wedge and their technique and prewedgingmaazkhan513
Prewedging involves inserting a wedge between adjacent teeth before cavity preparation to achieve separation. This allows for more conservative preparation and protects adjacent teeth from damage. It also provides space for a matrix band and helps stabilize the band and retainer during restoration. The advantages of prewedging include minimizing trauma to soft tissue and preventing overhang of the restoration. Disadvantages can occur if the wedge is placed too high or low relative to the gingival margin.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A removable partial denture is made by taking an impression of the patient's mouth, preparing a model, designing a metal framework with clasps to hold the denture in place, adding artificial teeth, curing it in a flask, and finishing/polishing. The process takes 3-6 weeks and involves multiple appointments for impressions, fittings, and adjustments.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This document discusses local anesthesia techniques for pediatric dental patients. It defines pain and local anesthesia, and describes the components of local anesthetic solutions. It provides details on topical anesthetics and various injection techniques for mandibular and maxillary teeth, including inferior alveolar nerve block, mental nerve block, and local infiltration. Supplemental techniques like periodontal ligament injections are also covered. The document discusses metabolism of local anesthetics, maximum recommended doses, and potential complications. It concludes by mentioning new techniques like jet injection and computer-controlled delivery systems.
This document discusses techniques for maxillary nerve blocks. It begins by describing the anatomy of the maxillary nerve and its branches that supply sensation to the upper teeth and gums. It then explains in detail the posterior superior alveolar nerve block technique, including patient and dentist positioning, needed equipment, landmarks, injection technique, and confirming anesthesia. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the maxillary nerve block technique to anesthetize the main trunk of the maxillary nerve.
Minor connectors are components that connect parts of a removable partial denture like clasps, retainers, and rests to the major connector or denture base. There are 4 types that connect different components. They distribute forces to prevent excessive stress on any one tooth or ridge area. Minor connectors are usually located in interdental embrasures and have sufficient bulk and rigidity. They come in different designs like latticework, mesh, or beads to securely attach the denture base. Proper form, location, finish lines, and attachment to the major connector are important considerations for minor connectors.
wedge and their technique and prewedgingmaazkhan513
Prewedging involves inserting a wedge between adjacent teeth before cavity preparation to achieve separation. This allows for more conservative preparation and protects adjacent teeth from damage. It also provides space for a matrix band and helps stabilize the band and retainer during restoration. The advantages of prewedging include minimizing trauma to soft tissue and preventing overhang of the restoration. Disadvantages can occur if the wedge is placed too high or low relative to the gingival margin.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
A removable partial denture is made by taking an impression of the patient's mouth, preparing a model, designing a metal framework with clasps to hold the denture in place, adding artificial teeth, curing it in a flask, and finishing/polishing. The process takes 3-6 weeks and involves multiple appointments for impressions, fittings, and adjustments.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This document discusses local anesthesia techniques for pediatric dental patients. It defines pain and local anesthesia, and describes the components of local anesthetic solutions. It provides details on topical anesthetics and various injection techniques for mandibular and maxillary teeth, including inferior alveolar nerve block, mental nerve block, and local infiltration. Supplemental techniques like periodontal ligament injections are also covered. The document discusses metabolism of local anesthetics, maximum recommended doses, and potential complications. It concludes by mentioning new techniques like jet injection and computer-controlled delivery systems.
This document discusses techniques for maxillary nerve blocks. It begins by describing the anatomy of the maxillary nerve and its branches that supply sensation to the upper teeth and gums. It then explains in detail the posterior superior alveolar nerve block technique, including patient and dentist positioning, needed equipment, landmarks, injection technique, and confirming anesthesia. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the maxillary nerve block technique to anesthetize the main trunk of the maxillary nerve.
Minor connectors are components that connect parts of a removable partial denture like clasps, retainers, and rests to the major connector or denture base. There are 4 types that connect different components. They distribute forces to prevent excessive stress on any one tooth or ridge area. Minor connectors are usually located in interdental embrasures and have sufficient bulk and rigidity. They come in different designs like latticework, mesh, or beads to securely attach the denture base. Proper form, location, finish lines, and attachment to the major connector are important considerations for minor connectors.
This easy and fresh lecture explain to undergraduate and newly-graduated dentists an important topic in dentistry, pain-relievers. Analgesics are used very often in dentistry and a clinical guide seems necessary.
