Nowadays Cold storage has been playing an important role in preserving the perishable food products like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, fish, and meat etc. The major problem of cold storage is unwanted energy transmission during the operation. It is necessary to maintain the constant temperature during storing the products. There are different kinds of energy loss happening during the operation. One of the major causes is cold air leaking from the inside of the cold room to outside. It is due to poor insulation and improper maintenance of cold storage. It is very difficult to identify the exact location of the leak by the naked eye. In this research work, the cold storage was inspected with the thermal imaging system. Thermal cameras are highly sensitive to temperature and it can detect the variation of temperature ranging from 0.1°C. The measured temperatures are further converted into a colour based pattern. It is known as thermogram. These colour-based thermal patterns are further processed for identifying energy transmission location. It is done by applying various image processing methods such as histogram equalization, diffusion error, otsu thresholding and morphologic function. These techniques were applied to images of cold storages and exact cold air transmission locations were identified.
Comparative Heat Conduction Model of a Cold Storage with Puf & Eps Insulation...IJERA Editor
In this project work a mathematical heat conduction model of a cold storage (with the help of computer program; and multiple regression analysis) has been proposed which can be used for further development of cold storages in the upcoming future. In cold storage refrigeration system brings down the temperature initially during start up but thermal insulation maintains the temperature later on continuously. In this view, the simple methodology is presented to calculate heat transfer by analytical method also attempt has been made to minimize the energy consumption by replacing 150 mm Expanded polystyrene (EPS) by 100 mm Poly Urethane foam (PUF) insulation. The methodology is validated against actual data obtained from Penguin cold storage situated in Pune, India. Insulation thickness of the side walls (TW), area of the wall (AW), and insulation thickness of the roof (TR) have been chosen as predictor variables of the study.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in
human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of
its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture
ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average
velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C. Comparing
the experimental values with the predicted values using Newton’s Model, Page Model, Modified
Page Model on the basis of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), chi-square(χ
2
) and Efficiency (EF),
RMSE and χ
2 were found lowest and EF .RMSE lay between 0.0382 and 0.0094, reduced χ
2
between 0.000132 and 0.00761 and EF between 0.9598 and 0.9985.Thus, this thermal kinetic model
can be used to predict the moisture of the aonla at any drying instant during thin layer drying
process with reasonable accuracy.
Air Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Buildingijtsrd
In this project we discussed the study and performance of air conditioner, air refrigeration and water conditioner system in a single unit. The main objective of this project is to develop the multifunctional system which can provide refrigeration effect, cold water and air conditioning effect with in regular air or space conditioning system. Air and water systems conditioning spaces by distributing the both conditioned air and water to the terminal units installed in the spaces for which the basic plan is given by civil department and the basic design is done by using REVIT MEP software. The air and water are heated or cooled in a central mechanical equipment room. The air supplied is termed as primary air to distinguish it from the recirculated or secondary room air. By using the peak cooling load values obtained in the heating and cooling load calculations the ton of refrigeration values for individual and total area is calculated which will be helpful for selection of accurate design for the residential building. B. Shushma | M. Uday Bhaskar | N. Balaji | G. Srujan Yadav ""Air-Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23314.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23314/air-water-system-design-using-revit-mep-for-a-residential-building/b-shushma
The major problem of archipelago communities is the storage of seafood that depends
on a particular season. In order for seafood to be preserved for long periods of time then,
it should be frozen using air blast freezing. However, the existing air blast freezing is still
on an industrial scale. Therefore, the aim of this study is simulation of the two-stage
cascade refrigeration system model, validation and evaluation of the model with
experiment data. This research was preceded by a design for the two stage cascade
refrigeration system R22/R32 followed by experiment to obtain operational parameters
which will then be validated and evaluated of the components of this cascade refrigeration
system. The results of this research are design, operational and analysis methods to
determine parameters and specifications of air blast freezing components including:
pressure of system, cooling temperature, compressor power required, cooling load and
evaluation required for its performance to be better
Effect of Different Fin Geometries on Heat Transfer Coefficientijtsrd
High rate of heat flow is the demand of number of engineering applications, heat exchangers used in process industries, economizers used to heat water to boiler or activities like cooling of IC engines. Also, the removal of heat from integral circuit or exchange of heat between two fluids as in nuclear power plants many researchers contributed in enhancement of heat transfer through various approaches. Increase in heat transfer rate and to derive is being done by using different techniques or by performing experiments as well previous literature mentioned the theory regarding heat transfer in such a way that it will increased by increasing area and heat transfer coefficient. In case of natural convection there is only scope for increasing heat transfer area, there extended surfaces i.e. fins are better option to it. Other advantage is increasing turbulence with pitch therefore it enhances heat transfer. Study of heat transfer is possible through numerical experimental analysis. In case of numerical analysis, the results give's heat flow pattern and but less accurate. Whereas experimental analysis gives accurate results but require set up, time and valid conditions. Rohit | Kuldeep "Effect of Different Fin Geometries on Heat Transfer Coefficient" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31613.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31613/effect-of-different-fin-geometries-on-heat-transfer-coefficient/rohit
Comparative Heat Conduction Model of a Cold Storage with Puf & Eps Insulation...IJERA Editor
In this project work a mathematical heat conduction model of a cold storage (with the help of computer program; and multiple regression analysis) has been proposed which can be used for further development of cold storages in the upcoming future. In cold storage refrigeration system brings down the temperature initially during start up but thermal insulation maintains the temperature later on continuously. In this view, the simple methodology is presented to calculate heat transfer by analytical method also attempt has been made to minimize the energy consumption by replacing 150 mm Expanded polystyrene (EPS) by 100 mm Poly Urethane foam (PUF) insulation. The methodology is validated against actual data obtained from Penguin cold storage situated in Pune, India. Insulation thickness of the side walls (TW), area of the wall (AW), and insulation thickness of the roof (TR) have been chosen as predictor variables of the study.
This study developed a low cost and affordable to small-scale farmers’ indirect air-cooling combined with evaporative cooling (IAC+EC) system for storage of fruit and vegetables under both arid and hot; and humid and hot climatic conditions. Field heat from freshly harvested produce should be immediately removed through cooling to the desired storage temperature. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of IAC+EC system in terms of the cooling time requirement of the fresh tomato fruit. A fresh tomato cooling experiment to remove field heat during the summer month of September in Pietermaritzburg was conducted for 36 hours where the IAC+EC system was compared to storage under ambient conditions. The results showed that 16 hours was required to reduce the flesh temperature of tomatoes to 16.5°C while the flesh temperature for tomatoes under ambient conditions followed the ambient temperature profile with time of storage. The IAC+EC system reduced and maintained the microenvironment air temperature inside the coolers to 16.5°C - 19°C. The ambient temperature varied between 21 and 32°C. The results in this study are evidence that IAC+ EC system can be a choice for farmers, for cooling the fresh by reducing the field temperature after harvest.
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in
human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of
its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture
ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average
velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C. Comparing
the experimental values with the predicted values using Newton’s Model, Page Model, Modified
Page Model on the basis of Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), chi-square(χ
2
) and Efficiency (EF),
RMSE and χ
2 were found lowest and EF .RMSE lay between 0.0382 and 0.0094, reduced χ
2
between 0.000132 and 0.00761 and EF between 0.9598 and 0.9985.Thus, this thermal kinetic model
can be used to predict the moisture of the aonla at any drying instant during thin layer drying
process with reasonable accuracy.
