This document provides summaries of several utilities that are helpful for Linux kernel development:
- patch and diff are used to extract changes made in a working kernel directory and port them to new releases.
- quilt helps manage a series of patches applied to a source tree and makes it easier to push/pop patches and port changes between releases.
- git is the primary source control system used for Linux kernel development and allows distributed development.
- ketchup can download, update, and switch between different kernel source tree versions with simple commands.
This document summarizes an OpenStack meetup where attendees installed OpenStack using Packstack on a single node. The agenda covered installing VirtualBox and Vagrant, generating an answer file for Packstack, deploying OpenStack, and verifying the installation by creating flavors, images, networks and launching an instance. Post-installation tasks included configuring networking and the Horizon dashboard. Attendees were guided through the basic operations for a simple proof-of-concept OpenStack deployment on a single node.
The document discusses Linux/Unix interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the GRUB bootloader, the Linux boot process, user profile files, changing the default runlevel, displaying user information with the finger command, inode numbers, increasing disk read performance, password expiration times, locking user passwords, default shells, user attributes defined in /etc/login.defs, changing the system's authentication method, modifying file attributes with chattr, network interface configuration files, changing network interface settings, the DNS configuration file, exporting NFS directories, checking open ports, soft vs hard links, setting expired passwords, restricting file insertion, displaying or killing processes accessing files/folders, killing all processes for a user, daily system analysis reports
This document discusses the openSUSE KDE repositories and maintenance model. It describes the different KDE repositories including core packages, extra packages, and unstable packages. It provides instructions for applying repository updates and details the workflows for package maintenance, including processes for new package submissions and releases. Contact information is given for getting involved through tasks like testing, translation, and bug triage.
This document provides instructions for installing GeoIP plugins to improve location data in AWStats web analytics reports. It describes downloading and configuring free databases from MaxMind to match IP addresses to countries and cities. For Linux, it explains installing the GeoIP C library and Perl module. For Windows, it details using ActivePerl's ppm to install the Geo::IP module and update GeoLite databases. Overall accuracy of free databases is around 60-97% depending on the database, and commercial versions from MaxMind provide even better accuracy.
Ulteo is a French software company that provides free and open source virtual desktop solutions based on Linux. It was founded in 1998 by Gaël Duval, the original creator of Mandriva Linux. Ulteo Application System is a Debian/Ubuntu-based Linux distribution that provides a choice of applications for daily use along with document and panel synchronization capabilities. The installation process involves downloading an ISO file, mounting it, and following steps to install Ubuntu 8.04 and Ulteo Open Virtual Desktop together or installing the software individually via Linux package management on supported systems like Ubuntu, RHEL, CentOS, and Novell SUSE Linux.
The document provides instructions for installing Cacti, an open-source monitoring and graphing tool, on CentOS 5. It describes adding a repository, installing required packages, downloading and configuring Cacti, creating a MySQL database and user, editing configuration files, and setting up a cron job to populate graphs. Finally, it notes that the installation can be verified by accessing Cacti in a web browser and viewing example graphs populated with system data.
6 examples to backup linux using dd command (including disk to disk)chinkshady
The document provides 6 examples of using the dd command in Linux to backup disks and partitions. It describes using dd to make full backups of hard disks by copying from one disk to another, create disk images, restore from disk images, create floppy disk and CDROM images, and backup partitions. dd allows for bit-by-bit copies and restoration of storage devices and creates ISO image files. The examples cover full disk, partition, floppy, and CDROM backups using dd and specifying the input and output files and block sizes.
This document provides instructions for a lab on using Docker to install and run containers. The objectives are to install Docker, create images and containers, launch applications in containers, and store and access data in containers. It outlines setting up Docker on Ubuntu, pulling existing images like Fedora and running containers from them. Specific steps look at running the "hello-world" container, installing wget in a Fedora container, and persisting data. The last section provides instructions for building a Docker image to run the OwnCloud application in a container, addressing aspects like installing the application, configuring network access, and persisting data and configuration.
This document summarizes an OpenStack meetup where attendees installed OpenStack using Packstack on a single node. The agenda covered installing VirtualBox and Vagrant, generating an answer file for Packstack, deploying OpenStack, and verifying the installation by creating flavors, images, networks and launching an instance. Post-installation tasks included configuring networking and the Horizon dashboard. Attendees were guided through the basic operations for a simple proof-of-concept OpenStack deployment on a single node.
The document discusses Linux/Unix interview questions and answers. It covers topics such as the GRUB bootloader, the Linux boot process, user profile files, changing the default runlevel, displaying user information with the finger command, inode numbers, increasing disk read performance, password expiration times, locking user passwords, default shells, user attributes defined in /etc/login.defs, changing the system's authentication method, modifying file attributes with chattr, network interface configuration files, changing network interface settings, the DNS configuration file, exporting NFS directories, checking open ports, soft vs hard links, setting expired passwords, restricting file insertion, displaying or killing processes accessing files/folders, killing all processes for a user, daily system analysis reports
This document discusses the openSUSE KDE repositories and maintenance model. It describes the different KDE repositories including core packages, extra packages, and unstable packages. It provides instructions for applying repository updates and details the workflows for package maintenance, including processes for new package submissions and releases. Contact information is given for getting involved through tasks like testing, translation, and bug triage.
