The medical term for tumor (or) cancer is Neoplasm, Which means a relatively autonomous growth (or) un corodinated cell proliferation of body tissue.The branch of medicine which deals with the excessive study of neoplasm (tumor) and its development diagnosis and treatment is called “Oncology.”
The term cancer was translated from a Latin word carcino i.e. Crab by celsus.
For the first time Hippocrates coined the Greek word Karkinos i.e. (crab/cray fish) for malignant breast cancer
Agents used to treat such abnormal cell productions are known as anti neoplastic agents.they are 1.Alkylating agents:-
Nitrogen mustards
Cyclophosphamide
Meclorethamine
2.Antimetabolites:-
purine antagonist:-6-mercaptopurine
Folic acid antagonist:-methotrexate
Pyrimidine antagonist:-5-flurouracil
3.Plant products:-
Vinca alkaloids
Vincrystine
vinblastine
4.Anti biotics:-
Doxorubicin
Actinomycin
5.Hormonal agents:
Tamoxifen
Glucocorticosteroids
6.Miscellaneous:-
Hydroxy urea
Asparginase
Public education campaigns are important in highlighting the dangers of smoking, because possibly as many as 30% of cancers are caused by smoking, excessive drinking, and hazardous solvents, as well as promoting healthy diets and lifestyles.
30% of cancers are diet related that’s why everybody should take healthy diets and lifestyles.
The benefits of eating high-fibre foods, fruit, and vegetables are clear.
Infact, there have been various research projects aimed at identifying the specific chemicals in these foods which are responsible for this protective property.
fetal movements of the baby is the best sign to acess the health condition of the fetes,During your pregnancy, feeling your baby move gives you reassurance of his or her well being.
If you notice your baby is moving less than usual or if you have noticed a change in the pattern of movements, it may be the first sign that your baby is unwell and therefore it is essential that you contact your midwife or local maternity unit immediately so that your baby’s wellbeing can be assessed.
evidence based practice is a important tool in clinical practice.everything we do in our life can also correlated to evidence based practice. PICO is used to frame a answerable question
hospital formulary is developed under the guidance of pharmacy and therapeutic commitee of the hospital.pharmacist working in a hospital should play an important role in the preparation of the hospital formulary
cluster headaches are also called as
Familial cluster headaches
Histamine cephalalgia
Vasogenic facial pain
Horton’s Syndrome
Cluster headache (CH) is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, severe headaches on one side of the head, typically around the eye.
A cluster headache commonly awakens paitent in the middle of the night with intense pain in or around one eye on one side of head.Cluster headache often accompanied with eye watering, nasal congestion, or swelling around the eye, on the affected side. These symptoms typically last 15 minutes to 3 hours.
The starting date and the duration of each cluster period might be consistent from period to period. For example, cluster periods can occur seasonally, such as every spring or every fall.
Most people have episodic cluster headaches. In episodic cluster headaches, the headaches occur for one week to a year, followed by a pain-free remission period that can last as long as 12 months before another cluster headache develops
Amyloidosis is the term used for a group of diseases characterized by extracellular deposition of insoluble protienaceous substance called “Amyloid”.Amyloidosis was first described by Rokintansy in 1842.
Virchow named it as amyloid under the mistaken belief that the material was starch like.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
3. INTRODUCTION
The medical term for tumor (or) cancer is Neoplasm, Which
means a relatively autonomous growth (or) un corodinated cell
proliferation of body tissue.
CELL PRODUCTION
CELL DEGRADATION
3
4. HISTORY
The branch of medicine which deals with the excessive study
of neoplasm (tumor) and its development diagnosis and
treatment is called “Oncology.”
The term cancer was translated from a Latin word carcino i.e.
Crab by celsus.
For the first time Hippocrates coined the Greek word
Karkinos i.e. (crab/cray fish) for malignant breast cancer
4
5. EPIDEMIOLOGY
FEMALE MALE
Worldwide, it is estimated that about 20% of all deaths are cancer-
related.
Due to varying etiologic factors, cancers of the cervix and oral cavity
are more common in India while cancers of the breast and lung are
commoner in the Western populations.