Air Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Buildingijtsrd
In this project we discussed the study and performance of air conditioner, air refrigeration and water conditioner system in a single unit. The main objective of this project is to develop the multifunctional system which can provide refrigeration effect, cold water and air conditioning effect with in regular air or space conditioning system. Air and water systems conditioning spaces by distributing the both conditioned air and water to the terminal units installed in the spaces for which the basic plan is given by civil department and the basic design is done by using REVIT MEP software. The air and water are heated or cooled in a central mechanical equipment room. The air supplied is termed as primary air to distinguish it from the recirculated or secondary room air. By using the peak cooling load values obtained in the heating and cooling load calculations the ton of refrigeration values for individual and total area is calculated which will be helpful for selection of accurate design for the residential building. B. Shushma | M. Uday Bhaskar | N. Balaji | G. Srujan Yadav ""Air-Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23314.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23314/air-water-system-design-using-revit-mep-for-a-residential-building/b-shushma
The major problem of archipelago communities is the storage of seafood that depends
on a particular season. In order for seafood to be preserved for long periods of time then,
it should be frozen using air blast freezing. However, the existing air blast freezing is still
on an industrial scale. Therefore, the aim of this study is simulation of the two-stage
cascade refrigeration system model, validation and evaluation of the model with
experiment data. This research was preceded by a design for the two stage cascade
refrigeration system R22/R32 followed by experiment to obtain operational parameters
which will then be validated and evaluated of the components of this cascade refrigeration
system. The results of this research are design, operational and analysis methods to
determine parameters and specifications of air blast freezing components including:
pressure of system, cooling temperature, compressor power required, cooling load and
evaluation required for its performance to be better
Effect of Different Fin Geometries on Heat Transfer Coefficientijtsrd
High rate of heat flow is the demand of number of engineering applications, heat exchangers used in process industries, economizers used to heat water to boiler or activities like cooling of IC engines. Also, the removal of heat from integral circuit or exchange of heat between two fluids as in nuclear power plants many researchers contributed in enhancement of heat transfer through various approaches. Increase in heat transfer rate and to derive is being done by using different techniques or by performing experiments as well previous literature mentioned the theory regarding heat transfer in such a way that it will increased by increasing area and heat transfer coefficient. In case of natural convection there is only scope for increasing heat transfer area, there extended surfaces i.e. fins are better option to it. Other advantage is increasing turbulence with pitch therefore it enhances heat transfer. Study of heat transfer is possible through numerical experimental analysis. In case of numerical analysis, the results give's heat flow pattern and but less accurate. Whereas experimental analysis gives accurate results but require set up, time and valid conditions. Rohit | Kuldeep "Effect of Different Fin Geometries on Heat Transfer Coefficient" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31613.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/31613/effect-of-different-fin-geometries-on-heat-transfer-coefficient/rohit
The purpose of this paper is to calculate the cooling load in frozen shrimp cold
storage, calculate the performance of the vapor compression cycle including mass flow
rate, compressor power, and COP. This study uses a theoretical design method. The
design of cold storage for shrimp commodity, with the capacity of one container, will be
calculated how much cooling should be given so that the maximum cold storage efficiency
is obtained. Design data obtained from observations in the field. When the research was
conducted in April 2015. The calculation results show that the Refrigerant used is
Refrigerant 12 (R-12), Cooling load = 14.3022 TR = 50.254 kW, Shrimp product = 12
tons = 12,000 kg, Cold storage temperature: 10 ° C, Superheated: 5 ° C, Sub cooled: 5 °
C, refrigerant temperature in the condenser: 35 ° C, refrigerant temperature in the
evaporator: 5 ° C, condenser pressure: 0.80 MPa Pressure in the evaporator: 0.40 Bar
and COP: 4.76.
Estimation of Mass Transfer Parameters and Drying Characteristics of Black Pe...AM Publications
Drying characteristics of black pepper with an initial moisture content of 59.98% (kg moisture/kg wet sample)
was carried out in a domestic microwave oven at five different powers of 900W, 720W, 540W, 360W and 180W. The drying
curves were plotted and from the rate vs moisture content curves it could be concluded that the complete drying process had
took place in the falling rate period. Experimental data were fitted to the thirteen thin layer drying models available in the
literature. Midilli et al model was found to be the best model to describe the microwave thin layer drying of black pepper.
The effective diffusivities were estimated by using Fick’s second law of diffusion for spherical particles. Mass transfer
coefficients and mass Biot numbers were also calculated for the five microwave powers. The effective diffusivities, mass
transfer coefficients and the mass Biot numbers varied between 1.144*10-10to 4.575*10-9 m2/s, 0.863 to 8.47 m/s and 84.5*
105 to 20.7* 105 for the microwave powers studied. Effective diffusivities and mass transfer coefficient increased with the
increasing microwave power where as the mass Biot numbers decreased with the increasing microwave power.
Climatology Applied To Architecture: An Experimental Investigation about Inte...IJERA Editor
Data were analyzed en relative spatial distribution of the internal surface temperature (IST) and internal air
temperature or dry bulb (TBS), in two different test cells, for a typical experimental day under the influence of
tropical mass. The main goal of this research is to provide guidelines to collect temperature data experimentally
since there is not an appropriate standard to guide this methodological procedure in buildings. The data series of
dry bulb temperature and internal surface temperatures were measured in a test cell with a green roof and the
other with conventional ceramic roof by thermocouples installed at predetermined locations. The data of solar
radiation and the main climatic variables were recorded by the automatic weather station at the Center of Science
Engineering Applied to the Environment (CCEAMA), School of Engineering of São Carlos (EESC-USP). The
results led to the conclusion that the distribution of the internal surface temperature is almost uniform in the two
test cells, but in relation to the dry bulb temperature there is a small vertical temperature gradient in the
conventional cell. This work will contribute significantly to future studies in the area of human comfort and
environmental suitability of buildings
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Investigation on effective thermal conductivity of foams using transient plan...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ASSESSMENT OF SAPLINGS OF MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L) IN ABSORBING CAR...IAEME Publication
Carbon dioxide is a gas needed by plants in its growth. Plants use CO2 for
photosynthesis in producing food ingredients. Research topics related to carbon
dioxide uptake are still open to study because there are still many potential types of
plants, especially in Central Kalimantan. Plants that have not been studied are mainly
plant saplings that are easily found and widely known by the people of Central
Kalimantan. The plant species is Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). The study
aims to (a) measure the ability of the mangosteen seedlings' CO2 uptake (b) measure
the fluctuations in seedlings of mangosteen plant CO2 uptake during the measurement
period of 06.00-06.30, 12.00-12.30 and 15.00-15.30 WIB, (c) analyze biomass / dry
weight reserves and organic carbon stored in mangosteen seedlings. The mangosteen
seedlings used in this study were 3-5 months old. Measurements of CO2 absorption
using a containment method measuring 50 cm x 50 cm x 30 cm and CO2 gas analysis
using Gas Cromatography. The time period for measuring CO2 uptake is carried out
at 06.00-06.30, 12.00-12.30 and 15.00-15.30 WIB with a time interval of 5, 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 for 4 (four) weeks. Analysis of biomass / dry weight reserves, percent
and organic carbon content of saplings of mangosteen plants using the gravimetric
method. The results showed that the average CO2 absorption rate of the mangosteen
seedlings was 0.119 mg / m2 / minute. The CO2 absorption rate of saplings of
mangosteen plants fluctuated, where the highest CO2 uptake occurred at 12.00-12.30
WIB, followed by 15.00-15.30 WIB and the lowest CO2 uptake occurred at 06.00-
06.30 WIB. The average biomass / dry weight of saplings of Mangosteen plants is
9.24 grams, the average percent of organic carbon ranges from 55.65% and the
organic carbon content is 5.14 grams
CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroomijtsrd
We have focused on the design and modifications of air cooling duct system using Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD considering all air flow patterns affecting the system efficiency. Necessary tools and methods are applied for efficient designing. The different load conditions and the layout of the duct system need to be very accurate because if any deviation will result to problems like uneven cooling, frictional losses, increased noise and vibrations and also more power consumption. The above problems highlight the importance for optimizing the duct design to obtain desired flow conditions. Our work involves use of theoretical and software tools to get a detailed comparative analysis of the costs and benefits involved in selecting a particular shape rectangular or circular for the duct according to the working conditions. The focus of this paper rests on using psychrometry chart to calculate the cooling load and other parameters. Gaurav Srivastava | Aman Kumar | Dipti Chandel | Harsh Dabas | Ashish Mishra | Saurabh ""CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroom"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23824.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23824/cfd-simulation-of-air-conditioning-system-of-the-classroom/gaurav-srivastava
Advantages of the self organizing controller for high-pressure sterilization ...ISA Interchange
A study of a self-organizing controller is implemented in a way that response to controlled system follows the desired given by the model. The self-organizing controller has proven to be a valuable tool in sterilization equipment in order to verify the capacity of the response to any change in the pressure or temperature. Basically, this type of controller is based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) that is a neural network algorithm of unsupervised learning. The new ideas include clustering visualization, interactive training and one-dimension arrays.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR MEAT...IAEME Publication
The prediction of freezing meat inside the cold storage is studied experimentally and numerically using CFX14.5. In the present work a prototype cold storage for meat has been designed and constructed with dimensions 1 m in length x 1 m in width x 1 m in height. Temperature distributions of regular shape of meats were determined for storage temperature -21°C inside the cold storage, where each part of meat is located in one of the three levels (bottom, medium and top) inside the cold store. The air velocity distribution has been measured by using metal vane anemometer in the directions of (x, -x, y, -y, z and -z) around the meat and the results have been used in the numerical simulations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mhd effects on non newtonian micro polar fluid with uniform suctioneSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work, the problem of heat and mass transfer on the flow of Non-newtonian micropolar fluid with uniform suction/blowing with heat generation, radiation, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects are studied. The non-linear partial differential equation arising from the flow modeling were transformed into coupled non linear ordinary differential equations and subsequently solved by using the implicit finite difference method. The effect of relevant thermo physical parameters such as material parameter K, suction parameter A, heat generation/absorption parameter B, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, thermophoretic parameter τ, chemical reaction parameter δ , magnetic parameter Ha and Schmidt number Sc are also being numerically investigated and analyzed. Keywords: MHD, micro polar fluid, heat generation, thermophoresis, radiation and finite difference scheme.
