations of Abu Ghraib, combined with reports of torture
caused significant domestic political debate
Gitmo: “Enhanced interrogation techniques,” (i.e. water boarding)
Fracture of American body politic undermined previously unbounded
support, both at home and internationally, for military operations abroad
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
33. 33
Pros and Cons: Law enforcement vs military action
Criminal prosecutions vs. military tribunals (GTMO detainees), etc.?
o Prosecution in criminal courts: Likely only last until a case against
a suspected terrorist were either thrown out or over-turned due to
what might be perceived by the population as “technicalities”
o Military tribunals: Secrecy provisions, misunderstandings of
procedural rights, and a lack of info on the process generally
Regardless of procedures used: We must understand strategic implications
of our actions, even those that might seem innocuous
Decisions made, at the tactical, operational, strategic, and policy levels of
government, can (and did) cause major damage to prestige of the U.S.
Counter-Terrorism
Countering Terrorism
34. 34
Deterring Terrorists:
What Israel Has Learned
Strategy against terrorist should focus on prevention
disruption, and offensive action in order to eradicate them
Failed Deterrence
Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon in May 2000
Outbreak of second Intifada
Attacks of September 11
Indian struggle against the Jihadi movement in Kashmir
Relationship between state and nonstate F.T.O is inherently asymmetric
Terrorist take advantage of:
1. Western commitment to international norms and conventions,
2. Create humanitarian crisis, which is left on state’s doorstep
3. Exploit media to create image of terror potential which
far exceeds what terrorist organizations is really capable
4. Neutralizing advantage of the state superior power by decentralized
command-and-control
Counter-Terrorism
35. 35
Deterring Terrorists:
What Israel Has Learned
Organizations that pose formidable terrorist threat have
been highly motivated ideologically
Salient attributes:
1. Culture and ideology-religious tenets existence of a religious agenda
2. Sources of authority leadership / instruments of command-and-control
3. Leadership assesses the nature of the situation as it attempts to fulfill
its goals, self assessment, assessments of its allies capability and
assessment of identity, capabilities, and will of its enemies
4. Affinity with the host population / state with actual control over
territory and existence of social agenda, commitment toward people
5. Patron proxy relationship, financial logistic and channels of supply
Counter-Terrorism
36. 36
Deterring Terrorists:
What Israel Has Learned
Ultimately deterrence is result of mutual perceptions,
self-image and image of the enemy
Goal of a nationalist ideology is to achieve independence for nation
Strategy of Islamic terrorists organizations divine dictates
o Entering the fray against all odds the mujahedin is proving his
unconditional faith in Allah and will be rewarded accordingly
o Declared strategic goals of this organization-the total destruction of
the enemy - restricts the tactical room for maneuver
o Compounded by movement that subscribes to a apocalyptic
worldview, an expectation of End-of-Days-an event horizon
which all pragmatic laws of balance of power and realpolitik
collapse
Counter-Terrorism
37. 37
Deterring Terrorists:
What Israel Has Learned
Aversion of Western democracies intervention in religious affairs has
precluded any effort to coerce religious authorities in a manner to serve
Western deterrence goals
Primary method of deterrence: Take advantage of image of the
deterring entity held by the target
An important component of deterrence is perception by terrorists
organization that the deterring state enjoys “intelligence dominance”
Counter-Terrorism
38. 38
Deterring Terrorists:
What Israel Has Learned
Relations with host population:
Nationalist movement is usually rooted in interests
of its constituency as it has no alternative to that population
Proxy patron relationships
1. Surrogates: Terrorist organizations which are not separate from the
state that supports them and are in fact directed and controlled by state
2. Proxies: Organizations indentured by states for their own
purposes. These organizations serve as proxies of states while they are
under their patronage but can move from one patron to another as
their own interests dictate
3. Partnerships: Relates to terrorists organizations that have assets of
their own but form a relationship with a state
4. Reverse proxyship: Tail wagging the dog
Counter-Terrorism
39. 39
Deterring Terrorists:
What Israel Has Learned
Deterring terrorists organizations based on four main pillars
1. Direct military deterrence toward the terrorist leadership
2 Threatening institutionalized assets of the host country
3 Pressuring the host population
4. Covert “human influence” operations (Psyops)
5. Pressuring the terrorist organizations patron entities
Distinction between strategic and tactical deterrence
Tactical deterrence through day-to-day actions, adds up to an ever
shifting perception of object of deterrence
Deterrence towards terrorist organizations is possible
Israel’s tactical deterrence has been achieved by actual application of
force and by inducing the fear that the force would be reapplied and
even increased (Proportionality?)
Effective deterrence has an element of dramaturgy
Speak loudly and periodically use a big stick!
Counter-Terrorism
41. 41
Bombshells: Women and Terror
Trends in of Terrorism
Muriel Degauque
Sajida Atrous al Rishawi
Jihad Jane Colleen La Rose and Jihad Jamie Ramirez in the US
Roshonara Choudhyr’s assassinations attempt against Labour MP Stephen Timmis
Nicole Lynn Mansfield
Between 1985- 2010, female bombers committed over 257 suicide attacks (25%).
December 25, 2010 a Pakistani kill 46 and injured over 100 at UN center
Virtually every religious terrorist organization eventually began to employ
female operatives as a part of their strategic adaptation
Media that fetishizes female terrorists and contributes to the belief that there is
something unique, something just not right about the women who kill
Terrorists explore gender stereotypes and culture clichés to their advantage
Common assumption is that female terrorists must be even more depressed,
crazier, more suicidal, or more psychopathic than their male counterparts
42. 42
Bombshells: Women and Terror
Trends in of Terrorism
Russian anarchists Vera Zasulich of the Narodnaya Volya
1/3 of the core leadership of the People’s Will were women
Women have supported revolutions, constructed the identities and ideologies
of children and funnel arms and ammunition to men during conflicts in Africa,
the Middle East, Europe and domestic terrorist organizations like the KKK.