This document provides information on the steps of cavity preparation, including defining cavity preparation, the objectives and principles. It describes Black's classification system for cavities in 6 classes. The steps of cavity preparation outlined include obtaining the outline form and initial depth, primary resistance and retention forms, and convenience form. It also discusses final cavity preparation steps like removing remaining decay, providing pulp protection, and finishing enamel walls and margins.
This document discusses dental object localization through horizontal and vertical shifts. It notes that a tooth positioned palataly, meaning towards the palate, and that objects behind the central ray move with it and are therefore located behind other objects.
This document provides information on retainers, clasp assemblies, and indirect retainers used in removable partial dentures. It discusses different types of direct retainers including "I-bar" and circumferential clasps. It describes the components of clasp assemblies including rests, clasps, minor connectors, and proximal plates. It also covers the concepts of reciprocation, which provides resistance to forces on teeth, and encirclement, where the clasp assembly needs to engage more than 180 degrees of the tooth circumference.
The document discusses strategies for managing teeth with irreversible pulpitis, known as "hot teeth", including supplemental injections like intra-ligamentary (PDL), intra-osseous, articaine buccal infiltration, and intra-pulpal when conventional injections fail to provide anesthesia. It provides details on techniques for different supplemental injections using devices like the Wand or Stabident system and recommends strategies based on tooth location, such as inferior alveolar nerve block plus lingual and intra-osseous for mandibular posterior teeth.
Dr. MM House classified patients' psychology into four types for house classification in 1950:
1. Philosophical - Easygoing and confident in dentists with excellent prognosis.
2. Exacting - Intelligent and methodical but demanding with good prognosis.
3. Hysterical - Emotionally unstable and never satisfied with good to poor prognosis.
4. Indifferent - Unconcerned about dental treatment and difficult to motivate with good prognosis.
House also categorized patients as cooperative or uncooperative. Cooperative patients accept treatment readily while uncooperative patients are difficult to treat due to their negative attitudes. Understanding patients' expectations and psychological profiles is important for achieving patient satisfaction and successful dental treatments
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
This document discusses various nerve blocks for anesthetizing different areas innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve, including the inferior alveolar nerve block. It provides details on the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, techniques, indications, and complications for the inferior alveolar nerve block as well as mental nerve block, incisive nerve block, long buccal nerve block, and lingual nerve block. Modifications to the classical inferior alveolar nerve block technique including those of Clarke and Holmes and Gow Gates are also summarized.
This document summarizes newer local anesthetic drugs and delivery systems. It discusses Articaine and Centbucridine as alternatives to Lidocaine that have faster onset, longer duration, and greater potency. It also covers Phentolamine for reversing soft tissue anesthesia, EMLA cream for topical anesthesia, and CCLAD/WAND systems that provide controlled continuous low-volume injection of local anesthetic to reduce injection pain. New intraosseous delivery systems like Stabident, X-Tip, and Intraflow are highlighted. Vibrating devices like Vibrajet and Dentvibe that use the gate control theory of pain to reduce injection discomfort are also mentioned.
Local Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySapna Vadera
Local anaesthesia is a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area without loss of consciousness. The document discusses the history of local anaesthesia from ancient times to modern developments. It also covers the desirable properties, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacology and clinical aspects of local anaesthetics. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics covered in the document relating to the definition, history, properties and mechanisms of local anaesthetics.
The document discusses principles of tooth preparation for cast restorations. It covers topics such as preparation path, apico-occlusal taper, circumferential tie features for intracoronal and extracoronal preparations, and auxiliary means of retention such as grooves, boxes, and pins. The key goals of preparation design are to provide maximum retention, resistance, and a definitive path of insertion and withdrawal for the restoration. Taper, bevels, flares, and other features are used to achieve an ideal relationship between the casting and tooth for a strong, durable restoration.
Complete denture prosthodontics step by stepMajeed Okshah
This document outlines the steps a denturist takes to restore a patient's dentures. The denturist aims to restore form, function, and esthetics. The process involves taking a primary impression, pouring it, arranging artificial teeth, waxing them up, doing a try in with the patient, flasking the mold, packing it with acrylic, finishing, polishing, and following up with the patient.