Optimization of machining parameters on tool tip temperature by using vegetab...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this research the experiments were performed by using vegetable oil to know the effect of different machining parameters on
tool tip temperature. The quality of work piece material is main contributing factor in these days which may be influence by heat
generated at the tool tip temperature. For this experimental work different machining parameters were used depth of cut, speed
and feed rate, and work piece on the tool tip temperature during a machining ofEN8 material. To study the influence of each
parameter on tool tip temperature total 9 experiments were performed in order to find the minimum tool tip temperature. The
experiments were performed by varying one parameter while, the keep two parameter were kept constant. So the influence of tool
tip temperature on varying machining parameters is studied in this research work. The main objective of this study is to
investigate the effect of cutting parameters and to find out optimal conditions of spindle speed, feed, and depth of cut and work
piece material for achieving minimum temperature and to increase the quality of work peice material by reducing the temperature
using vegetable . In this experiment tool tip temperature measurement instrument is used to find the optimum parametric
conditions like spindle speed, feed and depth of cut on EN-8 material. The analysis reveals that spindle speed has major effect on
tool tip temperature while using Soya oil as lubricant.
Key Words: Tool tip temperature, spindle speed, feed rate and Depth of cut.
Measurement and model validation of specific heat of xanthan gum using joules...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the concentration and temperature influence on the specific heat of xanthan gum and to propose a model equation for estimating the specific heat of xanthan gum at different concentration and temperature usingthe Joules calorimeter method. Joules calorimeter method was tested with distilled water for accuracy and reliability before applying to xanthan gum samples which varied in concentration. The specific heat of xanthan gum needs to be known for evaluating the design and modeling aspects of heat transfer processes of refrigeration, freezing, heating, pasteurization and drying. The specific heat of xanthan gum increases with an increase in temperature (293.15 - 333.15K) and concentration (0.1 - 0.6 %w/w). The minimum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 4.133 KJ/kg K at 300.25K with a concentration of 0.2 %w/w, whereas the maximum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 7.459 KJ/kg K at 333.95K with a concentration of 0.5 %w/w. The specific heat capacity of xanthan gum is compared with that of pure water at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K and literature available model at 293.15 - 333.15 K for 0.1 - 0.6 %w/w concentration of xanthan gum. The influence of operating parameters on the specific heat of xanthan gum was determined by employing a central composite rotatable design in response surface methodology (CCRD-RSM). The new model equation obtained for estimating the specific heat using RSM possesses good agreement with experimental data with a regression coefficient of 0.9774. Index Terms: Specific heat, Xanthan gum, Pseudo plastic fluid and Response surface methodology etc.…
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
THERMAL KINETICS OF THIN LAYER DRYING OF INDIAN GOOGEBERRY OR ANOLA FLAKS (PH...IAEME Publication
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C.
The purpose of this paper is to calculate the cooling load in frozen shrimp cold
storage, calculate the performance of the vapor compression cycle including mass flow
rate, compressor power, and COP. This study uses a theoretical design method. The
design of cold storage for shrimp commodity, with the capacity of one container, will be
calculated how much cooling should be given so that the maximum cold storage efficiency
is obtained. Design data obtained from observations in the field. When the research was
conducted in April 2015. The calculation results show that the Refrigerant used is
Refrigerant 12 (R-12), Cooling load = 14.3022 TR = 50.254 kW, Shrimp product = 12
tons = 12,000 kg, Cold storage temperature: 10 ° C, Superheated: 5 ° C, Sub cooled: 5 °
C, refrigerant temperature in the condenser: 35 ° C, refrigerant temperature in the
evaporator: 5 ° C, condenser pressure: 0.80 MPa Pressure in the evaporator: 0.40 Bar
and COP: 4.76.
Estimation of Mass Transfer Parameters and Drying Characteristics of Black Pe...AM Publications
Drying characteristics of black pepper with an initial moisture content of 59.98% (kg moisture/kg wet sample)
was carried out in a domestic microwave oven at five different powers of 900W, 720W, 540W, 360W and 180W. The drying
curves were plotted and from the rate vs moisture content curves it could be concluded that the complete drying process had
took place in the falling rate period. Experimental data were fitted to the thirteen thin layer drying models available in the
literature. Midilli et al model was found to be the best model to describe the microwave thin layer drying of black pepper.
The effective diffusivities were estimated by using Fick’s second law of diffusion for spherical particles. Mass transfer
coefficients and mass Biot numbers were also calculated for the five microwave powers. The effective diffusivities, mass
transfer coefficients and the mass Biot numbers varied between 1.144*10-10to 4.575*10-9 m2/s, 0.863 to 8.47 m/s and 84.5*
105 to 20.7* 105 for the microwave powers studied. Effective diffusivities and mass transfer coefficient increased with the
increasing microwave power where as the mass Biot numbers decreased with the increasing microwave power.
Climatology Applied To Architecture: An Experimental Investigation about Inte...IJERA Editor
Data were analyzed en relative spatial distribution of the internal surface temperature (IST) and internal air
temperature or dry bulb (TBS), in two different test cells, for a typical experimental day under the influence of
tropical mass. The main goal of this research is to provide guidelines to collect temperature data experimentally
since there is not an appropriate standard to guide this methodological procedure in buildings. The data series of
dry bulb temperature and internal surface temperatures were measured in a test cell with a green roof and the
other with conventional ceramic roof by thermocouples installed at predetermined locations. The data of solar
radiation and the main climatic variables were recorded by the automatic weather station at the Center of Science
Engineering Applied to the Environment (CCEAMA), School of Engineering of São Carlos (EESC-USP). The
results led to the conclusion that the distribution of the internal surface temperature is almost uniform in the two
test cells, but in relation to the dry bulb temperature there is a small vertical temperature gradient in the
conventional cell. This work will contribute significantly to future studies in the area of human comfort and
environmental suitability of buildings
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Investigation on effective thermal conductivity of foams using transient plan...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ASSESSMENT OF SAPLINGS OF MANGOSTEEN (GARCINIA MANGOSTANA L) IN ABSORBING CAR...IAEME Publication
Carbon dioxide is a gas needed by plants in its growth. Plants use CO2 for
photosynthesis in producing food ingredients. Research topics related to carbon
dioxide uptake are still open to study because there are still many potential types of
plants, especially in Central Kalimantan. Plants that have not been studied are mainly
plant saplings that are easily found and widely known by the people of Central
Kalimantan. The plant species is Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). The study
aims to (a) measure the ability of the mangosteen seedlings' CO2 uptake (b) measure
the fluctuations in seedlings of mangosteen plant CO2 uptake during the measurement
period of 06.00-06.30, 12.00-12.30 and 15.00-15.30 WIB, (c) analyze biomass / dry
weight reserves and organic carbon stored in mangosteen seedlings. The mangosteen
seedlings used in this study were 3-5 months old. Measurements of CO2 absorption
using a containment method measuring 50 cm x 50 cm x 30 cm and CO2 gas analysis
using Gas Cromatography. The time period for measuring CO2 uptake is carried out
at 06.00-06.30, 12.00-12.30 and 15.00-15.30 WIB with a time interval of 5, 10, 15,
20, 25 and 30 for 4 (four) weeks. Analysis of biomass / dry weight reserves, percent
and organic carbon content of saplings of mangosteen plants using the gravimetric
method. The results showed that the average CO2 absorption rate of the mangosteen
seedlings was 0.119 mg / m2 / minute. The CO2 absorption rate of saplings of
mangosteen plants fluctuated, where the highest CO2 uptake occurred at 12.00-12.30
WIB, followed by 15.00-15.30 WIB and the lowest CO2 uptake occurred at 06.00-
06.30 WIB. The average biomass / dry weight of saplings of Mangosteen plants is
9.24 grams, the average percent of organic carbon ranges from 55.65% and the
organic carbon content is 5.14 grams
CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroomijtsrd
We have focused on the design and modifications of air cooling duct system using Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD considering all air flow patterns affecting the system efficiency. Necessary tools and methods are applied for efficient designing. The different load conditions and the layout of the duct system need to be very accurate because if any deviation will result to problems like uneven cooling, frictional losses, increased noise and vibrations and also more power consumption. The above problems highlight the importance for optimizing the duct design to obtain desired flow conditions. Our work involves use of theoretical and software tools to get a detailed comparative analysis of the costs and benefits involved in selecting a particular shape rectangular or circular for the duct according to the working conditions. The focus of this paper rests on using psychrometry chart to calculate the cooling load and other parameters. Gaurav Srivastava | Aman Kumar | Dipti Chandel | Harsh Dabas | Ashish Mishra | Saurabh ""CFD Simulation of Air Conditioning System of the Classroom"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23824.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23824/cfd-simulation-of-air-conditioning-system-of-the-classroom/gaurav-srivastava
Advantages of the self organizing controller for high-pressure sterilization ...ISA Interchange
A study of a self-organizing controller is implemented in a way that response to controlled system follows the desired given by the model. The self-organizing controller has proven to be a valuable tool in sterilization equipment in order to verify the capacity of the response to any change in the pressure or temperature. Basically, this type of controller is based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) that is a neural network algorithm of unsupervised learning. The new ideas include clustering visualization, interactive training and one-dimension arrays.
EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION FOR MEAT...IAEME Publication
The prediction of freezing meat inside the cold storage is studied experimentally and numerically using CFX14.5. In the present work a prototype cold storage for meat has been designed and constructed with dimensions 1 m in length x 1 m in width x 1 m in height. Temperature distributions of regular shape of meats were determined for storage temperature -21°C inside the cold storage, where each part of meat is located in one of the three levels (bottom, medium and top) inside the cold store. The air velocity distribution has been measured by using metal vane anemometer in the directions of (x, -x, y, -y, z and -z) around the meat and the results have been used in the numerical simulations.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mhd effects on non newtonian micro polar fluid with uniform suctioneSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work, the problem of heat and mass transfer on the flow of Non-newtonian micropolar fluid with uniform suction/blowing with heat generation, radiation, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects are studied. The non-linear partial differential equation arising from the flow modeling were transformed into coupled non linear ordinary differential equations and subsequently solved by using the implicit finite difference method. The effect of relevant thermo physical parameters such as material parameter K, suction parameter A, heat generation/absorption parameter B, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, thermophoretic parameter τ, chemical reaction parameter δ , magnetic parameter Ha and Schmidt number Sc are also being numerically investigated and analyzed. Keywords: MHD, micro polar fluid, heat generation, thermophoresis, radiation and finite difference scheme.
Optimization of machining parameters on tool tip temperature by using vegetab...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this research the experiments were performed by using vegetable oil to know the effect of different machining parameters on
tool tip temperature. The quality of work piece material is main contributing factor in these days which may be influence by heat
generated at the tool tip temperature. For this experimental work different machining parameters were used depth of cut, speed
and feed rate, and work piece on the tool tip temperature during a machining ofEN8 material. To study the influence of each
parameter on tool tip temperature total 9 experiments were performed in order to find the minimum tool tip temperature. The
experiments were performed by varying one parameter while, the keep two parameter were kept constant. So the influence of tool
tip temperature on varying machining parameters is studied in this research work. The main objective of this study is to
investigate the effect of cutting parameters and to find out optimal conditions of spindle speed, feed, and depth of cut and work
piece material for achieving minimum temperature and to increase the quality of work peice material by reducing the temperature
using vegetable . In this experiment tool tip temperature measurement instrument is used to find the optimum parametric
conditions like spindle speed, feed and depth of cut on EN-8 material. The analysis reveals that spindle speed has major effect on
tool tip temperature while using Soya oil as lubricant.
Key Words: Tool tip temperature, spindle speed, feed rate and Depth of cut.
Measurement and model validation of specific heat of xanthan gum using joules...eSAT Journals
Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine the concentration and temperature influence on the specific heat of xanthan gum and to propose a model equation for estimating the specific heat of xanthan gum at different concentration and temperature usingthe Joules calorimeter method. Joules calorimeter method was tested with distilled water for accuracy and reliability before applying to xanthan gum samples which varied in concentration. The specific heat of xanthan gum needs to be known for evaluating the design and modeling aspects of heat transfer processes of refrigeration, freezing, heating, pasteurization and drying. The specific heat of xanthan gum increases with an increase in temperature (293.15 - 333.15K) and concentration (0.1 - 0.6 %w/w). The minimum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 4.133 KJ/kg K at 300.25K with a concentration of 0.2 %w/w, whereas the maximum value of specific heat of xanthan gum was 7.459 KJ/kg K at 333.95K with a concentration of 0.5 %w/w. The specific heat capacity of xanthan gum is compared with that of pure water at 308.15, 318.15 and 328.15 K and literature available model at 293.15 - 333.15 K for 0.1 - 0.6 %w/w concentration of xanthan gum. The influence of operating parameters on the specific heat of xanthan gum was determined by employing a central composite rotatable design in response surface methodology (CCRD-RSM). The new model equation obtained for estimating the specific heat using RSM possesses good agreement with experimental data with a regression coefficient of 0.9774. Index Terms: Specific heat, Xanthan gum, Pseudo plastic fluid and Response surface methodology etc.…
Design &Analysis of Waste Heat Recovery System for Domestic RefrigeratorIJMER
Heat is energy, so energy saving is one of the key matters from view point of fuel consumption
and for the protection of global environment. So it is necessary that a significant and concrete effort should
be made for conserving energy through waste heat recovery too. The main objective of this paper is to study
“Waste Heat recovery system for domestic refrigerator”. An attempt has been made to utilize waste heat
from condenser of refrigerator. This heat can be used for number of domestic and industrial purposes. In
minimum constructional, maintenance and running cost, this system is much useful for domestic purpose. It
is valuable alternative approach to improve overall efficiency and reuse the waste heat. The study has
shown that such a system is technically feasible and economically viable.
THERMAL KINETICS OF THIN LAYER DRYING OF INDIAN GOOGEBERRY OR ANOLA FLAKS (PH...IAEME Publication
The aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), a fruit rich in vitamin-C, has high medicinal importance in human life. Drying of aonla in the form of flakes and powder is one of the widely used methods of its preservation. Thermal kinetics during drying a hygroscopic material in thin layer, the moisture ratio is calculated by the Half Life Time Method. The experiment was conducted at an average velocity of 0.48m/s, relative humidity 35% and temperature in the range from 40 to 750C.
REFRIGERATION- HEAT RECOVERY SYSTEM BY USING WATER HEATER CHAMBER IN BETWEEN...Dhananjay Parmar
The heat from the condenser side is dissipated to the room air. If this heat is not utilized it simply becomes the waste heat.
The rejected heat could be used to operate any other low grade heat required refrigeration system.
Optimization of Convective Heat Transfer Model of Cold Storage with Cylindric...IJERA Editor
This work contains of design of experiments to optimize the various control factors of a cold storage evaporator space inside the cold room, in other words the heat absorption by evaporator will be maximize to minimize the use of electrical energy to run the system. Here we have use cylindrical pin fin to maximize the heat absorption by evaporator. Taguchi orthogonal array have been used as a design of experiments. Three control factors with three levels of each have been chosen for analysis. In the evaporator space the heat absorbs by the evaporator and fins totally a convective heat transfer process. The control factors are Area of the evaporator with cylindrical pin fin(A), temperature difference of the evaporator space (dT), and relative humidity inside the cold room(RH). Different amount of heat gains in the cold room for different set of test runs have been taken as the output parameter. The objective of this work is to find out the optimum setting of the control factors or design parameters so as the heat absorb in the cold room by the evaporator will be maximum. The Taguchi regression analysis have been used as an optimization technique.
