Following our interest in reaching for a molded rubber article with possible detergent contact applications, durable silver nanopowder (AgNP) is synthesized by arc discharge, then mixed with varying ratios of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), affording novel AgNP@EPR nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of AgNP as well as AgNP@EPR show no trace of impurity, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates an average diameter of 50 nm for the former. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images while confirm the SEM results, show quite a few 5 nm AgNP particles lying beside some micro crumbs. Our DC arc discharge technique involves explosion of movable silver anode and static cathode by a current pulse between 5 to 10 A cm-2. A solution blending method is employed for preparation of AgNP@EPR nanocomposites. The AgNP is first dispersed in toluene using an ultrasonic homogenizer, and then thoroughly mixed with EPR in the same solvent whose removal gives nanocomposites of 2, 4, 6 and 8 vol% AgNP in EPR, showing strong antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle embedded in activated silica (ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai) as adsorbent
with nano cube shape were synthesized from leaf extract of Acalypha indica via green
method. Adsorbent were characterized using SEM, XRD EDAX and FT-IR. Exploration
shows that the adsorbent is nano cube shape with an average size of 80 nm with elemental
composition of zinc, oxygen and silica with Secondary amine at 2357 cm-1 and Olefinic
compound at 1600-1450 cm-1. The percentage of As (III) removal was very significant at
0.03ppm with arsenic removal of 79.47 to 96.19% with 2g adsorbent dosage at a pH of 6
with a contact time of 60 min and at an agitation speed of 300rpm. Results showed that
the adsorption process by ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai is monolayer chemisorptions. This research
uses existing principles of green chemistry to combat agricultural land contaminated with
arsenic (III) by bioremediation of water to prevent biological magnification.
Synthesis and characterization of Silver NanoparticlesIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Different methods may be used to produce nanoparticles, for instance in 1951 Turkevich and co-workers proposed that gold nanoparticles can be produced from the reaction of trisodum citrate, which acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent, with chloroauric acid, the source of gold nanoparticles. By changing chloroauric acid to silver nitrate, silver nanoparticles can instead be produced. Despite being widely used, there is a debate in the literature on the way the reagents and conditions, used for the Turkevich method, affect the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. In view of this, silver nanoparticles have been synthesised through the Turkevich method using different reaction conditions, namely the reaction temperature and concentration of sodium citrate used. Characterisation techniques were then used to determine the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. It was found that increasing the temperature increased the size of the nanoparticles through SEM, although DLS showed the opposite trend. Furthermore, at higher temperatures the formation of rod-like particles could be observed, as opposed to more spherical particles at lower temperatures.
Investigative studies on the inhibitive effects of Newbouldialaevis extracts ...researchinventy
The inhibitive effects ofNewbouldiaLaevis (NL) leaf extract and magnetic field on copper corrosion in 0.5M H2SO4 aqueous solution were investigated experimentally by gravimetric technique and theoretically using Quantum Chemical calculations. The results show that both NL and the magnetic field caused reduction in corrosion rate. The inhibition efficiency increased with concentration. The magnetic field caused greater increase in the inhibition efficiency. Temperature increase caused a decrease in inhibition efficiency. The activation energy is low and oscillates, possibly due to error factor from non-linearity of the Arrhenius plot. Among the tested isotherms, Langmuir has the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and 0.7935 with and without magnet field respectively. The magnetic field increased the change in free energy, caused the reaction to become spontaneous, one mole of the inhibitor to replace 4 moles of water mole while reducing the number of monolayer of the inhibitor on the metal. The quantum chemical calculations performed on newbouldiaquinone and lapacholconstituents of NL showed that lapachol contributed more to the inhibition efficiency due its low binding energy, high dipole moment, chemical softness and fractional electron transfer. The magnetic field and temperature played opposite roles.
Effect of AL2O3 Nanoparticles on the Rheological Properties of Water Based MudEditor IJCATR
This research work investigates into the performance of Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles in water based bentonite drilling
fluid at high temperature formations. We looked into the thermal stability effect of the Aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the drilling
fluid at varying temperature conditions. We analyzed the interactive effects of temperature, the Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles and
shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
drilling fluid was analyzed. We also developed a predictive expression for Shear stress as a response variable for changes in
temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
Austin Biomolecules: open access is a peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Biomolecules.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Biomolecules. Austin Biomolecules: open access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communications covering all aspects of Biomolecules.