This document discusses various radiolucencies that can be seen on dental radiographs. It defines radiolucency as an area that does not absorb radiation, appearing dark on images. Unilocular radiolucencies involve one lobe or mass, while multilocular involve multiple overlapping compartments separated by bone septa in a soap bubble, honeycomb, or tennis racket appearance. Common anatomical structures that may appear radiolucent are also described, such as the mandibular foramen and canal, maxillary sinus, and marrow spaces. Pathologies like periapical abscesses, granulomas, and radicular cysts are summarized by their clinical features, locations, and appearances on radiographs. Dif
This fresh lecture explain the basics of antibiotic prescription, and common interactions, clinical use, and dosages. It is written to level of undergraduate mind
This document provides design principles and guidelines for preparing a Class I dental amalgam cavity. It describes the ideal outline form, extension, occlusal depth, wall contours, and refinement of Class I amalgam preparations. The goals are to remove all infected tooth structure, incorporate contiguous areas at risk of decay, and maintain adequate bulk, retention form, and resistance form in the remaining tooth structure. Internal line angles should be well-defined but not sharp, and cavosurface margins regular, well-defined and supported to optimize the adaptation and integrity of the amalgam restoration.
This document discusses exodontia, or tooth extraction. It outlines indications for tooth removal such as caries, necrosis, and periodontal disease. Contraindications include certain systemic conditions and medications as well as local conditions like osteoradionecrosis. The clinical and radiographic evaluation of teeth planned for extraction is described. Anatomical factors like root morphology and bone thickness that influence forceps movement are covered. Finally, the basic techniques and steps of closed tooth extraction using dental forceps are explained in detail.
The document discusses pain and its management. It defines pain and describes different types of pain like neuralgia and neuropathic pain. It discusses medical management of pain including medications like NSAIDs, opioids, and anticonvulsants. NSAIDs discussed include aspirin, ibuprofen, and ketorolac. Opioids discussed include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and tramadol. The document provides dosing information for these medications and strategies for optimizing pain management.
This document discusses analgesics used in dentistry, focusing on NSAIDs. It provides background on pain and analgesia, then classifies analgesics. NSAIDs are discussed in depth, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action through prostaglandin synthesis inhibition, adverse effects, and individual drugs. The roles of COX-1 and COX-2 are explained. Salicylates like aspirin are highlighted as a commonly used NSAID, covering its pharmacology, absorption, effects, intoxication, and management. The document is an educational resource on analgesics for dental practitioners.
This easy and fresh lecture explain to undergraduate and newly-graduated dentists an important topic in dentistry, pain-relievers. Analgesics are used very often in dentistry and a clinical guide seems necessary.
This document provides information on the steps of cavity preparation, including defining cavity preparation, the objectives and principles. It describes Black's classification system for cavities in 6 classes. The steps of cavity preparation outlined include obtaining the outline form and initial depth, primary resistance and retention forms, and convenience form. It also discusses final cavity preparation steps like removing remaining decay, providing pulp protection, and finishing enamel walls and margins.
This document discusses dental object localization through horizontal and vertical shifts. It notes that a tooth positioned palataly, meaning towards the palate, and that objects behind the central ray move with it and are therefore located behind other objects.
This document provides information on retainers, clasp assemblies, and indirect retainers used in removable partial dentures. It discusses different types of direct retainers including "I-bar" and circumferential clasps. It describes the components of clasp assemblies including rests, clasps, minor connectors, and proximal plates. It also covers the concepts of reciprocation, which provides resistance to forces on teeth, and encirclement, where the clasp assembly needs to engage more than 180 degrees of the tooth circumference.
The document discusses strategies for managing teeth with irreversible pulpitis, known as "hot teeth", including supplemental injections like intra-ligamentary (PDL), intra-osseous, articaine buccal infiltration, and intra-pulpal when conventional injections fail to provide anesthesia. It provides details on techniques for different supplemental injections using devices like the Wand or Stabident system and recommends strategies based on tooth location, such as inferior alveolar nerve block plus lingual and intra-osseous for mandibular posterior teeth.