Design Calculation of Main Components for Lab Based Refrigeration Systemijtsrd
The purpose of this paper is for the students to know the basic function of main components of refrigeration system. Theoretical and experimental of design calculation of main components and their results are reported in this paper. During the performance of testing, the length of expansion device is varied and the result data are also described. In this system, R134a refrigerant is used as working substance. Because it is now being used for a replacement of R 12 CFC refrigerant. It can be handled safely because it is not toxic, corrosive and flammable. Moreover, it has no damage effect to ozone layer and greenhouse. Ko Ko | Aye Aye San | Khin Maung Than "Design Calculation of Main Components for Lab Based Refrigeration System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29212.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/29212/design-calculation-of-main-components-for-lab-based-refrigeration-system/ko-ko
human recourse information system; public sector; performance; satisfaction o...IJERA Editor
Electric Water Heaters are widely used all over the world that can be categorized in two types i.e. Instant Water Heaters & Storage type Water Heaters. The energy consumption for 6 liter water heaters is much higher in the storage type of water heater. As energy is an important factor for economic development of country, therefore there is need to save the energy which implies the focus to use Storage type Water Heaters. In 6 Liter water heater, Existing model converting from 4 star rating to 5 star rating by thermal analysis & insulation. After the theoretical calculation of thickness of glass wool is the practical testing of product with BEE norms & got results for 5 Star Calculation. Finally we are doing the thermal analysis for theoretical & practical verification of the product
A B S T R A C T
In the present paper, an experimental analysis of a solar water heating collector with an integrated latent heat storage unit is presented. With the purpose to determine the performance of a device on a lab scale, but with commercial features, a flat plate solar collector with phase change material (PCM) containers under the absorber plate was constructed and tested. PCM used was a commercial semi-refined light paraffin with a melting point of 60°C. Tests were carried out in outdoor conditions from October 2016 to March 2017 starting at 7:00 AM until the collector does not transfer heat to the water after sunset. Performance variables as water inlet temperature, outlet temperature, mass flow and solar radiation were measured in order to determine a useful heat and the collector efficiency. Furthermore, operating temperatures of the glass cover, air gap, absorber plate, and PCM containers are presented. Other external variables as ambient temperature, humidity and wind speed were measured with a weather station located next to the collector. The developed prototype reached an average thermal efficiency of 24.11% and a maximum outlet temperature of 50°C. Results indicate that the absorber plate reached the PCM melting point in few cases, this suggests that the use of a PCM with a lower melting point could be a potential strategy to increase thermal storage. A thermal analysis and conclusions of the device performance are discussed.
CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2017) 1(3), 7-12. Doi: 10.25034/ijcua.2018.3672
www.ijcua.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Abstract Fresh spinach leaves with 50g weight were taken from the market and 9.86 moisture content on dry basis were dried in a microwave oven using four different microwave power levels ranging between 90 and 350 W, until the moisture content fell down to 0.1 on dry basis. The drying processes were completed between 570 and 1350s depending on the microwave power level. Moisture ratio and drying rate were calculated. In this study the measured values of moisture ratio were compared with predicted values obtained from Newton, Henderson and Pabis, Midilli et al and pages thin layer drying semi empirical equations. On detailed study of the four model equations, Midilli et al. equation was found to be the best fit for the drying of spinach leaves by spinach leaves by using microwave oven. The fitness of these models was evaluated by using the reduced chi-square, root mean square error and modeling efficiency. The specific energy consumption to evaporate a unit mass of water from the product was also determined. Keywords: Spinach Leaves, Moisture Content, Moisture Ratio, Drying rate and Micro wave.
Similar to Application of thermal imaging for detecting cold air leak location in cold storage (20)
A Secure Data Transmission Scheme using Asymmetric Semi-Homomorphic Encryptio...IJAAS Team
The compressive detecting based information accumulation accomplishes with high exactness in information recuperation from less inspection which is available in sensor nodes. In this manner, the existing methods available in the literature diminish the information gathering cost and delays the existence cycle of WSNs. In this paper, a strong achievable security model for sensor network applications was initially proposed. At that point, a secure data collection conspire was displayed based on compressive detecting, which improves the information protection by the asymmetric semi-homomorphic encryption scheme, and decreases the calculation cost by inadequate compressive grid. In this case, particularly the asymmetric mechanism decreases the trouble of mystery key circulation and administration. The proposed homomorphic encryption permits the in-arrange accumulation in cipher domain, and in this manner improves the security and accomplishes the adjustment in system stack. Further, this paper focuses on estimating various network performances such as the calculation cost and correspondence cost, which remunerates the expanding cost caused by the homomorphic encryption. A real time validation on the proposed encryption scheme using AVISPA was additionally performed and the results are satisfactory.
Lossless 4D Medical Images Compression Using Adaptive Inter Slices FilteringIJAAS Team
Recent lossless 4D medical images compression works are based on the application of techniques originated from video compression to efficiently eliminate redundancies in different dimensions of image. In this context we present a new approach of lossless 4D medical images compression which consists to application of 2D wavelet transform in spatial directions followed or not by either lifting transform or motion compensation in inter slices direction, the obtained slices are coded by 3D SPIHT. Our approach was compared with 3D SPIHT with/without motion compensation. The results show our approach offers better performance in lossless compression rate.
Coding Schemes for Implementation of Fault Tolerant Parrallel FilterIJAAS Team
Digital filters are utilized as a one of flag handling and correspondence frameworks. At times, the unwavering quality of those frameworks is basic, and blame tolerant channel executions are needed. Throughout the years, numerous systems that endeavor the channels' structure and properties to accomplish adaptation to internal failure have been proposed. As innovation scales, it empowers more unpredictable frameworks that join many channels. In those perplexing frameworks, it is regular that a portion of the channels work in parallel. A plan in view of big rectification coding has been as of late proposed to protect parallel channels. In that plan, each channel is deal with as a bit, and excess channels that go about as equality check bits are acquainted with distinguish and rectify blunders. In this short, applying coding systems to secure parallel channels is tended to in a broader manner. This decreases the assurance overhead and makes the quantity of excess channels autonomous of the quantity of parallel channels. The proposed technique is first described and then illustrated with two case studies. Finally, both the effectiveness in protecting against errors and the cost are evaluated for a field-programmable gate array implementation.
Recycling of Industrial Waste Water for the Generation of Electricity by Regu...IJAAS Team
The paper focuses on generating the renewable energy source from industrial waste water effluents. Utilizing the industrial waste water in order to generate electricity, a flow control sensor has been installed at the outlet of the tunnel which passes the waste water to the turbine. As per the need, the generation of electricity varies with respect to the flow through the use of flow control sensor. The generated electricity is then used for powering the street lights, gardening and run-way paths, during night time. The flow control sensor when integrated using IoT and cloud storage facilitates efficiency and scalability thereby providing massive utilization of energy usage.
Early Detection of High Blood Pressure and Diabetic Retinopathy on Retinal Fu...IJAAS Team
In this paper we present a lifting wavelet based CBRIR image retrieval system that uses color and texture as visual features to describe the content of a retinal fundus images. Our contribution is of three directions. First, we use lifting wavelets 9/7 for lossy and SPL5/3 for lossless to extract texture features from arbitrary shaped retinal fundus regions separated from an image to increase the system effectiveness. This process is performed offline before query processing, therefore to answer a query our system does not need to search the entire database images; instead just a number of similar class type patient images are required to be searched for image similarity. Third, to further increase the retrieval accuracy of our system, we combine the region based features extracted from image regions, with global features extracted from the whole image, which are texture using lifting wavelet and HSV color histograms. Our proposed system has the advantage of increasing the retrieval accuracy and decreasing the retrieval time. The experimental evaluation of the system is based on a db1 online retinal fundus color image database. From the experimental results, it is evident that our system performs significantly better accuracy as compared with traditional wavelet based systems. In our simulation analysis, we provide a comparison between retrieval results based on features extracted from the whole image using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet and features extracted using lossless 9/7 lifting wavelet and using traditional wavelet. The results demonstrate that each type of feature is effective for a particular type of disease of retinal fundus images according to its semantic contents, and using lossless 5/3 lifting wavelet of them gives better retrieval results for almost all semantic classes and outperform 4-10% more accuracy than traditional wavelet.
Automation of DMPS Manufacturing by using LabView & PLCIJAAS Team
This Paper is to enable the Siemens (Programmable Logic Control) CPU 313- 5A to communicate with the Lab VIEW and to control the process accuracy by image processing. The communication between CPU 313-5A and Lab VIEW is via OPC (OLE for Process Control).Process Accuracy is achieved with the use of Labview Image Processing and Gray Scale matching Pattern. Accuracy in the gray scale matching will purely depend on the calibration of the camera with respect to the corresponding image. The digital output from the labview is communicated to PLC via Ethernet Protocol for the industrial process control. With the use of Labview the dead time while using the normal image vision module in PLC can be minimized. Labview uses the gray scale matching technique whi
Mobile Application Development with AndroidIJAAS Team
The Android is mobile platform. It is an open source and free operating system application, by Google it is developed and maintained. It was designed essentially for touch screen mobile devices, such as and tablet, computers, smart phones, watch television, cars etc. Android is one of the most widely used mobile OS. Android is a not only operating system but also key applications and middleware. Android is an open source operating system. It is developed by the open handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Those are used to android studio 2.2.3 version and development the mobile application.