Austin Biomolecules: open access strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Zinc oxide nanoparticle embedded in activated silica (ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai) as adsorbent
with nano cube shape were synthesized from leaf extract of Acalypha indica via green
method. Adsorbent were characterized using SEM, XRD EDAX and FT-IR. Exploration
shows that the adsorbent is nano cube shape with an average size of 80 nm with elemental
composition of zinc, oxygen and silica with Secondary amine at 2357 cm-1 and Olefinic
compound at 1600-1450 cm-1. The percentage of As (III) removal was very significant at
0.03ppm with arsenic removal of 79.47 to 96.19% with 2g adsorbent dosage at a pH of 6
with a contact time of 60 min and at an agitation speed of 300rpm. Results showed that
the adsorption process by ZnO-NPs-AS-Ai is monolayer chemisorptions. This research
uses existing principles of green chemistry to combat agricultural land contaminated with
arsenic (III) by bioremediation of water to prevent biological magnification.
Synthesis and characterization of Silver NanoparticlesIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Different methods may be used to produce nanoparticles, for instance in 1951 Turkevich and co-workers proposed that gold nanoparticles can be produced from the reaction of trisodum citrate, which acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent, with chloroauric acid, the source of gold nanoparticles. By changing chloroauric acid to silver nitrate, silver nanoparticles can instead be produced. Despite being widely used, there is a debate in the literature on the way the reagents and conditions, used for the Turkevich method, affect the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. In view of this, silver nanoparticles have been synthesised through the Turkevich method using different reaction conditions, namely the reaction temperature and concentration of sodium citrate used. Characterisation techniques were then used to determine the size and shape of the silver nanoparticles produced. It was found that increasing the temperature increased the size of the nanoparticles through SEM, although DLS showed the opposite trend. Furthermore, at higher temperatures the formation of rod-like particles could be observed, as opposed to more spherical particles at lower temperatures.
Investigative studies on the inhibitive effects of Newbouldialaevis extracts ...researchinventy
The inhibitive effects ofNewbouldiaLaevis (NL) leaf extract and magnetic field on copper corrosion in 0.5M H2SO4 aqueous solution were investigated experimentally by gravimetric technique and theoretically using Quantum Chemical calculations. The results show that both NL and the magnetic field caused reduction in corrosion rate. The inhibition efficiency increased with concentration. The magnetic field caused greater increase in the inhibition efficiency. Temperature increase caused a decrease in inhibition efficiency. The activation energy is low and oscillates, possibly due to error factor from non-linearity of the Arrhenius plot. Among the tested isotherms, Langmuir has the highest correlation coefficient of 0.9963 and 0.7935 with and without magnet field respectively. The magnetic field increased the change in free energy, caused the reaction to become spontaneous, one mole of the inhibitor to replace 4 moles of water mole while reducing the number of monolayer of the inhibitor on the metal. The quantum chemical calculations performed on newbouldiaquinone and lapacholconstituents of NL showed that lapachol contributed more to the inhibition efficiency due its low binding energy, high dipole moment, chemical softness and fractional electron transfer. The magnetic field and temperature played opposite roles.
Effect of AL2O3 Nanoparticles on the Rheological Properties of Water Based MudEditor IJCATR
This research work investigates into the performance of Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles in water based bentonite drilling
fluid at high temperature formations. We looked into the thermal stability effect of the Aluminium oxide nanoparticles on the drilling
fluid at varying temperature conditions. We analyzed the interactive effects of temperature, the Aluminium Oxide nanoparticles and
shear rates on the shear stress of the drilling fluid. Optimization of these parameters at the high and low point of the shear stress of the
drilling fluid was analyzed. We also developed a predictive expression for Shear stress as a response variable for changes in
temperature, Aluminium Oxide nanoparticle and shear rate.
Austin Biomolecules: open access is a peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Biomolecules.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Biomolecules. Austin Biomolecules: open access accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communications covering all aspects of Biomolecules.
Austin Biomolecules: open access strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Effect of plant extracts on corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic mediumPremier Publishers
2.5ml Ethanol is used on plant extracts of locus bean (parkiabiglobosa) and banana sap (musaparadisiaca) as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M dilute HCl was investigated using weight loss techniques. Corrosion tests were first carried out for 1 and 3 hrs of immersion time respectively at various concentrations of extracts (0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml and 2.5ml) and 2.5ml were used as corrosion inhibitors and at different temperatures (38oC, 45oC and 55oC). Results showed that the minimum corrosion rate obtained for 1 hr at 38oC with extract of Pakiabiglobosa is 0.85×10-4g/cm3/min and efficiency of 18.75% for 1hr, while at 55oC the corrosion rate was 4.37×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of 33%. With ethanol extract of banana sap, minimum corrosion rate and efficiency recorded at 38°C were (4.16×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of (22.1%), while at 55oC they were (0.83×10-4 g/cm3/min) and (7.6%) respectively. From these results, it is concluded that extracts of locust bean and banana sap can be successfully used as corrosion inhibitors in specified acidic medium.