Syrian socialist nationalist party (SSNP), sent first female suicide bomber
Sana’s Mehaydali (17) blow herself up near an Israeli convoy Lebanon in 1985
o 12 suicide attacks conducted by the SSNP, women took part in five
Terrorist movements make cost benefit calculations.
Female terrorists are often the deadliest because their element of surprise
More successful at reaching the targets and have higher kill rates than men
o Kill on average four times more people of their male counterparts
Greater propaganda value
o Female operatives garner more media attention than men (8 :1)
Shame the man into action rather than letting women do their job
43. 43
Bombshells: Women and Terror
Trends in of Terrorism
Manipulation of traditional gender roles is a powerful effect on
male sensibilities and feeling of individual obligations.
Emasculated the men challenges them to step up and become more proactive
Some feminist scholars argue that even asking whether women are motivated
differently than men imply sexism
Media search for alternative explanations behind women’s participation vs.
coverage of male suicide bombers ideology taken at face value
Schweitzer thinks women reacted to loneliness, rejection, or some imperfection
that makes martyrdom more attractive than living.
Spending time in prison facilitates process of focus radicalization.
Deborah Galvan argues women are recruited into terrorist groups by boyfriends
Women’s involvement terrorism across a number of conflicts be motivated by
four R’s: Revenge, Redemption, Relationships and Respect
o Not mutually exclusive
44. 44
Bombshells: Women and Terror
Trends in of Terrorism
Revenge: For the death of a close family member is most often cited
as the key factor for women’s involvement.
Redemption: Trying to redeem themselves by a willing act of Martyrdom
Fallen women
Relationships: Crucial towards understanding women’s violent mobilization
Woman will engage in terrorist violence if she is related to a known insurgent
Jihadist cells and Indonesia have you strategic marriage to submit the linkages
within Jamaah Islamiyya (JI) network and prevent defections
o Sisters or daughters of the leaders in one seller married off to the leader of
other cells forming tight bonds of family connections
Respect: By engaging in violence they can demonstrate that they are just as dedicated
and committed to the cause as the men of the society
Fame and notoriety are powerful pull factors
Pull of wanting to do something important with your life to achieve fame and
notoriety is a powerful incentive for women and men alike.
45. 45
Bombshells: Women and Terror
Trends in of Terrorism
Earning the respect of one’s peers can lure women and violence
instilled in the sense of greater purpose.
Rape: An increase in the sexual expectation women worldwide to coerce them into
terrorism.
Deliberately targeted for sexual exploitation to generate new recruits
Trauma of the attack makes women highly suggestive to participate in violence
and the women are unable to resist the lure of annulling the shame
Samira Ahmed Jassim, mother of the faithful, was arrested for having
orchestrated the rapes of 80 girls in Baghdad and Diyala province to recruit
them a suicide bombers for Anser al Sunnah
Terrorist organizations themselves we use these attacks as propaganda to
mobilize men women into the movement.
o Female suicide bombers (Shahidas) are portrayed as chaste wives
46. 46
Bombshells: Women and Terror
Trends in of Terrorism
Suggestion that the occupiers raping Muslim women in the same
way that they are raping land resonates with young Muslim men in Europe, UK,
and North America, inspiring many to join the jihad
Terrorist leaders count on the oppressive state targeting women in gender
specific ways in subjugating the civilian population and punitive actions
Other side stops engaging in sexual atrocities, the fact that it ever happened
remains a powerful motivator and source propaganda
Mia Bloom suggest replacing the five R’s of women’s motivation with 3-D’s:
Delegitimize
Deglamorize
Demobilize
47. 47
Untangling the Terror Web:
Identifying and Counteracting the Phenomenon of
Crossover Between Terrorist Groups
Concerted action against terrorist financing is one of the best ways to
advance national security priorities
Roadmap to Israeli-Palestinian peace
Stabilization of Iraq
Counterterrorism: Not about defeating terrorist?
Constricting operating environment-making it harder for terrorists to
operate at every level:
o Conducting operations
o Procuring and transferring false documents
o Ferrying fugitives
o Financing, laundering and transferring funds
Al-Taqwa banking system: Established 1988 with money from Muslim
Brotherhood. HAMAS member’s and individuals tied to al-Qaeda feature
prominently among its shareholders.
Counter-Terrorism
48. Ali Khaled Steitiye
48
Untangling the Terror Web…..
Portland Six;
Ali Khaled Steitiye:
o HAMAS supporter
o Unindicted co-conspirator in the Portland Case,
o Weapons training w/Seikh Mohammed Abdirahman Kariye
o Cofounder of designated al-Qaeda front Global Relief Foundations
Abu Musab al Zarqawi
Double suicide bombings in Istanbul in November 2003
Assassination of US AID Lawrence Foley in Amman.
Led Jund al Shams, an Islamic extremists group and al-Qaeda affiliate
operating primarily in Syria and Jordan (now ISIS).
Soliman Biheiri, “the U banker of the Muslim Brotherhood”
BMI Inc., in New Jersey:
Counter-Terrorism
49. Soliman Biheiri
49
3 national security priorities dominate US foreign policy agenda:
The war on terror
The war in Iraq and
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Serious action must be taken toward restricting the financing of terrorism
which is indeed one of the most effective ways to advance the war on terror, the
roadmap to Israeli Palestinian peace and the stabilization of Iraq.
The war on terror will be most effective if it has a strategic focus on the full
matrix of international terrorism rather than a tactical focus on al-Qaeda.
Untangling the Terror Web…..
Counter-Terrorism