Dr. MM House classified patients' psychology into four types for house classification in 1950:
1. Philosophical - Easygoing and confident in dentists with excellent prognosis.
2. Exacting - Intelligent and methodical but demanding with good prognosis.
3. Hysterical - Emotionally unstable and never satisfied with good to poor prognosis.
4. Indifferent - Unconcerned about dental treatment and difficult to motivate with good prognosis.
House also categorized patients as cooperative or uncooperative. Cooperative patients accept treatment readily while uncooperative patients are difficult to treat due to their negative attitudes. Understanding patients' expectations and psychological profiles is important for achieving patient satisfaction and successful dental treatments
In this lecture I explain in step-by-step fashion the basics of Endodontic Diagnosis: Pulp Vitality Tests. a photo guide is attached to the guide to aid in better understanding of the topic
This document discusses various nerve blocks for anesthetizing different areas innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve, including the inferior alveolar nerve block. It provides details on the nerves anesthetized, areas anesthetized, techniques, indications, and complications for the inferior alveolar nerve block as well as mental nerve block, incisive nerve block, long buccal nerve block, and lingual nerve block. Modifications to the classical inferior alveolar nerve block technique including those of Clarke and Holmes and Gow Gates are also summarized.
This document summarizes newer local anesthetic drugs and delivery systems. It discusses Articaine and Centbucridine as alternatives to Lidocaine that have faster onset, longer duration, and greater potency. It also covers Phentolamine for reversing soft tissue anesthesia, EMLA cream for topical anesthesia, and CCLAD/WAND systems that provide controlled continuous low-volume injection of local anesthetic to reduce injection pain. New intraosseous delivery systems like Stabident, X-Tip, and Intraflow are highlighted. Vibrating devices like Vibrajet and Dentvibe that use the gate control theory of pain to reduce injection discomfort are also mentioned.
Local Anesthesia in Oral and Maxillofacial SurgerySapna Vadera
Local anaesthesia is a loss of sensation in a circumscribed area without loss of consciousness. The document discusses the history of local anaesthesia from ancient times to modern developments. It also covers the desirable properties, mechanisms of action, classifications, pharmacology and clinical aspects of local anaesthetics. The summary provides a high-level overview of the key topics covered in the document relating to the definition, history, properties and mechanisms of local anaesthetics.
The document discusses principles of tooth preparation for cast restorations. It covers topics such as preparation path, apico-occlusal taper, circumferential tie features for intracoronal and extracoronal preparations, and auxiliary means of retention such as grooves, boxes, and pins. The key goals of preparation design are to provide maximum retention, resistance, and a definitive path of insertion and withdrawal for the restoration. Taper, bevels, flares, and other features are used to achieve an ideal relationship between the casting and tooth for a strong, durable restoration.
Complete denture prosthodontics step by stepMajeed Okshah
This document outlines the steps a denturist takes to restore a patient's dentures. The denturist aims to restore form, function, and esthetics. The process involves taking a primary impression, pouring it, arranging artificial teeth, waxing them up, doing a try in with the patient, flasking the mold, packing it with acrylic, finishing, polishing, and following up with the patient.
This document discusses various radiolucencies that can be seen on dental radiographs. It defines radiolucency as an area that does not absorb radiation, appearing dark on images. Unilocular radiolucencies involve one lobe or mass, while multilocular involve multiple overlapping compartments separated by bone septa in a soap bubble, honeycomb, or tennis racket appearance. Common anatomical structures that may appear radiolucent are also described, such as the mandibular foramen and canal, maxillary sinus, and marrow spaces. Pathologies like periapical abscesses, granulomas, and radicular cysts are summarized by their clinical features, locations, and appearances on radiographs. Dif
This fresh lecture explain the basics of antibiotic prescription, and common interactions, clinical use, and dosages. It is written to level of undergraduate mind
This document provides design principles and guidelines for preparing a Class I dental amalgam cavity. It describes the ideal outline form, extension, occlusal depth, wall contours, and refinement of Class I amalgam preparations. The goals are to remove all infected tooth structure, incorporate contiguous areas at risk of decay, and maintain adequate bulk, retention form, and resistance form in the remaining tooth structure. Internal line angles should be well-defined but not sharp, and cavosurface margins regular, well-defined and supported to optimize the adaptation and integrity of the amalgam restoration.
This document discusses exodontia, or tooth extraction. It outlines indications for tooth removal such as caries, necrosis, and periodontal disease. Contraindications include certain systemic conditions and medications as well as local conditions like osteoradionecrosis. The clinical and radiographic evaluation of teeth planned for extraction is described. Anatomical factors like root morphology and bone thickness that influence forceps movement are covered. Finally, the basic techniques and steps of closed tooth extraction using dental forceps are explained in detail.