Thymus Vulgarize extract (TVE) was reported to be good corrosion inhibitor for copper and
brass in acid media. This paper presents experimental study to investigate the efficiency of Thyme
leaves extract as corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforcing steel samples exposed to alkaline
solution consisting of 2% KOH and 3% NaCl which is a simulation to the chloride contaminated
concrete pore solution (SCP) using open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization
technique. Various concentration (100 ml/L, 150 ml/L, 250 ml/L) of TVE were used in this
experiment. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements indicated a shifting in potential toward
noble direction for steel samples immersed in SCP solution containing TVE compared with control
sample.
Diffusion Dynamics of Metal Ions Uptake at the CarboxylatedEpichlorohydrin Re...IJERA Editor
Investigation into the diffusion dynamics of Mn2+ , Fe2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake from aqueous solution by chemically modified red onion skin extract was carried out. The polyhydroxylic extract of red onion skin was utilized in the synthesis of carboxylated-epichlorohydrin red onion skin extract resin (CERR). The fourier transform infrared spectra of red onion skin extract and CERR exhibited variations in bond interactions which was ascribed to the structural modification of the extract to yield CERR. Predictions of the mechanism of diffusion dynamics were carried out by applying the data resolved from the fractional attainment of equilibrium at varied times into the Vermeulen diffusion models within the temperature range of 29 to 70°C. The predominance of film diffusion mechanism was established from the smaller values of its diffusion coefficients as compared to those of particle diffusion. The film diffusion coefficient values were lowest at 29°C, indicating the most probable temperature condition for optimum exchange result with the CERR. Deductions from utilizing the Arrhenius type temperature dependence equation gave negative values of activation energy (-7.223 kJ/mol for Mn2+ , -6.898 kJ/mol for Fe2+ and -13.957 kJ/mol for Pb2+ ions); which suggests that increase in temperature from 29 to 70°C, lowered the rate of the exchange reaction.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Using Dried Stem Powder o...IJERA Editor
The Tinospora Crispa is an important medicinal plant to synthesize silver Nanoparticles provides environmentally benign and a feasible alternative to the most of the chemical, physical and biological methods. Utilizing the reduced property of Tinospora Crispa dried stem powder from 1mM aqueous silver nitrate, the average size of 40nm silver nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature. The stem powder extracts mixed with silver nitrate showed a gradual change in the color of the extracts from yellow to dark brown. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photoluminescence studies of silver nanoparticles shows that they are efficient fluorescence emitting probes.
Is Nano Medicine And Nano Technology The Most Trending Thing Now?science journals
Nano medicine is nothing but application of Nano technologies as medicines. It may include application of non-material as biological devices or nano-electronic biosensors. Molecular nanotechnology as biological machines may have medical applications in future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Carbon Nanotubes Effect for Polymer Materials on Break Down Voltage IJECEIAES
Epoxy resin composites reinforced to different types of carbon nano-particles have been fabricated. Carbon black (20, 30 and 40 wt. %), graphene (0.5 to 4 wt. %) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) (0.5 to 2 wt. %) were added with different weight percentages to epoxy. The dielectric strength of composites was tested in several conditions such as (dry, wet, low salinity and high salinity). The mechanical characterization showed that the nano-composite Polymer enhanced by using these particles in the tensile strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows effect of these nano-particles on the thermal structure of epoxy resin. Scanning Electron Microscopic test is used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nano-particles and to analysis the fractured parts in the nano scale.
Photo-electrocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes prepared with two-step anod...Iranian Chemical Society
To improve the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid, we reported the fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by a simple and effective two-step anodization method and then these TiO2 nanotubes treated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation. The TiO2 nanotubes prepared in the two-step anodization process showed better photo-catalytic activity than TiO2 nanotubes prepared in one-step anodization process. Also, compared with TiO2 nanotubes without the UV pretreatment, the TiO2 nanotubes pretreated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation exhibited significant enhancements in both photocurrent and activity. The treated TiO2 nanotubes exhibited a 5-fold enhancement in photocurrent and a 2.5-fold increase in the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid. Also the effect of addition of persulfate and periodate on the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid were investigated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of salicylic acid increased with increasing persulfate and periodate concentrations. These treated TiO2 nanotubes are promising candidates for practical photochemical reactors.