This document provides instructions for installing GeoIP plugins to improve location data in AWStats web analytics reports. It describes downloading and configuring free databases from MaxMind to match IP addresses to countries and cities. For Linux, it explains installing the GeoIP C library and Perl module. For Windows, it details using ActivePerl's ppm to install the Geo::IP module and update GeoLite databases. Overall accuracy of free databases is around 60-97% depending on the database, and commercial versions from MaxMind provide even better accuracy.
Ulteo is a French software company that provides free and open source virtual desktop solutions based on Linux. It was founded in 1998 by Gaël Duval, the original creator of Mandriva Linux. Ulteo Application System is a Debian/Ubuntu-based Linux distribution that provides a choice of applications for daily use along with document and panel synchronization capabilities. The installation process involves downloading an ISO file, mounting it, and following steps to install Ubuntu 8.04 and Ulteo Open Virtual Desktop together or installing the software individually via Linux package management on supported systems like Ubuntu, RHEL, CentOS, and Novell SUSE Linux.
The document provides instructions for installing Cacti, an open-source monitoring and graphing tool, on CentOS 5. It describes adding a repository, installing required packages, downloading and configuring Cacti, creating a MySQL database and user, editing configuration files, and setting up a cron job to populate graphs. Finally, it notes that the installation can be verified by accessing Cacti in a web browser and viewing example graphs populated with system data.
6 examples to backup linux using dd command (including disk to disk)chinkshady
The document provides 6 examples of using the dd command in Linux to backup disks and partitions. It describes using dd to make full backups of hard disks by copying from one disk to another, create disk images, restore from disk images, create floppy disk and CDROM images, and backup partitions. dd allows for bit-by-bit copies and restoration of storage devices and creates ISO image files. The examples cover full disk, partition, floppy, and CDROM backups using dd and specifying the input and output files and block sizes.
This document provides instructions for a lab on using Docker to install and run containers. The objectives are to install Docker, create images and containers, launch applications in containers, and store and access data in containers. It outlines setting up Docker on Ubuntu, pulling existing images like Fedora and running containers from them. Specific steps look at running the "hello-world" container, installing wget in a Fedora container, and persisting data. The last section provides instructions for building a Docker image to run the OwnCloud application in a container, addressing aspects like installing the application, configuring network access, and persisting data and configuration.
greenplum installation guide - 4 node VM seungdon Choi
This document provides instructions for installing Pivotal Greenplum Database on virtual machines. It outlines installing the software on the master and segment nodes, configuring the operating system prerequisites, initializing the Greenplum system, and validating the installation. Key steps include running the Greenplum installer, configuring SSH and installing the software on all nodes, creating data directories, and initializing the Greenplum database.
This document contains interview questions for a Linux administrator role. It includes questions about shell scripting, system administration tasks, networking, and more. Some example questions are how to take input in a shell script, write a script to convert file path slashes, and explain the differences between UDP and TCP. The document provides technical questions to assess a candidate's Linux knowledge and experience.
BASSET stands for "Bell's Advanced System Security Evaluation Tool" and performs detailed consistency and security checks on UNIX and Linux systems. It generates a report showing any potential problems found. On the system analyzed, BASSET performed over 48 million individual checks and generated a report file containing the results. BASSET is a scanning tool that makes no changes to the system and instead generates a report of findings for the administrator to review.
Roman Shaposhnik of Cloudera and the Apache Software Foundation talks on "Delopying Hadoop-Based Bigdata Environments: [Tall] Tales from the Frontier" at Puppet Camp Silicon Valley 2012.
This document provides an overview and introduction to using the command line interface and submitting jobs to the NIAID High Performance Computing (HPC) Cluster. The objectives are to learn basic Unix commands, practice file manipulation from the command line, and submit a job to the HPC cluster. The document covers topics such as the anatomy of the terminal, navigating directories, common commands, tips for using the command line more efficiently, accessing and mounting drives on the HPC cluster, and an overview of the cluster queue system.
This document provides instructions for quickly installing and configuring Nagios, an open source network monitoring tool. It outlines steps to install Nagios and common plugins, create user accounts, and compile the software. The bulk of the document then explains how to set up basic configurations for time periods, contacts to receive alerts, hosts to monitor, host groups, and example services to check such as network connectivity. It also includes instructions for configuring the web server to access Nagios's interface. The goal is to demonstrate a working Nagios setup that can monitor a simple network with one monitoring host and one NFS server.
It's presentation for technet 2015 in korea.
I changed the format to pptx,
목차는 아래와 같습니다.
Openstack 인프라 구축 (4 node 구성) [ 30분]
Openstack 위에 VM 생성 [ 20분 ]
docker 구축 기초 [ 30분]
오픈스택에 docker를 연결 [ 30분]
Docker로 WEB서비스 구축 [ 15분]
Openstack 위에 Docker로 WEB서비스 구축 [ 15분]
Docker로 jenkins 구현 [30분]
Upgrade 11.2.0.1 rac db to 11.2.0.2 in linuxmaclean liu
The document provides steps to upgrade an Oracle database from 11.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 on Linux. It details downloading the 11.2.0.2 patch set, installing the new 11.2.0.2 database software in a new location using OUI, and preparing the database for upgrade by cleaning data dictionary tables, taking backups, and collecting statistics. The preparation steps help ensure a smooth upgrade of the database instance and data dictionary to the new version.