Data Visualization and Analysis of Engineering Educational StatisticsxIJAAS Team
Engineering, is one of the most popular fields of higher education in the modern day world. Majority of the students these days opt for engineering as a career, due to the vastness of choices provided by engineering. Mechanical, Electrical, Computer Science, Civil and Biotechnology are the various disciplines and have varying strength in terms of number of students who join a particular discipline. In this research, we have gather data from various published articles about engineering education and carried out the data visualization and analysis using Tableau 9.2. The objective of the analysis is to help the students to make the decision and the choice about discipline of engineering from which particular university would be the most suitable based on the data collected and represented. Various categories of statistics such as number of graduates from a particular university in a particular discipline, and which university had the maximum number of graduates in a certain year will help the students make their decisions about their future in a more easy and a sorted manner.
Requirement Elicitation Model (REM) in the Context of Global Software Develop...IJAAS Team
Contxext:Requirement elicitation is difficult and critical phase of requirement engineering and the case is worst in global software development (GSD). The study is about requirement elicitation in the context of GSD. Objective: Development of requirement elicitation model (REM) which can address the factors that have positive impact and the factors that have negative impact during elicitation in GSD. The propose model will give solutions and practices to the challenges during elicitation. Method: Systematic literature review (SLR) and empirical research study will be used for achieving the goals and objectives. Expected outcomes: The expected results of this study will be REM that will help vendor organizations for better elicitation during GSD.
Technological development have altered the way we communicate, learn, think, share, and spread information. Mobile technologies are those that make use of wireless technologies to gain some sort of data. As mobile connectedness continues to spread across the world, the value of employing mobile technologies in the arena of learning and teaching seems to be both self-evident and unavoidable The fast deployment of mobile devices and wireless networks in university campuses makes higher education a good environment to integrate learners-centered m-learning . this paper discusses mobile learning technologies that are being used for educational purposes and the effect they have on teaching and learning methods.
Spectral Efficient Blind Channel Estimation Technique for MIMO-OFDM Communica...IJAAS Team
With emerge of increasing research in the domain of future wireless communications, massive MIMO (multiple inputs multiple outputs) attracted most of researchers interests. Massive MIMO is high-speed wireless communication standards. A channel estimation technology plays the essential role in the MIMO systems. Efficient channel estimation leads to spectral efficient wireless communications. The critics of Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) are the challenging tasks while designing the channel estimation methods. To mitigate the challenges of ISI, we proposed the novel blind channel estimation method which based on Independent component analysis (ICA) in this paper. Proposed channel estimation it works for both blind interference cancellation and ISI cancellation. The proposed Hybrid ICA (HICA) method depends on pulse shape filtering and ambiguity removal to improve the spectral efficiency and reliability for MIMO communications. The Kurtosis operation is used to measure the complex data at first to estimate the common signals. Then we exploited the advantages of 3rd and 4th order Higher Order Statistics (HOS) to priorities the common signals during the channel estimation. In this paper, we present the detailed design and evaluation of HICA blind channel estimation method. We showed the simulation results of HICA against the state-of-art techniques for channel estimation using BER, MSE, and PAPR.
An Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets Implementation for Key Distribution in Hybrid Me...IJAAS Team
WSN is a way of handling dangerous and hostile environments safely. It replaces human existence with nodes and units that could sustain its existence under extreme circumstances. The significance of WSN arises from the importance of the data gathered through its nodes. Due to the fact of WSN that it is open air environment, security issues must be considered, for example authentication of new units and the encryption of data transmitted between these units. This research provides a new model covering two important aspects in WSN. The first aspect is the creation of the key that will be used for the current session between a pair of nodes. In this step the research introduces the intuitionistic fuzzy sets to handle the WSN criteria simultaneously and efficiently, in order to decide the exact key length required depending on the status of the network parameters. The second aspect is the distribution of the key between the units desiring communications. This phase starts by authenticating each entity to each other and to the cluster head, then one unit suggests a key and the other one confirms. It then starts communication using that key. This phase shows the hybrid cryptography applied in which the algorithm uses asymmetric encryption for authentication then uses symmetric encryption to secure the connection between the two units. Experimental results in this research could categorized also into two classes. The first class is key size model in which the proposed model compared to ordinary KNN and fuzzy model related to the determination of the key size. The proposed model shows an overall efficient way relating to decide the key size. The second class of experiments is to distribute the intermediate key efficiently; at this point the proposed model shows resilience and efficiency compared to distributing the key directly through cluster head.
Angular Symmetric Axis Constellation Model for Off-line Odia Handwritten Char...IJAAS Team
Optical character recognition is one of the emerging research topics in the field of image processing, and it has extensive area of application in pattern recognition. Odia handwritten script is the most research concern area because it has eldest and most likable language in the state of odisha, India. Odia character is a usually handwritten, which was generally occupied by scanner into machine readable form. In this regard several recognition technique have been evolved for variance kind of languages but writing pattern of odia character is just like as curve appearance; Hence it is more difficult for recognition. In this article we have presented the novel approach for Odia character recognition based on the different angle based symmetric axis feature extraction technique which gives high accuracy of recognition pattern. This empirical model generates a unique angle based boundary points on every skeletonised character images. These points are interconnected with each other in order to extract row and column symmetry axis. We extracted feature matrix having mean distance of row, mean angle of row, mean distance of column and mean angle of column from centre of the image to midpoint of the symmetric axis respectively. The system uses a 10 fold validation to the random forest (RF) classifier and SVM for feature matrix. We have considered the standard database on 200 images having each of 47 Odia character and 10 Odia numeric for simulation. As we have noted outcome of simulation of SVM and RF yields 96.3% and 98.2% accuracy rate on NIT Rourkela Odia character database and 88.9% and 93.6% from ISI Kolkata Odia numerical database.
Energy and Load Aware Routing Protocol for Internet of ThingsIJAAS Team
Maximizing the network lifetime is one of the major challenges in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Routing plays a vital role in it by minimizing the energy consumption across the networks through the efficient route selection for data transfer. IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is a IETF standardized IPv6 routing protocol for LLN. In this paper, we propose Energy and Load aware RPL (EL-RPL) protocol, which is an enhancement of RPL protocol. It uses a composite metric, calculated based on expected transmission count (ETX), Load and battery depletion index (BDI), for the route, selection. The COOJA simulator is used for performance evaluation. EL-RPL is compared with other similar protocols RER(BDI) RPL and fuzzy logic based RPL (OF-FL RPL). The simulation result shows that the EL-RPL improves the network lifetime by 8- 12% and packet delivery ratio 2-4%.
Analysis and Implementation of Unipolar PWM Strategies for Three Phase Cascad...IJAAS Team
This paper presents unipolar pulse width modulation technique with sinusoidal sampling pulse width modulation are analyzed for three-phase five-level, seven-level, nine-level and eleven-level cascaded multi-level inverter. The unipolar PWM method offers a good opportunity for the realization of the Three-phase inverter control, it is better to use the unipolar PWM method with single carrier wave compared to two reference waves. In such case the motor harmonic losses will be considerably lower.The necessary calculations for generation of unipolar pulse width modulation strategies have presented in detail. The unipolar SPWM voltage switching scheme is selected in this paper because this method offers the advantages of effectively doubling the switching frequency of the inverter voltage. The cascaded multi level inverter fed induction motor is simulated and compared the total harmonic distroction for all level (five-level, seven-level, nine-level and elevel-level)of the inverter. Theoretical investigations were confirmed by the digital simulations using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Design of an IOT based Online Monitoring Digital StethoscopeIJAAS Team
Acoustic stethoscopes have low sound levels. Digital stethoscope overcomes this issue by amplifying body sounds electronically. As the sound signals are transmitted electronically, it can be wireless and can provide noise reduction. Acoustic stethoscope can be changed into a digital stethoscope by inserting an electric capacity microphone onto its head. Heart sounds received from the microphone are processed, sampled and sound signals are converted analog to digital and sent wirelessly using the Internet of Things(IOT) techniques, so that multiple doctors can do auscultation and monitor conditions of the patient.