Effect of plant extracts on corrosion rate of mild steel in acidic mediumPremier Publishers
2.5ml Ethanol is used on plant extracts of locus bean (parkiabiglobosa) and banana sap (musaparadisiaca) as corrosion inhibitors for mild steel in 1M dilute HCl was investigated using weight loss techniques. Corrosion tests were first carried out for 1 and 3 hrs of immersion time respectively at various concentrations of extracts (0.5ml, 1.0ml, 1.5ml, 2.0ml and 2.5ml) and 2.5ml were used as corrosion inhibitors and at different temperatures (38oC, 45oC and 55oC). Results showed that the minimum corrosion rate obtained for 1 hr at 38oC with extract of Pakiabiglobosa is 0.85×10-4g/cm3/min and efficiency of 18.75% for 1hr, while at 55oC the corrosion rate was 4.37×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of 33%. With ethanol extract of banana sap, minimum corrosion rate and efficiency recorded at 38°C were (4.16×10-4 g/cm3/min and efficiency of (22.1%), while at 55oC they were (0.83×10-4 g/cm3/min) and (7.6%) respectively. From these results, it is concluded that extracts of locust bean and banana sap can be successfully used as corrosion inhibitors in specified acidic medium.
Thymus Vulgarize extract (TVE) was reported to be good corrosion inhibitor for copper and
brass in acid media. This paper presents experimental study to investigate the efficiency of Thyme
leaves extract as corrosion inhibitor for concrete reinforcing steel samples exposed to alkaline
solution consisting of 2% KOH and 3% NaCl which is a simulation to the chloride contaminated
concrete pore solution (SCP) using open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization
technique. Various concentration (100 ml/L, 150 ml/L, 250 ml/L) of TVE were used in this
experiment. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements indicated a shifting in potential toward
noble direction for steel samples immersed in SCP solution containing TVE compared with control
sample.
Diffusion Dynamics of Metal Ions Uptake at the CarboxylatedEpichlorohydrin Re...IJERA Editor
Investigation into the diffusion dynamics of Mn2+ , Fe2+ and Pb2+ ions uptake from aqueous solution by chemically modified red onion skin extract was carried out. The polyhydroxylic extract of red onion skin was utilized in the synthesis of carboxylated-epichlorohydrin red onion skin extract resin (CERR). The fourier transform infrared spectra of red onion skin extract and CERR exhibited variations in bond interactions which was ascribed to the structural modification of the extract to yield CERR. Predictions of the mechanism of diffusion dynamics were carried out by applying the data resolved from the fractional attainment of equilibrium at varied times into the Vermeulen diffusion models within the temperature range of 29 to 70°C. The predominance of film diffusion mechanism was established from the smaller values of its diffusion coefficients as compared to those of particle diffusion. The film diffusion coefficient values were lowest at 29°C, indicating the most probable temperature condition for optimum exchange result with the CERR. Deductions from utilizing the Arrhenius type temperature dependence equation gave negative values of activation energy (-7.223 kJ/mol for Mn2+ , -6.898 kJ/mol for Fe2+ and -13.957 kJ/mol for Pb2+ ions); which suggests that increase in temperature from 29 to 70°C, lowered the rate of the exchange reaction.
Plant Mediated Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Using Dried Stem Powder o...IJERA Editor
The Tinospora Crispa is an important medicinal plant to synthesize silver Nanoparticles provides environmentally benign and a feasible alternative to the most of the chemical, physical and biological methods. Utilizing the reduced property of Tinospora Crispa dried stem powder from 1mM aqueous silver nitrate, the average size of 40nm silver nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature. The stem powder extracts mixed with silver nitrate showed a gradual change in the color of the extracts from yellow to dark brown. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by UV-Visible spectrophotometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDAX) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The photoluminescence studies of silver nanoparticles shows that they are efficient fluorescence emitting probes.