Plan 9 is a distributed operating system developed at Bell Labs starting in the late 1980s. It uses terminals, file servers, and CPU servers connected by networks. The document provides details on the history of Plan 9 including its four major releases from 1992 to 2002. It also describes features of Plan 9 such as its use of the 9P protocol and union mounts. Instructions are provided for downloading the ISO image, booting from the installation CD, and beginning the graphical or text-based installation process.
Upgrade 11.2.0.1 gi crs to 11.2.0.2 in linuxmaclean liu
This document provides instructions for upgrading the Grid Infrastructure (GI) from 11.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 on Linux. It notes that there are two bugs in the 11.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 upgrade and that to successfully perform the upgrade, the bugs must be addressed by applying patches 9413827 and 9706490, and modifying a configuration file. It then outlines the steps to take which include downloading patches, installing a new version of Opatch, applying patch 9413827, and performing the rolling upgrade of GI.
RH202 CertMagic Exam contains all the questions and answers to pass RH202 IT Exam on first try. The Questions & answers are verified and selected by professionals in the field and ensure accuracy and efficiency throughout the whole Product
Drupal is a free and open source content management framework that can be used to build a variety of library applications and websites. It has a large community that contributes code and modules. The presentation provided an overview of Drupal and discussed how it has been implemented in many libraries for tasks like digital repositories, intranets, and online catalogs. Drupal 7 is the upcoming version that includes improvements like better testing, a new database abstraction layer, and an updated field API. Resources for learning more about developing with Drupal were also recommended.
This file contains a list of all packages installed on the live system. There are over 200 packages listed with their name, version, and short description.
The document provides summaries of common Linux commands, including their most common uses. Some key commands covered are ls, which lists files and directories; cd, which changes the current working directory; and man, which displays manuals for commands. The document also discusses commands for checking network connectivity like ping and ifconfig, managing processes like top and ps, and manipulating files and directories like touch, rm, and chmod.
Installing and Configuring Domino 10 on CentOS 7Devin Olson
Instructions on how to do a base-level installation of IBM / HCL's Domino 10 (10.0.1) server on a Debial-based (Red Hat, CentOS, etc) Linux Server.
Includes partitioning, network configuration, ssh installation & configuration, group and user creation, minimal packages, firewall configuration, sticky bits, and more.
The document provides examples of commands for using the Navisphere CLI to manage various aspects of an EMC storage system, such as:
1. Listing front-end port speeds, rebooting the SP, getting disk and RAID group information, setting cache parameters, creating RAID groups, binding and modifying LUNs.
2. Creating storage groups, adding LUNs to storage groups and connecting hosts to storage groups.
3. Summarizing how to calculate the stripe size of a LUN based on the RAID type and number of disks in the RAID group.
"Safe Migration" is a program of Planete Enfants to protect vulnerable Nepalese women and children fromthe risks of exploitation and trafficking during migration.
"Safe Migration" is a program of Planete Enfants to protect vulnerable Nepalese women and children fromthe risks of exploitation and trafficking during migration.
greenplum installation guide - 4 node VM seungdon Choi
This document provides instructions for installing Pivotal Greenplum Database on virtual machines. It outlines installing the software on the master and segment nodes, configuring the operating system prerequisites, initializing the Greenplum system, and validating the installation. Key steps include running the Greenplum installer, configuring SSH and installing the software on all nodes, creating data directories, and initializing the Greenplum database.
This document contains interview questions for a Linux administrator role. It includes questions about shell scripting, system administration tasks, networking, and more. Some example questions are how to take input in a shell script, write a script to convert file path slashes, and explain the differences between UDP and TCP. The document provides technical questions to assess a candidate's Linux knowledge and experience.
BASSET stands for "Bell's Advanced System Security Evaluation Tool" and performs detailed consistency and security checks on UNIX and Linux systems. It generates a report showing any potential problems found. On the system analyzed, BASSET performed over 48 million individual checks and generated a report file containing the results. BASSET is a scanning tool that makes no changes to the system and instead generates a report of findings for the administrator to review.
Roman Shaposhnik of Cloudera and the Apache Software Foundation talks on "Delopying Hadoop-Based Bigdata Environments: [Tall] Tales from the Frontier" at Puppet Camp Silicon Valley 2012.
This document provides an overview and introduction to using the command line interface and submitting jobs to the NIAID High Performance Computing (HPC) Cluster. The objectives are to learn basic Unix commands, practice file manipulation from the command line, and submit a job to the HPC cluster. The document covers topics such as the anatomy of the terminal, navigating directories, common commands, tips for using the command line more efficiently, accessing and mounting drives on the HPC cluster, and an overview of the cluster queue system.
This document provides instructions for quickly installing and configuring Nagios, an open source network monitoring tool. It outlines steps to install Nagios and common plugins, create user accounts, and compile the software. The bulk of the document then explains how to set up basic configurations for time periods, contacts to receive alerts, hosts to monitor, host groups, and example services to check such as network connectivity. It also includes instructions for configuring the web server to access Nagios's interface. The goal is to demonstrate a working Nagios setup that can monitor a simple network with one monitoring host and one NFS server.
It's presentation for technet 2015 in korea.
I changed the format to pptx,
목차는 아래와 같습니다.