5
9. SELF SUFFICIENCY IN GROWTH SIGNALS
The mechanisms that endow cancer
cells with the ability to proliferate
can be grouped according to their
role in the growth factor–induced
signal transduction cascade and cell
cycle regulation.They are
Growth Factors
Growth Factor Receptors &
Non-ReceptorTyrosine Kinases
Downstream Signal-Transducing
Proteins
Nuclear Transcription Factors
Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent
Kinases
9
10. IN SENSITIVE TO ANTI GROWTH SIGNALS
RB Gene: Governor of the Cell Cycle
TP53 Gene: Guardian of the Genome
Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathway
Contact Inhibition, NF2, and APC
10
11. EVADING APOPTOSIS
• Apoptosis can be initiated through
extrinsic or intrinsic Pathways. Both
pathways result in the activation of a
proteolytic cascade of caspases that
destroys the cell.
• Mitochondrial outer membrane
permeabilization is regulated by the
balance between pro-apoptotic (e.g.,
BAX,BAK) and anti-apoptotic
molecules (BCL2, BCL-XL). BH-3–
only molecules activate apoptosis by
tilting the balance in favor of the pro-
apoptotic molecules.
11
12. SUSTAINED ANGIOGENESIS
Vascularization of tumors is essential for their growth and is
controlled by the balance between angiogenic and
antiangiogenic factors that are produced by tumor and stromal
cells.
Hypoxia triggers angiogenesis through the actions of HIF-1α
on the transcription of the pro-angiogenic factor
VEGF.Because of its ability to degrade HIF-1α and thereby
prevent angiogenesis, VHL acts as a tumor suppressor.
Inheritance of germ
line mutations of VHL
causes VHL syndrome,
characterized by the
development of a variety of tumors. 12
13. LIMITLESS REPLICATIVE
POTENTIAL
In normal cells, which lack expression of telomerase, the
shortened telomeres generated by cell division eventually
activate cell cycle checkpoints, leading to senescence and
placing a limit on the number of divisions a cell may undergo.
In cells that have disabled checkpoints, DNA repair pathways
are inappropriately activated by shortened telomeres, leading
to massive chromosomal instability and mitotic crisis.
Tumor cells reactivate telomerase, thus staving off mitotic
catastrophe and achieving immortality.
13
15. TISSUE INVASION AND
METASTATIS
Ability to invade tissues, a hallmark of malignancy, occurs in
four steps:
loosening of cell–cell contacts
Degradation of ECM
attachment to novel ECM components
migration of tumor cells
15
16. CLASSIFICATION
A disease or a growth that is
likely to get uncontrollably
worse and lead to death
MALIGNANT
TUMOR
• A growth that is not likely to
cause death
BENIGN TUMOR
16
23. Alkylating agents
Alkylation is defined as the replacement of hydrogen on an atom
by an alkyl group.
Nitrogen mustard:-
Nitrogenmusterds get their name because they related to sulfur
containing mustard gases used during first world war.
These are unstable as their cytotoxic effect towards the
proliferating cell insists their use.
Structure of cyclophosphamide
Cl
Cl
N P
O
NH
O
It is 2-bis-(2-chloroethyl)amino-
perhydro-1,3,2-
oxazaphosphorinane-2-oxide mono
hydrate.
23
24. Properties
Readily soluble in water.
Melting point- 41-450 c.
Soluble in alcohol, benzene, ethylene glycol,carbon- tetrachloride,
dioxane.
It is available in tablets and injections.
Uses
Treatment of Hodgkin's disease
Acute lymphocytic leukemia
Breast,cervix,lung,ovary tumors.
24
26. Meclorethamine
• It is also known as mustine or chlormethethine.
• It is 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-methylethanmine.
Cl H2C H2C
N
H2CCH2Cl
CH3
26
27. PropertiesProperties
• Mechlorethamine is available as Hcl salt.
• Mechlorethamine Hcl is white crystalline power.
• It is hygroscopic and freely soluble in water.
Uses
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Other lymphomas
27
28. Anti metabolites
• Anti metabolites are the agents which inhibit the enzymes involved in
the synthesis of DNA (or)it’s nucleotide building blocks.