Is Nano Medicine And Nano Technology The Most Trending Thing Now?science journals
Nano medicine is nothing but application of Nano technologies as medicines. It may include application of non-material as biological devices or nano-electronic biosensors. Molecular nanotechnology as biological machines may have medical applications in future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The effect of ethanol extract of leaves of Conyza Dicorides plant on the corrosion inhibition
of mild steel in 1M HCl solution was investigated by weight loss and electrochemical polarization
techniques at temperature range (25–65 ̊C). The Results obtained showed that the percentage
inhibition efficiency increases with the increasing of inhibitor concentration and decreases with the
increasing of temperature. At a concentration of 2 g/L, the percentage inhibition efficiency reached
about (94.87%) at 25 ̊C. The thermodynamic activation functions of dissolution process and
adsorption parameters were calculated and discussed. Adsorption of the additive was found to follow
the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Carbon Nanotubes Effect for Polymer Materials on Break Down Voltage IJECEIAES
Epoxy resin composites reinforced to different types of carbon nano-particles have been fabricated. Carbon black (20, 30 and 40 wt. %), graphene (0.5 to 4 wt. %) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) (0.5 to 2 wt. %) were added with different weight percentages to epoxy. The dielectric strength of composites was tested in several conditions such as (dry, wet, low salinity and high salinity). The mechanical characterization showed that the nano-composite Polymer enhanced by using these particles in the tensile strength. Thermal gravimetric analysis shows effect of these nano-particles on the thermal structure of epoxy resin. Scanning Electron Microscopic test is used to characterize the dispersion of carbon nano-particles and to analysis the fractured parts in the nano scale.
Photo-electrocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotubes prepared with two-step anod...Iranian Chemical Society
To improve the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid, we reported the fabrication of ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays by a simple and effective two-step anodization method and then these TiO2 nanotubes treated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation. The TiO2 nanotubes prepared in the two-step anodization process showed better photo-catalytic activity than TiO2 nanotubes prepared in one-step anodization process. Also, compared with TiO2 nanotubes without the UV pretreatment, the TiO2 nanotubes pretreated in a methanol solution under UV light irradiation exhibited significant enhancements in both photocurrent and activity. The treated TiO2 nanotubes exhibited a 5-fold enhancement in photocurrent and a 2.5-fold increase in the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid. Also the effect of addition of persulfate and periodate on the photo-catalytic degradation of salicylic acid were investigated. The results showed that the degradation efficiency of salicylic acid increased with increasing persulfate and periodate concentrations. These treated TiO2 nanotubes are promising candidates for practical photochemical reactors.
Connect strategic goals with development realities with JIRA PortfolioAnna Ioceva
JIRA Portfolio is a relatively new Atlassian product, which provides a single, accurate view for planning and managing initiatives across multiple teams and projects in JIRA.
We will cover its key features:
- managing pre-project stages
- planning large initiatives across multiple JIRA projects
- teams and people - skills, vacations, work hours
- automatic schedule calculation .
- reporting over high level strategic themes
- team's utilization report.
Effect of the pillar ligand on preventing agglomeration of ZnO nanoparticles ...Iranian Chemical Society
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) represent a new class of highly porous materials. On this regard, two nano porous metal-organic frameworks of [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(H2O)2∙(DMF)2]n (1) and [Zn2(1,4-bdc)2(dabco)]·4DMF·1⁄2H2O (2), (1,4-bdc = benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate, dabco = 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane and DMF = N,N-dimethylformamide) were synthesized and characterized. They were used for preparation of ZnO nanomaterials. With calcination of 1, agglomerated ZnO nanoparticles could be fabricated, but by the same process on 2, the tendency of ZnO nanoparticles to agglomeration was decreased. In addition, the ZnO nanoparticles prepared from compound 2 had smaller diameter than those obtained from compound 1. In fact, the role of organic dabco ligands in 2 is similar to the role of polymeric stabilizers in formation of nanoparticles. Finally, considering the various applications of ZnO nanomaterials such as light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, photodiodes, gas sensors and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), it seems that preparation of ZnO nanomaterials from their MOFs could be one of the simple and effective methods which may be applied for preparation of them.
Music-Hall | Jean-Luc Lagarce | Mise en scène Véronique Ros de la Grangeculturedigitale
Music-Hall de Jean-Luc Lagarce – Mise en scène Véronique Ros de la Grange avec Jacques Michel à La Manufacture des Abbesses – Du 22 avril au 13 juin 2015 Mercredi 19h / Jeudi 19h / Vendredi 19h / Samedi 19h –
Comparative study on ammonia sensing properties of sno2 nanocomposites fabric...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis & Characterization of Fluorescent Silver Nanoparticles stabilized b...IJERA Editor
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was achieved by a simple green procedure using Tinospora Cordifolia leaf extract as stabilizer/reducing agents. Ag-NPs in the size range of 2–19 nm is obtained by the treatment of aqueous silver ions with leaf extracts of Tinospora Cordifolia. This eco-friendly approach is simple, amenable for large scale commercial production and technical applications. Further, photoluminiscence studies of these Ag-NPs were recorded & suggested that the present particles were suitable for fluorescence emitting probes. These red emitting Ag-NPs exhibited distinct fluorescence properties (both emission and stokeshift).