Openstack 인프라 구축 (4 node 구성) [ 30분]
Openstack 위에 VM 생성 [ 20분 ]
docker 구축 기초 [ 30분]
오픈스택에 docker를 연결 [ 30분]
Docker로 WEB서비스 구축 [ 15분]
Openstack 위에 Docker로 WEB서비스 구축 [ 15분]
Docker로 jenkins 구현 [30분]
Upgrade 11.2.0.1 rac db to 11.2.0.2 in linuxmaclean liu
The document provides steps to upgrade an Oracle database from 11.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 on Linux. It details downloading the 11.2.0.2 patch set, installing the new 11.2.0.2 database software in a new location using OUI, and preparing the database for upgrade by cleaning data dictionary tables, taking backups, and collecting statistics. The preparation steps help ensure a smooth upgrade of the database instance and data dictionary to the new version.
Plan 9 is a distributed operating system developed at Bell Labs starting in the late 1980s. It uses terminals, file servers, and CPU servers connected by networks. The document provides details on the history of Plan 9 including its four major releases from 1992 to 2002. It also describes features of Plan 9 such as its use of the 9P protocol and union mounts. Instructions are provided for downloading the ISO image, booting from the installation CD, and beginning the graphical or text-based installation process.
Upgrade 11.2.0.1 gi crs to 11.2.0.2 in linuxmaclean liu
This document provides instructions for upgrading the Grid Infrastructure (GI) from 11.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 on Linux. It notes that there are two bugs in the 11.2.0.1 to 11.2.0.2 upgrade and that to successfully perform the upgrade, the bugs must be addressed by applying patches 9413827 and 9706490, and modifying a configuration file. It then outlines the steps to take which include downloading patches, installing a new version of Opatch, applying patch 9413827, and performing the rolling upgrade of GI.
RH202 CertMagic Exam contains all the questions and answers to pass RH202 IT Exam on first try. The Questions & answers are verified and selected by professionals in the field and ensure accuracy and efficiency throughout the whole Product
Drupal is a free and open source content management framework that can be used to build a variety of library applications and websites. It has a large community that contributes code and modules. The presentation provided an overview of Drupal and discussed how it has been implemented in many libraries for tasks like digital repositories, intranets, and online catalogs. Drupal 7 is the upcoming version that includes improvements like better testing, a new database abstraction layer, and an updated field API. Resources for learning more about developing with Drupal were also recommended.
This file contains a list of all packages installed on the live system. There are over 200 packages listed with their name, version, and short description.
The document provides summaries of common Linux commands, including their most common uses. Some key commands covered are ls, which lists files and directories; cd, which changes the current working directory; and man, which displays manuals for commands. The document also discusses commands for checking network connectivity like ping and ifconfig, managing processes like top and ps, and manipulating files and directories like touch, rm, and chmod.
Installing and Configuring Domino 10 on CentOS 7Devin Olson
Instructions on how to do a base-level installation of IBM / HCL's Domino 10 (10.0.1) server on a Debial-based (Red Hat, CentOS, etc) Linux Server.
Includes partitioning, network configuration, ssh installation & configuration, group and user creation, minimal packages, firewall configuration, sticky bits, and more.
The document provides examples of commands for using the Navisphere CLI to manage various aspects of an EMC storage system, such as:
1. Listing front-end port speeds, rebooting the SP, getting disk and RAID group information, setting cache parameters, creating RAID groups, binding and modifying LUNs.
2. Creating storage groups, adding LUNs to storage groups and connecting hosts to storage groups.
3. Summarizing how to calculate the stripe size of a LUN based on the RAID type and number of disks in the RAID group.
"Safe Migration" is a program of Planete Enfants to protect vulnerable Nepalese women and children fromthe risks of exploitation and trafficking during migration.
"Safe Migration" is a program of Planete Enfants to protect vulnerable Nepalese women and children fromthe risks of exploitation and trafficking during migration.
As an event manager that specializes in managing the fashion events, MELANGE Events, Lucknow always gets lots of media attention, be it print, electronic or social media. This presentation covers some of the coverages that we got in the past. Enjoy!!
32 Ways a Digital Marketing Consultant Can Help Grow Your BusinessBarry Feldman
How can a digital marketing consultant help your business? In this resource we'll count the ways. 24 additional marketing resources are bundled for free.
The document provides instructions for recompiling the Linux kernel. It begins by explaining the importance of recompiling outdated kernels to patch vulnerabilities. It then outlines the 12 step process for recompiling: 1) download the kernel source, 2) configure options, 3) build dependencies, 4) build the kernel, 5) build modules, 6) create an initial RAM disk, 7) install files, 8) copy files to boot directory, 9) configure GrUB bootloader, and 10) reboot with new kernel. Key steps include configuring options, building the kernel and modules, and ensuring the bootloader loads the new kernel files.
The document provides information about hacking the Linux kernel, including where to find kernel code and releases, how to compile the kernel, tips for development, the kernel versioning scheme, how to submit patches, and ways for newcomers to get involved like testing development kernels and reviewing patches. Key resources like kernel.org, lkml, and bugzilla are mentioned. Advice emphasizes being patient, persistent, and working with maintainers when submitting patches.
Slides of the talk I did at LinuxWochen Wien 2014.
This talk will give you a quick introduction to Linux kernel development. During the talk we will explore some options of contribution, including random configurations, stable-testing, RC-testing and actual coding! By the end of the talk we will post a basic patch to the developers as well.
The document provides information about the history and development of Linux. It states that in 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish computer science student, released the first version of the Linux kernel. Though intended as a hobby project, Linux gained significant support from other developers over the years. The kernel was expanded to be capable of more than its original capabilities.