Development of Russian Driverless Electric VehicleIJAAS Team
This article overviews the history of development of driverless vehicles both in Russia and the World. Foreign experience of development of driverless vehicles, including electric traction, is analyzed. Main stages of creation of experimental NAMI driverless electric vehicle are revised. Main engineering solutions are described concerning development of advanced NAMI driverless electric vehicle, its major components and control systems. Projects aimed at environmental safety of passengers in NAMI driverless electric vehicle are exemplified. Results of bench scale and running tests of NAMI driverless electric vehicle are summarized. Major advantages of driverless energy efficient and environmentally clean transport are demonstrated.
Cost Allocation of Reactive Power Using Matrix Methodology in Transmission Ne...IJAAS Team
In the deregulated market environment as generation, transmission and distribution are separate entities; reactive power flow in transmission lines is a question of great importance. Due to inductive load characteristic, reactive power is inherently flowing in transmission line. Hence under restructured market this reactive power allocation is necessary. In this work authors presents a power flow tracing based allocation method for reactive power to loads. MVAr-mile method is used for allocation of reactive power cost. A sample 6 bus and IEEE 14 bus system is used for showing the feasibility of developed method.
Depth Estimation from Defocused Images: a SurveyIJAAS Team
An important step in 3D data generation is the generation of depth map. Depth map is a black and white image which has exactly the same size of the original captured 2D image that indicates the relative distance of each pixel from the observer to the objects in the real world. This paper presents a survey of Depth Perception from Defocused or blurs images as well as image from motion. The change of distance of the object from the camera has direct relation with the amount of blurring of object in the image. The amount of blurring will be calculated with a comparison in front of the camera directly and can be seen with the changes at gray level around the edges of objects.
CP-NR Distributed Range Free Localization Algorithm in WSNIJAAS Team
Advancements in wireless communication technology have empowered the researchers to develop large scale wireless networks with huge number of sensor nodes. In these networks localization is very active field of research. Localization is a way to determine the physical position of sensor nodes which is useful in many aspects such as to find the origin of events, routing and network coverage. Locating nodes with GPS systems is expensive, power consuming and not applicable to indoor environments. Localization in three dimensional space and accuracy of the estimated location are two factors of major concern. In this paper, a new three dimensional Distributed range-free algorithm which is known as CP-NR is proposed. This algorithm has high localization accuracy and resolved the problem of existing NR algorithm. CP-NR (Coplanar and Projected Node Reproduction) algorithm makes use of co-planarity and projection of point on plane concepts to reduce the localization error. Results have shown that CP-NR algorithm is superior to NR algorithm and comparison is done for the localization accuracy with respect to variations in range, anchor density and node density.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
Application of thermal imaging for detecting cold air leak location in cold storage
1. International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences (IJAAS)
Vol. 9, No. 4, December 2020, pp. 294~301
ISSN: 2252-8814, DOI: 10.11591/ijaas.v9.i4.pp294-301 294
Journal homepage: http://ijaas.iaescore.com
Application of thermal imaging for detecting cold air leak
location in cold storage
P. Pathmanaban1
, Shanmuga Sundaram Anandan2
, B. K. Gnanavel3
, C. P. Murigan4
1
Department of Automtobile Engineering, Velammal Engineering College, India
2,4
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sree Sastha Institute of Engineering and Technology, India
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, India
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Mar 3, 2020
Revised Apr 24, 2020
Accepted Jul 3, 2020
Nowadays Cold storage has been playing an important role in preserving
the perishable food products like fruits, vegetables, dairy products, fish, and
meat etc. The major problem of cold storage is unwanted energy
transmission during the operation. It is necessary to maintain the constant
temperature during storing the products. There are different kinds of energy
loss happening during the operation. One of the major causes is cold air
leaking from the inside of the cold room to outside. It is due to poor
insulation and improper maintenance of cold storage. It is very difficult to
identify the exact location of the leak by the naked eye. In this research work,
the cold storage was inspected with the thermal imaging system. Thermal
cameras are highly sensitive to temperature and it can detect the variation of
temperature ranging from 0.1°C. The measured temperatures are further
converted into a colour based pattern. It is known as thermogram. These
colour-based thermal patterns are further processed for identifying energy
transmission location. It is done by applying various image processing
methods such as histogram equalization, diffusion error, otsu thresholding
and morphologic function. These techniques were applied to images of cold
storages and exact cold air transmission locations were identified.
Keywords:
Cold storage
Image processing
Insulation problem
Thermal image
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
P. Pathmanaban,
Department of Automtobile Engineering,
Velammal Engineering College,
Ambattur Red Hills Rd, Velammal Nagar, Surapet, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600066, India.
Email: pathmanaban@velammal.edu.in
1. INTRODUCTION
Fruits and vegetables start to deteriorate or lose their quality in the following ways: change in
weight, texture, flavour, colour, nutritional value and appearance at post-harvesting temperature and tends to
reduce the shelf life of the product. Deterioration of the products depends on storage time and
temperature [1]. Post-harvest cooling has the potential to reduce the respiratory activity, internal water loss
and wilting of the products. It is also helpful to prevent degradation by enzymes, stops the production of
a ripening agent, ethylene and the growth of microorganisms causing decay and pathogens. Moreover, post-
harvest cooling has the tendency to maintain the quality of the products for an extended period and supply it
whenever required. It is the important benefit for growers and distributors. Recent day cold storages are
highly capable of maintaining organoleptic qualities of the products and reduce spoilage and increase
the shelf life [2]. Infiltration of water moist air into cold storage unit cause many problems which includes
increased cost of running, defrosting the refrigeration system, mist formation [3]. Moreover, the temperature
fluctuation causes weight loss and quality deterioration of the products [4]. Prediction and measurement of
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the cold air infiltration through doors by an analytical model has been proved in that Gosney model is better
for predicting infiltration [5]. Cold storage consumes more energy than common buildings for maintaining
lower temperatures. In the food industry, the refrigeration system is the only technology with the high cost
and produce more emission, its approximately 1 % of global GXG emissions [6]. It very well may be seen
that the energy demand varies significantly from various kinds and areas of cold storages. Meanwhile, cold
storages are the structures with huge warm mass, the transient energy utilization of which much depends on
the variety of cooling heap of interior mass. To full fill the requirement, it is the necessity of cold storage
exceptionally relies on its types and area. Hence, with an enormous energy devouring per storage volume, for
the reasons to discover retrofit exponential of existing cold storage and better handling of the energy supply,
an examination and quantization of the influencing variables of the transient energy consumption is important
for users [7]. The innovation of phase change materials utilized in the cold room has incredible potential in
energy storage and cost sparing under the foundation of peak and valley price of electricity [8].
In recent days the thermal imaging system has been used as an inspection tool for measuring
different temperatures. It is working with the principle of infrared radiation (IR) to absorb the temperature
and the radian energy of the object. Its major advantages are non-contact and not alter the temperature of
the measuring objects. Moreover, it has the potential to measure wide temperature ranges, highly sensitive,
low power consumption, and long life. In addition to that it is easy to operate, reliable and safe [9]. In Non-
destructive testing, TI has been used to detect the material's defects and inhomogeneity by its strange thermal
behavior [10]. Identification of a defect in surface and under the surface can evaluate by inspecting
the contrast of the thermal image pixels. It is done by using the undamaged area pixel contrast
as reference [11]. In civil engineering TI system is used to inspect and ensure the quality of the building by
detecting the surface defects in structures [12]. In this research work, cold rooms are inspected with thermal
camera and images are processed and analyzed with image processing tool in MAT lab.