Transport properties of Gum mediated synthesis of Indium Oxide (In2O3) Nano f...IJERA Editor
Two- Step method has been applied to prepare stable In2O3 nano fluids in Ethylene Glycol with PVP (Polyvinyl pyrrolidone) used as stabilizing agent having In2O3 concentrations of 1% by volume, where the In2O3 nano particles are obtained by biosynthesis of Indium (III) Acetyl Acetonate and Gum Acacia. Since the two-step method is more versatile as it provides the opportunity to disperse a wide variety of nano particles in different types of base fluids. The nano fluids were characterised by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, and TEM, and systematically investigated for Thermal conductivity (TC), density, viscosity, specific gravity and electrical conductivity for different polymer concentrations. The size of nano particles was found to be in the range of 5-30nm for two different nano particle to PVP ratios. For higher concentration of polymer in nano fluid, nano particles were 20nm in size showing increase in Thermal conductivity but a decrease in density and viscosity which is due to the polymer structure around nano particles. It is observed that the viscosity, density & specific gravity increases with the increase in PVP concentration and decreases with temperature. The thermal conductivity measurements of nano fluids show substantial increment relative to the base fluid (Ethylene glycol). Effect of PVP Polymer on viscosity, density, specific gravity can have a significant effect on magnitude and behaviour of the Thermal conductivity enhancement confirming the Newtonian behaviour of nano fluid. This offers tremendous scope for developing compact and effective heat transfer equipment. An enhancement of 20-25% for 1:5 volume concentration are observed at an average voltage of 60V when compared with EG (Ethylene glycol) at the same voltage. This method is simple, fast and reliable for the synthesis of Newtonian nano fluids containing In2O3 nano particles.
Transport properties of Gum mediated synthesis of Indium Oxide (In2O3) Nano f...IJERA Editor
Two- Step method has been applied to prepare stable In2O3 nano fluids in Ethylene Glycol with PVP (Polyvinyl
pyrrolidone) used as stabilizing agent having In2O3 concentrations of 1% by volume, where the In2O3 nano
particles are obtained by biosynthesis of Indium (III) Acetyl Acetonate and Gum Acacia. Since the two-step
method is more versatile as it provides the opportunity to disperse a wide variety of nano particles in different
types of base fluids. The nano fluids were characterised by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM, EDAX, and
TEM, and systematically investigated for Thermal conductivity (TC), density, viscosity, specific gravity and
electrical conductivity for different polymer concentrations. The size of nano particles was found to be in the
range of 5-30nm for two different nano particle to PVP ratios. For higher concentration of polymer in nano
fluid, nano particles were 20nm in size showing increase in Thermal conductivity but a decrease in density and
viscosity which is due to the polymer structure around nano particles. It is observed that the viscosity, density &
specific gravity increases with the increase in PVP concentration and decreases with temperature. The thermal
conductivity measurements of nano fluids show substantial increment relative to the base fluid (Ethylene
glycol). Effect of PVP Polymer on viscosity, density, specific gravity can have a significant effect on magnitude
and behaviour of the Thermal conductivity enhancement confirming the Newtonian behaviour of nano fluid.
This offers tremendous scope for developing compact and effective heat transfer equipment. An enhancement of
20-25% for 1:5 volume concentration are observed at an average voltage of 60V when compared with EG
(Ethylene glycol) at the same voltage. This method is simple, fast and reliable for the synthesis of Newtonian
nano fluids containing In2O3 nano particles.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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electrospun TiO2 and carbon nanofibers (1, 3, 5 and 10%) were mixed with metal matrix and fabricated by route of powder metallurgy using High Frequency Induction heat Sintering (HFIHS). Mechanical properties of the sintered composites have been investigated. The manufactured pellets were tested for compression test, hardness and microstructures by the field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM), which reveals the homogeneous distribution of nanofibers in the Al/Mg matrices. In addition,
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host/conventional fluids. The volume fraction of Al2O3 nanoparticles used is 0.005% and 0.05%. Efficiency of
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Photocatalytic degradation of some organic dyes under solar light irradiation...Iranian Chemical Society
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Sulfonic acid-based precursors (SAP) play an important role in tailoring mesoporous silica’s and convert them to a solid acid catalyst with a Bronsted-type nature. These kinds of solid acids contribute to sustainable and green chemistry by their heterogeneous, recyclable, and high efficiency features. Therefore, knowing the properties and reactivity of SAPs can guide us to manufacture a sulfonated mesostructures compatible with reaction type and conditions. In the present review, some of the important SAPs, their reactivity and mechanism of functionalization are discussed.