How to make debian package from scratch (linux)Thierry Gayet
- The document discusses two methods for creating Debian packages: using dpkg-deb or dpkg-buildpackage.
- It provides step-by-step instructions for creating the package directory structure, metadata files, building and installing the package, and verifying installation.
- An alternative method using dh_make is also presented, which simplifies the process by automatically generating basic packaging files and directories.
Direction of building ns2 using cygwin under windows systemyahyaoui hamdi
This document provides directions for building the NS2 network simulator using Cygwin under Windows. It lists the software and source code needed, including Cygwin, NS2 source code, patches for NS2 and Tk, and the LEACH simulation code. It then outlines the steps to install Cygwin, install and compile NS2, load and test the LEACH code, and addresses some common errors that may occur.
I Am Linux-Introductory Module on LinuxSagar Kumar
This module covers Introduction to Linux, History of Linux, Features of Linux, Advantage of Linux, File System Hierarchy Standard, Knowing root, Linux Commands, Working with Files and Directories, etc.
The document discusses kernel, modules, and drivers in Linux. It provides an introduction to the Linux kernel, explaining what it is and its main functions. It then covers compiling the Linux kernel from source, including downloading the source code, configuring options, and compiling and installing the new kernel. It also discusses working with the GRUB 2 boot loader, including making temporary and persistent changes to the boot menu.
Part 4 Scripting and Virtualization (due Week 7)Objectives1. .docxkarlhennesey
Part 4: Scripting and Virtualization (due Week 7)Objectives
1. To learn scripting on Windows and Linux
2. To add virtualization with a Linux distributionStepsPart 1—Windows Scripting
Basic Script: Scripting is useful for small programming projects or quick tasks. Often, these programs are short and meant for small problems. Unlike compiled programming languages, scripting languages are generally interpreted. Batch files or scripts are created to automate tasks and may contain several commands in one file. Scripts can be created in Notepad. These are short files that run each command in sequence at file execution. The windows command-line interface can be used to run scripts.
Below are some commands.
Echo = Displays a message in the batch file
Echo. displays a blank line
@command turns off the display of the current command
@echo off = does not echo back text
cls = clears your screen
:: = Adds comments to your code; this line will not be displayed
Start = used to start a windows application
Creating a Basic Script
cls
@echo off
::Your Name
echo "Creating a data dump file"
ipconfig /all > C:\Scripts\config_info.txt
echo end of script
Open Notepad by going to Start-> All Programs -> Accessories-> Notepad.
Type the above script into Notepad.
Create a directory named Scripts on the C:\ drive. Save this file in the C:\Scripts folder as myscript.cmd.
Do not close your Notepad file. To run, open a command prompt by typing cmd in the Search Programs and Files box when you click the Start button or search for cmd.
Change directory to the C:\Scripts folder by typing the following.
cd c:\Scripts
Then type in the following.
myscript.cmd
The script should run and will create a file.
Use the dir command to see what files are created.
Keep both the Notepad file and the command prompt open for the next step.
You can also shut down a computer from a script. This is helpful for remote shutdown in a networking situation. Add the following commands to your script and save it in Notepad. (Note: The ping command, though normally used for networking, here waits 4 seconds.)
shutdown /s /t 60 /c "Local shutdown in 1 minute!"
ping -w 1000 0.0.0.0 > nul
shutdown /a
echo "Shutdown has been aborted"
Click back to the command prompt.
Type in myscript.cmd to run the script.
You should see the script attempt to shut down, then abort the shutdown.
Keep both your Notepad and command prompt open.
Environment variables are built-in system variables available for all Windows processes describing users, paths, and so on.
Some common environment variables are as follows.
%PATH% = contains a list of directories with executable files, separated by semicolons. To add a path:
SET PATH = %PATH%;C:\Windows\Eclipse
%DATE% and %TIME% = current date and time
%RANDOM% = returns a random number between 0 and 32767
%WINDIR% = points to the windows directory C:\Windows
%PATHEXT% = displays executable file extensions ie .com, .exe, .bat, .cmd, .vbs, .vbe, ...
The document provides instructions for installing, configuring, and uninstalling Linux. It recommends downloading Ubuntu Linux and describes the installation process, including partitioning disks, creating user accounts, selecting display resolutions, and configuring apt-get. Common Linux commands like tar, gzip, configure, make, and make install are explained in the context of installing software packages from source code. Uninstalling Linux simply means removing it from the bootloader menu.
Here are the permissions for the given files/directories:
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 16 11:48 dir1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 16 11:48 file1
1. cp file1 dir1/file2
- This would be allowed. You have r permission on file1 and w permission on dir1 to create file2.
2. rm file1
- This would not be allowed. You do not have w permission on the directory containing file1.
3. ln file1 link
- This would not be allowed. You do not have w permission on the current directory to create the link.
4
NRPE - Nagios Remote Plugin Executor. NRPE plugin for Nagios Core 4 and others.Marc Trimble
The NRPE documentation provides instructions for installing and configuring the Nagios Remote Plugin Executor (NRPE) to allow the Nagios monitoring system to check system resources on remote Linux/Unix machines. It describes installing the NRPE daemon on the remote host, along with Nagios plugins. It also covers installing the check_nrpe plugin on the Nagios monitoring host and configuring it to communicate with the NRPE daemon. Host and service definitions are created to define the remote machine and the specific system metrics that will be monitored, such as CPU load, disk usage, and number of users.