The document discusses pain and its management. It defines pain and describes different types of pain like neuralgia and neuropathic pain. It discusses medical management of pain including medications like NSAIDs, opioids, and anticonvulsants. NSAIDs discussed include aspirin, ibuprofen, and ketorolac. Opioids discussed include morphine, codeine, oxycodone, and tramadol. The document provides dosing information for these medications and strategies for optimizing pain management.
This document discusses analgesics used in dentistry, focusing on NSAIDs. It provides background on pain and analgesia, then classifies analgesics. NSAIDs are discussed in depth, including their history, classification, mechanisms of action through prostaglandin synthesis inhibition, adverse effects, and individual drugs. The roles of COX-1 and COX-2 are explained. Salicylates like aspirin are highlighted as a commonly used NSAID, covering its pharmacology, absorption, effects, intoxication, and management. The document is an educational resource on analgesics for dental practitioners.
1) Analgesics are important therapeutic agents in dentistry for treating pain. Common analgesics include acetaminophen, NSAIDs like ibuprofen, and opioids like codeine.
2) Combining analgesics that work through different mechanisms can provide better pain relief than single agents alone. Acetaminophen is often combined with opioids. NSAIDs allow for lower opioid doses to reduce side effects.
3) The combination of acetaminophen with codeine, hydrocodone, or tramadol provides effective relief of mild to moderate dental pain with fewer side effects than opioids alone. Ibuprofen combined with codeine or oxycodone also enhances analgesia.
The document discusses antibiotics and analgesics. It begins by defining antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses of various antibiotics like penicillin, cephalosporins, erythromycin, tetracycline, and others. It also discusses analgesic classification into opioid and non-opioid categories and pain management strategies. The document provides an overview of commonly used antibiotics and analgesics for treating odontogenic infections and dental pain.
Analgesics general dentistry /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian d...Indian dental academy
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This document discusses analgesics used for pain control in dentistry. It covers central analgesics like opioids which affect opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Morphine is a commonly used opioid analgesic derived from opium. It acts on mu, kappa, and delta receptors. NSAIDs are also discussed, which are prostaglandin antagonists that reduce inflammation, pain, and fever. Common NSAIDs used in dentistry include paracetamol, aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac. The document provides dosing information and side effects for various central analgesics and NSAIDs.
This document discusses various types of analgesics. It describes narcotic analgesics, which produce central nervous system depression, and non-narcotic analgesics, which do not significantly depress the CNS. It provides examples of natural narcotics like morphine and codeine, and synthetic narcotics like pethidine and methadone. It also discusses non-narcotic analgesics derived from salicylic acid like aspirin, and para-aminophenol derivatives like paracetamol. Finally, it briefly mentions indole acetic acid and aryl acetic acid derivatives that have anti-inflammatory properties in addition to their analgesic effects.
1.Antibiotics and analgesics in pediatric dentistryAminah M
This document discusses the use of antibiotics in dentistry. It begins with a quick review of pediatric physiology and important considerations for dosing antibiotics in children. It then covers the classification, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and uses of various classes of antibiotics commonly used in dentistry, including beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. The document concludes with sections on antibiotic resistance, newer antimicrobials, guidelines for antibiotic usage and prophylaxis, managing drug allergies and toxicity.
This document provides an overview of analgesics, including opioids and NSAIDs. It discusses the classification, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects of various opioid analgesics like morphine, codeine, fentanyl, tramadol, pethidine, and methadone. It also summarizes the classification of NSAIDs, how they work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, and examples like aspirin. The document defines pain and the management of pain using topical, systemic and other analgesic medications.
The document provides information on analgesics used in dentistry, including classifications, mechanisms of action, uses, and side effects. It discusses both opioid analgesics like morphine and codeine as well as non-opioid analgesics/NSAIDs like aspirin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, piroxicam, and paracetamol. It notes that NSAIDs work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and describes considerations for patients taking common analgesics like aspirin.
Commonly used analgesics and anitbiotics in pediatric dentistry (2015 07-09 ...Mahak Ralli
The document discusses pain management and use of analgesics in pediatric dentistry. It begins by stating that the most common situations requiring drug therapy in children are pain and infection. It then classifies analgesics and describes their uses, dosages, and side effects. Centrally-acting narcotic analgesics are generally the most effective for acute pain but have more adverse effects. Peripherally-acting non-narcotic analgesics have less effectiveness but also less adverse effects. Topical analgesics can help reduce soft tissue pain. Combinations of analgesics may provide enhanced pain relief. Antibiotics are also discussed, along with their appropriate use and dosing in pediatric patients.