Modification of mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different organic molecules to ...Iranian Chemical Society
The recognition of the biologically and environmentally important ions is of great interest in the field of chemical sensors in recent years. The fluorescent sensors as a powerful optical analytical technique for the detection of low level of various analytes such as anions and metal cations have been progressively developed due to the simplicity, cost effective, and selectivity for monitoring specific analytes in various systems. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials have important advantages as solid chemosensors and various innovative hybrid materials modified by fluorescence molecules were recently prepared. On the other hand, the homogeneous porosity and large surface area of mesoporous silica make it a promising inorganic support. SBA-15 as a two-dimensional hexagonal mesoporous silica material with stable structure, thick walls, tunable pore size, and high specific surface area is a valuable substrate for modification with different organic chelating groups. This review highlights the fluorescent chemosensors for ionic species based on modification of the mesoporous silica SBA-15 with different organic molecules, which have been recently developed from our laboratory.
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In the present paper, the use of a novel carbon paste electrode modified by 7,8-dihydroxy-3,3,6-trimethyl-3,4-dihydrodibenzo[b,d]furan-1(2H)-one (DTD) and oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (OCNTs) is described for determination of levodopa (LD), acetaminophen (AC) and tryptophan (Trp) by a simple and rapid method. At first, the electrochemical behavior of DTD is studied, then, the mediated oxidation of LD at the modified electrode is investigated. At the optimum pH of 7.4, the oxidation of LD occurs at a potential about 330 mV less positive than that of an unmodified carbon paste electrode. Based on differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), the oxidation current of LD exhibits a linear range between 1.0 and 2000.0 μM of LD with a detection limit (3σ) of 0.36 μM. DPV was also used for simultaneous determination of LD, AC and Trp at the modified electrode. Finally, the proposed electrochemical sensor was used for determinations of these substances in human serum sample.
Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexene, Toluene and Ethyl Benzene Catalyzed by Bi...Iranian Chemical Society
Bis-(L-tyrosinato)copper(II) was reacted with 3-(chloropropyl)-trimethoxysilane functionalized silica that has infused magnetite to yield a magnetically separable catalyst in which the copper carboxylate is covalently linked to the silica matrix through the silane linkage. The immobilized catalyst has been characterized by spectroscopic studies (such as FT-IR, EPR, Magnetic Measurement, SEM) and chemical analyses. The immobilized catalytic system functions as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for oxidation of cyclohexene, toluene and ethyl benzene in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (as an oxidant) and sodium bicarbonate (a co-catalyst). The reaction conditions have been optimized for solvent, temperature and amount of oxidant and catalyst. Comparison of the encapsulated catalyst with the corresponding homogeneous catalyst showed that the heterogeneous catalyst had higher activity and selectivity than the homogeneous catalyst. The immobilized catalyst could be readily recovered from the reaction mixture by using a simple magnet, and reused up to five times without any loss of activity.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Antibacterial ethylene propylene rubber impregnated with silver nanopowder: AgNP@EPR
1. Nano. Chem. Res., 1(1): 1-8, Winter and Spring 2016
DOI: 10.7508/ncr.2016.01.001
Antibacterial ethylene propylene rubber impregnated with silver nanopowder:
AgNP@EPR
M. Miranzadeha
, M.Z. Kassaeea,
*, L. Sadeghi, M. Sadroddinib
, M.R. Kashanib
and N. Khoramabadic
a
Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
b
Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
c
Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
(Received 30 October 2014, Accepted 11 August 2015)
ABSTRACT: Following our interest in reaching for a molded rubber article with possible detergent contact applications, durable
silver nanopowder (AgNP) is synthesized by arc discharge, then mixed with varying ratios of ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), affording
novel AgNP@EPR nanocomposites. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of AgNP as well as AgNP@EPR show no trace of impurity, while
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates an average diameter of 50 nm for the former. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
images while confirm the SEM results, show quite a few 5 nm AgNP particles lying beside some micro crumbs. Our DC arc discharge
technique involves explosion of movable silver anode and static cathode by a current pulse between 5 to 10 A cm-2
. A solution blending
method is employed for preparation of AgNP@EPR nanocomposites. The AgNP is first dispersed in toluene using an ultrasonic
homogenizer, and then thoroughly mixed with EPR in the same solvent whose removal gives nanocomposites of 2, 4, 6 and 8 vol% AgNP
in EPR, showing strong antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Keywords: Silver nanopowder; Arc discharge; Ethylene propylene rubber; Antibacterial activity; Escherichia coli; Staphylococcus
aureus; EPR
INTRODUCTION
The emergence and increase in the number of multiple
antibiotic-resistant microorganisms have caused scientists
develop new effective antimicrobial agents that overcome
such resistance. In particular, silver ions have long been
known to exert strong inhibitory effects as well as to
possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities [1-6].