This homework assignment covers basic Unix and Perl skills. Students are instructed to:
1) Install Linux if they don't already have it and familiarize themselves with basic Unix commands through tutorials.
2) Learn important Unix text processing tools like grep, cut, sort, and pipes. Students are given example commands to run on E. coli genome data and explain what each command does.
3) Submit their responses to the tutorial questions and command explanations for grading.
This homework assignment covers basic Unix and Perl skills. Students are instructed to:
1) Install Linux if they don't already have it and familiarize themselves with basic Unix commands through tutorials.
2) Learn important Unix text processing tools like grep, cut, sort, and pipes. Students are given example commands to run on E. coli genome data and explain what each command does.
3) Submit their responses to the tutorial questions and command explanations for grading.
The document provides information about Linux including its history, components, and usage. It can be summarized as follows:
Linux originated in 1991 when Linus Torvalds created the Linux kernel. Since then, thousands of programmers have enhanced Linux, which is now used on millions of computers worldwide. Linux is a fully-networked, multi-user, multi-tasking operating system that provides both command line and graphical interfaces. It includes core utilities like editors, compilers, and networking tools. Common distributions include Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora, which provide commercial support and the latest open source technologies, respectively.
The document provides steps to compile a custom Linux kernel from source. It begins by downloading the kernel source from kernel.org and extracting the files. The user then configures the kernel using make menuconfig to select which drivers and filesystems to include. After configuring, the kernel is compiled using make and installed. Finally, the boot loader is configured to use the new kernel and the system is rebooted to start the customized kernel. The process of compiling the kernel may take a significant amount of time.
Kernel Recipes 2019 - Kernel documentation: past, present, and futureAnne Nicolas
This document discusses the current state and future plans for Linux kernel documentation. It notes that documentation has transitioned from DocBook to Sphinx/RST, improving formatting and integration. There are now over 3,000 documentation files and many kerneldoc comments. Future plans include converting remaining text files, updating ancient documents, improving organization by topic, integrating documentation better, and enhancing the documentation toolchain. The goal is to improve documentation to better help kernel developers, users and the community.
This document provides an introduction to Linux basics. It defines what Linux is, describing its core components like the kernel, daemons, shell, and desktop environments. It explains the directory structure and file system, with everything treated as a file. It also outlines many common Linux commands, like ls, cd, chmod, and crontab, and provides explanations for how they work. Finally, it discusses concepts like piping, redirection, wildcards, foreground vs. background processes, and provides some additional Linux resources.
The chapter Lifelines of National Economy in Class 10 Geography focuses on the various modes of transportation and communication that play a vital role in the economic development of a country. These lifelines are crucial for the movement of goods, services, and people, thereby connecting different regions and promoting economic activities.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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1. ,appa.13314 Page 161 Friday, December 1, 2006 10:12 AM
Appendix AHelpful Utilities
Helpful Utilities
A
Retrieving, building, updating, and maintaining a Linux kernel source tree
involves a lot of different steps, as this book shows. Being naturally lazy crea-
tures, developers have created some programs to help with the various routine
tasks. Here we describe a few of these useful tools and the basics on how to use
them.
Linux kernel development differs in many ways from traditional software develop-
ment. Some of the special demands on kernel programmers include:
• Constantly applying your changes to the moving target of a fast-based kernel
development release schedule
• Resolving any merge conflicts between changes you have made and changes
made by other people
• Exporting your changes in a format that lets others incorporate and work
with it easily
patch and diff
This section is based on an article originally published in Linux Journal.
One of the most common methods of doing kernel work is to use the patch and
diff programs. To use these tools, two different directory trees: a “clean” one and
a “working” one must be used. The clean tree is a released kernel version, while
the working one is based on the same version but contains your modifications.
Then you can use patch and diff to extract your changes and port them forward to
a new kernel release.
For an example, create two directories containing the latest kernel version as
described in Chapter 3:
$ tar -zxf linux-2.6.19.tar.gz
$ mv linux-2.6.19 linux-2.6.19-dirty
161
2. ,appa.13314 Page 162 Friday, December 1, 2006 10:12 AM
$ tar -zxf linux-2.6.19.tar.gz
$ ls
linux-2.6.19/
linux-2.6.19-dirty/
Now make all of the different changes you wish to do in the -dirty directory and
leave the clean, original kernel directory alone. After finishing making changes,
you should create a patch to send it to other people:
$ diff -Naur -X linux-2.6.19/Documentation/dontdiff linux-2.6.19/
linux-2.6.19-dirty/ > my_patch
This will create a file called my_patch that contains the difference between your
work and a clean 2.6.19 kernel tree. This patch then can be sent to other people
via email.
New Kernel Versions
If a new kernel version is released, and you wish to port your changes to the new
version, you need to try to apply your generated patch onto a clean kernel version.
This can be done in the following steps:
1. Generate your original patch, as in the previous example.
2. Using the official patch from kernel.org, move the old kernel version forward
one release:
$ cd linux-2.6.19
$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.20
$ cd ..
$ mv linux-2.6.19 linux-2.6.20
3. Move your working directory forward one release by removing your patch,
then apply the new update:
$ cd linux-2.6.19-dirty
$ patch -p1 -R < ../my_patch
$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.20
$ cd ..