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS
In this experimentation, two-ton capacity cold storage was used. The cold storage has been fully
loaded with potatoes, which was collected from local agricultural lands in Chennai. Potatoes are stacked in
the plastic bins and then it was placed in order. As per the regulatory guidance for storing temperature of
potatoes, the room temperature was maintained 10o
C with 90% humidity range [13]. The inside temperature
was controlled by a control panel placed outside the cold storage. The environment temperature of Cold
storage has also been maintained with a consistent temperature. The output and input parameters of the cold
storage were regularly monitored and noted. A detailed description of the cold storage unit is provided in
Table 1. To inspect the cold storage, FLIR E60 model camera used. Before taking the images, the outside
environment of the cold storage was set as constant temperature. The automatic control system has been used
to change ambient temperature and relative humidity of the cold storage. The calculation of the transmission
heat created by walls, floor and ceiling requires information on thickness and type of isolation material used
in construction of cold room, construction of building, physical specifications of the cold storage volume,
inside and outside environment temperatures. Following equations were used to calculate transmission
heat [14, 15].
qc = K A (tout −ti)
qc = transmission heat at flat surface (kCal)
K= Total heat transmission coefficient (kCal/hm2
°C)
A= Area of heat transmission (m2
)
to= Temperature of outside or neighbour volume (°C)
ti= Inside volume temperature (°C)
1
K
=
1
αi
+ ∑ .n
i=1
xi
li
+
1
αo
(1)
Where:
αo= Coefficient of heat transmission of outside surface (kCal/hm2
°C)
αi= Coefficient of heat transmission of inside surface (kCal/hm2
°C)
xi = Material thickness (m)
li = Thermal conductivity (kCal/hm °C)
The proposed method helps evaluate a leak of cold air through the introduction of image processing
techniques. The following steps were taken to evaluate the exact location of the leak.
1. Acquisition of the image using a thermal camera.
2. Screening the image using filters.
3. Enhance the image.
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4. Compare the results
Figure 1. Flow chart the system
The image processing techniques currently evaluated are histogram, Otsu thresholding, diffusion
error and morphological function (1) show the flow chart of the system. The purpose of this research is to
detect a cold air leak location in a cold storage unit.
3. FLOWCHART AND EXPLANATION
3.1. Image acquisition
The quality of the thermal images depends on controllable parameters such as ambient temperature,
airflow and lighting. It is necessary to maintain the temperature at 30°C, without air draft and diffused
lighting. Thermal camera has been used to inspect the cold storage after 24 hrs of installation. The thermal
camera switched to video mode and recorded the entire cold storage from the outside. It is observed that
the thermal camera shows most of the region with yellow colour and some of the regions with a blue colour.
Based on this variation the blue spot region is marked and images of that region were taken for further
analysis. Thermal images were captured at where the low-temperature region is identified. Each image is
analyzed and few images are selected for image processing.
3.2. Histogram method
Two sets of images are considered for the analysis-thermal cold storage image and trial image for
training. The trial thermal pattern was generated using computational fluid dynamics software (Star CCM+).
The trial image is generated such that, the colour blue depicts the lowest temperature and extends to
the colour red which stands for the highest temperature [16]. The analysis was performed in the numerically
generated image and then repeated for the thermal image of the cold storage
Table 1. The cold storage unit
Image Name Zeros Non-Zeros RMS Error SNR Median Stddv
Image1 (No leak) 52 204 0 0.000 206 9.7e+002
Image2 (Moderate leak) 0 218 65.37 -9.94 193 4.3e+002
Image3 (Light Leak) 38 256 54.01 -7.53 185 5.5e+002
Image4 (SevereLeak) 0 256 80.54 -11.64 190 2.5e+002
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3.2.1. RGB to grey conversion
RGB is converted into a greyscale image, which is the intensity image. This conversion occurs by
eliminating hue and saturation and retaining luminance.
3.2.2. Noise filtering
The median filter is used in this paper for sorting out salt and pepper noise. It keeps the sharp edges
and is a non-linear operation. For every input pixel p(x, y), the value of the pixel is found, its median is
identified and the value is assigned to output pixel q(x, y). After acquiring the image, it is processed using
the three types of processing techniques, namely histogram, Otsu thresholding and morphological function.
3.3. Otsu thresholding method
The acquired image is first converted in to a grey image. The red component is extracted from
the image and filtered using a median filter.
3.3.1. Median filter
The median filter is used in this method for preserving the edges and to remove the salt and pepper
noise. The process of the median filter is the replacing of each value with the median value of
the neighbouring pixel. It is determined by first arranging all the pixel esteems from the window into
numerical request, and after that supplanting the pixel being considered with the centre pixel esteem.
The focal pixel is supplanted by the middle of pixels in the window.
3.3.2. Histogram equalization
The image is processed using histogram equalization which helps adjust the image intensities to
enhance contrast.
Table 2. Histogram analysis
No Image Histogram value Observation
1 Image 1 No peaks in the ranges less than 150 Side wall
2 Image 2 Medium pixel values in <150 region Moderate leak
3 Image 3 less pixel value in <150 region Light leak
4 Image 4 More pixel values (peaks) in <150 region severe leak
3.3.3. Otsu thresholding
In image binarisation, Otsu threshold method helps to reduce the grey level image to a binary image.
In this method, all possible threshold values are iterated to calculate the spread of pixel value on both sides of
the threshold value. The purpose is to find out the threshold value for classifying the is either leaking or non-
leaking. According to OTSU method, minimizing ‘within-class variance' is equal to maximizing ‘between
class variance' of the segmented image. However, maximizing ‘between class variance' is less expensive than
minimizing ‘within-class variance'.
3.4. Morphological process
3.4.1. Gabor filters
The RGB image is converted to a grey image. The captured image is filtered using a Gabor filter.
The Gabor filter converts the image to discrete value for getting the constant region of the image. Compared
to other filters, the Gabor filter is primarily used for a low range of values. The filtered image is iterated for
five iterations. This helps extract particular affected area for a clearer view.
3.4.2. Enhancement techniques
In this technique, there are two types - dilation and erosion. Dilation is the process which increases
the white content of the image by adding pixels to the boundary of the object. Erosion is used to increase
the black content of the image by removing the pixels from the boundary of the object. The small particles in
the dilated image are eroded in the erosion process.
3.4.3. Morphological function
A morphological method identifies the shape and features of a cold air leaking area in a given
image. The organizing component is set in every conceivable situation in the picture and it's contrasted and
the relating neighbourhood of pixels. According to the output of the test, it identifies the image that fits or
hits the neighbourhood pixels. Erosion strips one layer of both inner and outer boundaries. It avoids small
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details and enlarges holes and gaps between different regions. The boundaries are found by subtracting
the eroded image from the original image. x=f−(f(Θ)s), where f is an image of the regions, s is a 3×3
structuring element, and x is an image of the region boundaries [16]. Dilation adds one layer on both
the inner and outer boundaries. It will fill in the gaps between the two regions.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The analysis is done with four images taken at different location of cold storage. Each image is
taken separately and the results are observed using four methods and compared.
4.1. Histogram method
According to Figure 2, it was observed that the pixel intensity of image 1 (a) lies between above 150
to 255 range. It is due to a high number of bright sides by high temperatures. It is noted as no leak of cold air.
At the same time pixel intensity of image 2 (b) has shown a light peak in the histogram at the range less than
150. It is due to darker regions of images caused by low temperatures. Similarly, the histogram of image 4 (d)
shows more peaks in the lower range and image 3 (c) has a moderate peak in lower ranges. It is observed that
the histograms show the cold leaking regions clearly by the distribution of pixel intensities.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 2. Histogram of the images
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4.2. Otsu thresholding method
According to Figure 3, the same images which has been used in the histogram method are processed
with otsu thresholding. The result shows the image 4 (d) having more leaking regions than others.
Image 1 (a) shows no leaking, similarly the images 2 (b) and image 3 (c) showing less and moderate
leaking respectively.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Figure 3. Thresholding method of images
4.3. Error diffusion dither
Same images were also used in this thresholding. After histogram equalization of all the images,
error diffusion dither thresholding applied to all the images and the results are comparable. In this method,
the exact location of the leak was identified. Image 4 Figure 4. shows more leaking region than other images.
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Figure 4. Error diffusion dither
4.4. Morphological method
According to Figure 5, the thermal image (a) is converted into a greyscale image, and the intensity
of the image is noted (b). The grey image has undergone five iterations and all the stages are shown in (c).
After iteration, the Fig.ure proceeds with the morphological process. For extracting the leak area, the iterated
image analyses with the morphological process (dilation and erosion) (d). The leak location of the image is
extracted and it is incorporated with the original image. This helps to identify the leak location without an
expert's advice (e).
(a) (b) (c)
(d) (e)
Figure 5. Morphological functions
5. CONCLUSION
Thermal images can be used to identify the cold air leak location of cold storage by analyzing
the images, which helps to predict early, the cold air leakages and prevent further energy loss. Four methods
have been used for the thermal image analysis. It is observed that all four methods are useful. In that,
the histogram method helps identifying a leak location. However, the other three methods help in extracting
the region of interest by enhancing the leak location. In future, it is recommended that the analysis has to be
done by taking images from inside the cold storage and finding the heat transmission into cold storage from
outside. Moreover, image classification algorithm should be made for detailed analysis and improve
the accuracy of results.
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