This document discusses dental pharmacology. It begins by defining pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. It then discusses the history and development of pharmacology. The rest of the document covers various topics in dental pharmacology including local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors, antiseptics, and sources of drugs. It provides details on specific drugs used in dentistry as well as their mechanisms of action, uses, and important considerations.
The document discusses antibiotic use and prescribing in dentistry. It provides guidelines for writing prescriptions clearly and effectively as well as strategies for choosing the appropriate antibiotic based on the type of infection, likely pathogens, and patient factors. Common antibiotics are described along with their mechanisms of action, dosages, spectra of activity, and resistance patterns. Factors to consider include narrow versus broad-spectrum antibiotics, acute versus chronic infections, allergies, and compliance.
Medications used in dentistry include analgesics to control pain, antibiotics to prevent or treat infections, mouthwashes to control plaque and gingivitis, fluoride supplements to prevent tooth decay, and artificial saliva to treat dry mouth. Anesthetics are used for pain control during dental procedures. Muscle relaxants may be prescribed to treat conditions like teeth grinding or temporomandibular joint disorders. Antifungals can stop the spread of infections like oral thrush or denture stomatitis.
The document discusses drugs commonly used in dentistry to treat various medical emergencies and conditions, including antibiotics, analgesics, and drugs for anaphylaxis, asthma, angina, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, epilepsy, fainting, anxiety, infections, dental procedures, sinusitis, pseudomembranous candidiasis, and denture stomatitis. It provides recommended drugs, dosages, and administration instructions for adults and children. The most commonly used antibiotics are amoxicillin, metronidazole, erythromycin, and penicillin derivatives like augmentin.
Seadtion and pain control warwick 18 nov-11-1Iyad Abou Rabii
The document discusses sedation and pain control in dentistry. It provides information on various pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative pain management strategies. For the case of Sarah, who is experiencing severe pain from irreversible pulpitis and will undergo a root canal procedure, the document states she may experience some post-procedure pain due to continued periapical inflammation but can be treated with analgesics. The document emphasizes using the right analgesic for the right type of pain and accurate diagnosis in developing a pain management schema.
This document provides information on antibiotics and analgesics used for periodontal diseases. It defines antibiotics as agents that destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Various antibiotics discussed that are used for periodontal diseases include tetracyclines, metronidazole, penicillins, cephalosporins, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, and macrolides. It also discusses local delivery methods for antibiotics. Analgesics are defined as drugs that selectively relieve pain. The classes discussed include non-opioid types like aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen and opioid types like morphine, codeine, synthetic opioids, and their mechanisms and side effects.
This document discusses the history and definitions of antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. It begins by defining antibiotics as chemical substances produced by microorganisms that inhibit other microorganisms at low concentrations. The document then summarizes the history of antibiotics, including the discoveries of Paul Ehrlich, Gerhard Domagk, Alexander Fleming, and Selman Waksman. It also outlines the ideal properties of antimicrobial drugs and describes various antibiotic mechanisms of action, including inhibition of protein synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, and cell wall synthesis. The clinical uses and susceptibility testing of antibiotics are briefly discussed.
This document provides an overview of analgesics. It begins by defining pain and outlining the three phases of pain: acute nociceptive pain, inflammatory pain, and neuropathic pain. It then discusses various methods for pain control, including removing the cause, blocking pathways, raising thresholds, and psychosomatic methods. The document outlines the WHO analgesic ladder for pain management and provides a classification of analgesics, discussing NSAIDs, opioids, and other classes. It focuses on the mechanisms and uses of common analgesics like aspirin, paracetamol, and ibuprofen.
This document describes various in vivo and in vitro screening methods used to evaluate potential analgesic compounds. Some key in vivo methods include the tail flick test, hot plate test, and acetic acid-induced writhing test, which assess analgesic effects using thermal, mechanical, and chemical pain stimuli, respectively. Important in vitro assays involve measuring the inhibition of nociceptin, binding to opioid receptors, and inhibition of enkephalinase enzyme. The screening methods aim to distinguish between narcotic and non-narcotic analgesics and help identify new compounds for treating different pain states.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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