$ mv linux-2.4.19-dirty linux-2.6.20-dirty
4. Try to apply your patch on top of the new update:
$ cd linux-2.6.20-dirty
$ patch -p1 < ../my_patch
If your patch does not apply cleanly, resolve all of the conflicts that are
created (the patch command will tell you about these conflicts, leaving
behind .rej and .orig files for you to compare and fix up manually using your
favorite editor). This merge process can be the most difficult part if you have
made changes to portions of the source tree that have been changed by other
people.
If you use this development process, I highly recommend getting the excellent
patchutils set of programs (found at http://cyberelk.net/tim/patchutils). These
programs enable you to manipulate text patches easily in all sorts of useful ways,
and have saved kernel developers many hours of tedious work.
162 | Appendix A: Helpful Utilities
3. ,appa.13314 Page 163 Friday, December 1, 2006 10:12 AM
Managing Your Patches with quilt
Kernel development using patch and diff generally works quite well. But after a
while, most people grow tired of it and look for a different way to work that does
not involve so much tedious patching and merging. Luckily, a few kernel devel-
opers came up with a program called quilt that handles the process of
manipulating a number of patches made against an external source tree much
easier.
The idea for quilt came from a set of scripts written by Andrew Morton that he
used to first maintain the memory management subsystem and then later the
entire development kernel tree. His scripts were tied very tightly to his workflow,
but the ideas behind them were very powerful. Andreas Gruenbacher took those
ideas and created the quilt tool.
Utilities
Helpful
The basic idea behind quilt is that you work with a pristine source tree and add a
bunch of patches on top of it. You can push and pop different patches off of the
source tree, and maintain this list of patches in a simple manner.
1. To get started, create a kernel source tree like always:
$ tar -zxf linux-2.6.19.tar.gz
$ ls
linux-2.6.19/
2. And go into that directory:
$ cd linux-2.6.19
3. To get started, create a directory called patches that will hold all of our kernel
patches:
$ mkdir patches
4. Then tell quilt to create a new patch called patch1:
$ quilt new patch1
Patch patches/patch1 is now on top
5. quilt needs to be told about all of the different files that will be modifed by
this new patch. To do this, use the add command:
$ quilt add Makefile
File Makefile added to patch patches/patch1
6. Edit the file Makefile, modify the EXTRAVERSION line, and save the change.
After you finish, tell quilt to refresh the patch:
$ quilt refresh
Refreshed patch patches/patch1
The file patches/patch1 will contain a patch with the changes that you have just
made:
$ cat patches/patch1
Index: linux-2.6.19/Makefile
===================================================================
--- linux-2.6.19.orig/Makefile
+++ linux-2.6.19/Makefile
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
VERSION = 2
Managing Your Patches with quilt | 163
4. ,appa.13314 Page 164 Friday, December 1, 2006 10:12 AM
PATCHLEVEL = 6
SUBLEVEL = 19
-EXTRAVERSION =
+EXTRAVERSION = -dirty
NAME=Crazed Snow-Weasel
# *DOCUMENTATION*
You can continue on, working with this single patch, or create a new one to go on
top of this patch. As an example, if three different patches had been created,
patch1, patch2, and patch3, they will be applied one on top of one another.
To see the list of patches that are currently applied:
$ quilt series -v
+ patches/patch1
+ patches/patch2
= patches/patch3
This output shows that all three patches are applied, and that the current one is
patch3.
If a new kernel version is released, and you wish to port your changes to the new
version, quilt can handle this easily with the following steps:
1. Pop off all of the patches that are currently on the tree:
$ quilt pop -a
Removing patch patches/patch3
Restoring drivers/usb/Makefile
Removing patch patches/patch2
Restoring drivers/Makefile
Removing patch patches/patch1
Restoring Makefile
No patches applied
2. Using the official patch from kernel.org, move the old kernel version forward
one release:
$ patch -p1 < ../patch-2.6.20
$ cd ..
$ mv linux-2.6.19 linux-2.6.20
3. Now have quilt push all of the patches back on top of the new tree:
$ quilt push
Applying patch patches/patch1
patching file Makefile
Hunk #1 FAILED at 1.
1 out of 1 hunk FAILED -- rejects in file Makefile
Patch patches/patch1 does not apply (enforce with -f)
4. As the first patch doesn’t apply cleanly, force the patch to be applied and
then fix it up:
$ quilt push -f
Applying patch patches/patch1
patching file Makefile
Hunk #1 FAILED at 1.
1 out of 1 hunk FAILED -- saving rejects to file Makefile.rej
164 | Appendix A: Helpful Utilities
5. ,appa.13314 Page 165 Friday, December 1, 2006 10:12 AM
Applied patch patches/patch1 (forced; needs refresh)
$ vim Makefile.rej Makefile
5. After the patch is applied by hand, refresh the patch:
$ quilt refresh
Refreshed patch patches/patch1
6. And continue pushing the other patches:
$ quilt push
Applying patch patches/patch2
patching file drivers/Makefile
Now at patch patches/patch2
$ quilt push
Applying patch patches/patch3
patching file drivers/usb/Makefile
Utilities
Helpful
Now at patch patches/patch3
quilt also has options that will automatically email out all of the patches in the
series to a group of people or a mailing list, delete specific patches in the middle of
the series, go up or down the series of patches until a specific patch is found, and
many more powerful options.