• The inhibitors involved are described as antimetabolites generally the
cellular components like folic acids,purines.that are involved in the
synthesis of nucleic acids(DNA,RNA).
• Anti-metabolites inhibits nucleic acids synthesis by competitive
inhibition of cellular components.
28
30. Properties
• It is available as yellow prisms having a decomposion
temperature of 3130c .
• It is insoluble in water, acetone, ether.
• It is soluble in alkali solutions.
Uses
It has immunosuppressant action.
It is used in the treatment of acute myelocytic leukemia.
30
31. Folic acid antagonist: methotrexate
• It is 4-amino-(N10)-methylpteroylglutamic acid.
O
H
N
CO2H
HO2C
N
CH3
H
N
N
H
N
NH2
NH2
31
33. properties
Methyltrexate is available as yellow crystals having a decomposition
temperature of 2040 c.
It is soluble in alkaline or acidic solutions .
Insoluble in water.
Uses
Used in the treatment of gestational choriocarcinoma.
Trophoblstic tumors of women.
Acute lympholytic leukemia in children.
Psoriasis, breast, lung, cancer. 33
35. Properties
white crystalline power.
sparingly soluble in water and is a light sensitive compound.
Uses
used in the tumors.
used topically in treatment of basal cell carcinomas and premalignant
skin keratoses.
35
37. Properties
White to slightly yellow colour crystalline odour less powder.
Soluble in water, methanol,ethanol,chlorform.
Insoluble in ether having melting point 2800c.
Uses
Testicular cancer & ovarian cancer
Hodgkin’s disease.
Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Kaposi’s sarcoma.
37
39. properties
• white to yellow odourless crystals.
• Freely soluble in water, insoluble in ether.
• having melting point 220c.
Uses
• Acute leukemia
• Hodgkin’s lymphoma,
• Burkett's lymphoma,
• Wilm’s tumor
• Brain, lung, breast, head tumors.
39
40. Anti-biotics
• The cytotoxic nature of antibiotics used in the treatment of cancer.
Actionomycins:
• produced from “streptomyces chrysomallus”.
H
N
NH
Cl
NH3C
H3C
40
41. Properties
Bright red rhomboid prisms, having melting point 241-2430c.
Soluble in alcohol, propylene glycol in mixture of water & glycol.
Mechanism of action
Actinomycins interrelate into double-helical DNA and interfere with it’s
template function.
Uses
Rabdomyosacroma&wilm’s tumor.
Uterus & testis tumors.
41
43. Properties
Orange coloured needles having melting point 204-2050c.
Soluble in water and aqueous alcohols, methanol.
Insoluble in acetone, benzene, chloroform, ether.
Uses
Treatment of leukemia
Hodgkin’s disease
Neuroblastoma
Breast & ovarian cancer
43
44. Hormonal agents
Adrino cortico steroids:
Prednisone :
Uses
Adrino Cortico Carcinoma
Prostatic Carcinoma
C
O
O
O
CH2OH
OH
44
45. Tamoxifen
H3C
OCH2CH2N(CH3)2
45
Properties
It is fine, white odorless,
crystalline powder having
melting point of 140
It is slightly soluble in water
and soluble in ethanol,
methanol and acetone.
Uses
Used in Advanced breast cancer.
47. Alternatives For Antineoplastic Agents:
30% cancers are diet related.
Dithiolthiones are a group of chemicals in broccoli,
cauliflower, cabbage one of which involves the activation of
enzymes in the liver to detoxify carcinogens.
Genistein is a protective compound found in soya products.
Antioxidant present in green tea.
47
48. CONCLUSION
Public education campaigns are
important in highlighting the dangers
of smoking, because possibly as
many as 30% of cancers are caused
by smoking, excessive drinking, and
hazardous solvents, as well as
promoting healthy diets and
lifestyles.
30% of cancers are diet related that’s
why everybody should take healthy
diets and lifestyles.
The benefits of eating high-fibre
foods, fruit, and vegetables are clear.
Infact, there have been various
research projects aimed at identifying
the specific chemicals in these foods
which are responsible for this
protective property.
48