If you want to do any kind of kernel development, quilt is strongly recommended,
even for tracking a few patches, instead of using the more difficult diff and patch
method. It is much simpler and will save you much time and effort.
On a personal note, I cannot recommend this tool enough, as I use it everyday to
manage hundreds of patches in different development trees. It is also used by
numerous Linux distributions to maintain their kernel packages and has an
involved and responsive development community.
git
git is a source code control tool that was originally written by Linus Torvalds
when the Linux kernel was looking for a new source code control system. It is a
distributed system, which differs from traditional source code control systems
such as CVS in that it is not required to be connected to a server in order to make
a commit to the repository.
git is one of the most powerful, flexible, and fast source code control systems
currently available, and has an active development team working behind it. The
main web page for git can be found at http://git.or.cz/. It is recommended that any
new user of git go through the published tutorials in order to become familiar
with how git works, and how to use it properly.
The Linux kernel is developed using git, and the latest git kernel tree can be found
at http://www.kernel.org/git/, along with a large list of other kernel developer’s git
repositories.
It is not necessary to use git in order to do Linux kernel development, but it is very
handy in helping to track down kernel bugs. If you report a bug to the Linux
kernel developers, they might ask you to use git bisect in order to find the exact
change that caused the bug to happen. If so, follow the directions in the git docu-
mentation for how to use this.
git | 165
6. ,appa.13314 Page 166 Friday, December 1, 2006 10:12 AM
ketchup
ketchup is a very handy tool used to update or switch between different versions of
the Linux kernel source tree. It has the ability to:
• Find the latest version of the kernel, download it, and uncompress it.
• Update a currently installed version of the kernel source tree to any other ver-
sion, by patching the tree to the proper version.
• Handle the different development and stable branches of the kernel tree,
including the -mm and -stable trees.
• Download any patches or tarballs needed to do the update, if they are not
present on the machine already.
• Check the GPG signatures of the tarball and patches to verify that it has
downloaded a correct file.
ketchup can be found at http://www.selenic.com/ketchup/ and has lots of addi-
tional documentation in the wiki at http://www.selenic.com/ketchup/wiki/.
Here is a set of steps that show how simple it is to use ketchup to download a
specific kernel version, and then have it switch the directory to another kernel
version with only a minimal number of commands.
To have ketchup download the 2.6.16.24 version of the kernel source tree into a
directory, and rename the directory to be the same as the kernel version, enter:
$ mkdir foo
$ cd foo
$ ketchup -r 2.6.16.24
None -> 2.6.16.24
Unpacking linux-2.6.17.tar.bz2
Applying patch-2.6.17.bz2 -R
Applying patch-2.6.16.24.bz2
Current directory renamed to /home/gregkh/linux/linux-2.6.16.24
Now, to upgrade this kernel to contain the latest stable kernel version, just enter:
$ ketchup -r 2.6
2.6.16.24 -> 2.6.17.11
Applying patch-2.6.16.24.bz2 -R
Applying patch-2.6.17.bz2
Downloading patch-2.6.17.11.bz2
--22:21:14-- http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/patch-2.6.17.11.
bz2
=> `/home/greg/.ketchup/patch-2.6.17.11.bz2.partial'
Resolving www.kernel.org... 204.152.191.37, 204.152.191.5
Connecting to www.kernel.org|204.152.191.37|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 36,809 (36K) [application/x-bzip2]
100%[====================================>] 36,809 93.32K/s
22:21:14 (92.87 KB/s) - `/home/greg/.ketchup/patch-2.6.17.11.bz2.partial'
saved [36809/36809]
Downloading patch-2.6.17.11.bz2.sign
166 | Appendix A: Helpful Utilities
7. ,appa.13314 Page 167 Friday, December 1, 2006 10:12 AM
--22:21:14-- http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/patch-2.6.17.11.
bz2.sign
=> `/home/greg/.ketchup/patch-2.6.17.11.bz2.sign.partial'
Resolving www.kernel.org... 204.152.191.37, 204.152.191.5
Connecting to www.kernel.org|204.152.191.37|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 248 [application/pgp-signature]
100%[====================================>] 248 --.--K/s
22:21:14 (21.50 MB/s) - `/home/greg/.ketchup/patch-2.6.17.11.bz2.sign.
partial' saved [248/248]
Verifying signature...
gpg: Signature made Wed Aug 23 15:01:04 2006 PDT using DSA key ID 517D0F0E
gpg: Good signature from "Linux Kernel Archives Verification Key >
ftpadmin@kernel.org<"
gpg: WARNING: This key is not certified with a trusted signature!
Utilities
Helpful
gpg: There is no indication that the signature belongs to the
owner.
Primary key fingerprint: C75D C40A 11D7 AF88 9981 ED5B C86B A06A 517D 0F0E
Applying patch-2.6.17.11.bz2
Current directory renamed to /home/greg/linux/tmp/x/linux-2.6.17.11
This shows that ketchup automatically determined that the newest stable version
was 2.6.17.11 and downloaded the needed patch files in order to get to that
version.
It is highly recommended that you use ketchup if you want to download any
Linux kernel source trees. It takes all of the work in finding where on the server
the correct patch file is, and automatically applies the patch in the proper format,
after checking that the downloaded file is properly signed. Combine ketchup with
quilt and you have a very powerful setup that contains everything that you need in
order to deal effectively with kernel sources as a Linux kernel developer.
ketchup | 167