Hence nowadays, nanosilver is drawing increasing attention
for potential prevention of bacterial/fungal and viral
infections [1,2].
The effects of silver nanoparticles on bacterial cells are
complicated [2]. Yet compared to organic antimicrobial
agents, they are generally safer and more stable [7-10].
Silver nanoparticles are known to produce low
concentrations of Ag+
ions along with Ag atoms [11,12].
*Corresponding author. E-mail: kassaeem@modares.ac.ir
These, as well as other Ag-based compounds, have strong
antimicrobial effects [13-16]. Evidently, they have a distinct
advantage over conventional chemical antimicrobial agents.
Ag+
ions and Ag salts have been used for decades as
antimicrobial agents in various fields because of their
growth-inhibitory capacity against microorganisms. Also,
many other researchers have tried to measure the activity of
metal ions against microorganisms [17].
Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram
negative Escherichia coli are widely used in bacterial
experiments. They live on the body surface of mammals
while sometimes cause infection [2]. Therefore S. aureus
and E. coli strains are selected for this antibacterial study.
The generation of stable and efficient AgNP offers an
advanced perspective in the field of environmental hygiene
and sterilization.
Nonetheless, fabrication and characterization of
nanosilver has attracted considerable attention as a result of
2. Miranzadeh et al./Nano. Chem. Res., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-8, June 2016.
2
its significant applications in the fundamental sciences and
nanotechnology [9]. Specifically, arc discharge technique is
an economical and powerful method for preparation of
nanoparticles [16]. Pulsed wire evaporation (PWE)
technique, a physical process, allows for better production
rate and particle size control with higher efficiency [18-21].
Associating metal nanoparticles to polymer matrix
extend new applications of bio-films with antimicrobial
effects [22,23]. The properties of nanocomposites can be
modified by changing particle size, size distribution or
shape of particles [9]. EPR is one of the most widely used
and fastest growing synthetic rubbers having both specialty
and general-purpose applications [24,25].
Following our interest in reaching for a molded rubber
article with possible detergent contact applications, here we
have utilized arc discharge to synthesize very durable
AgNP, and used it in different quantities for formulation of
novel nanocomposites involving EPR. Nanocomposites of
AgNP@EPR are evaluated for their antibacterial activities
against E. coli and S. aureus.
EXPERIMENTAL
Preparation of AgNP
Silver electrodes, with an 80° angle, are exposed to
pulses of 5-10 A cm-2
in 10% glycerin/water. The resulting
nanopowder is separated upon centrifuging and drying at 70
°C for 24 h.
Nanostructures are characterized using a Holland Philips
Xpert X-ray powder diffractometer (CuK = 0.9, radiation, λ
= 0.154056 nm), at a scanning speed of 2o
min-1
from 20o
to
80o
(2θ). To estimate the average grain size and their quality
with the (111) diffraction peak, Scherrer’s equation is used
[26]. In addition the particle shape and morphology are
determined by SEM (KYKY EM3200-25 KV) and TEM
(Zeiss EM10C 80 KV). Size distribution is obtained by
Malvern Zetasizer ZEN3600.
Preparation of AgNP/EPR Nanocomposites
The desired amount of EPR is dissolved in enough
toluene by stirring at 40 °C. At the same time, specific
volume fraction of AgNP is dispersed in toluene under
sonication. Then, the latter is poured into the EPR solution.
The obtained mixture is stirred at 40 °C for 3 h and then at
120 °C for about 4 h to evaporate the solvent. The resulting
composite is heated at 80 °C in a vacuum oven to remove
traces of the solvent. Finally, disk-shaped samples of 15 mm
diameter and 1.5 mm thick are compression-molded at 160
°C for 10 min, under a pressure of about 10 MPa. SEM
images show the size and distribution of nanoparticles in the
polymer matrix.
Antibacterial Assays
Antibacterial activity of AgNP@EPR composites with
2, 4, 6, 8 vol% AgNP are probed against E. coli (Gram
negative) and S. aureus (Gram positive). Samples are cut
with the same size (3 mm*5 mm) and placed in the test
tube. After 15 min autoclaving at 121°C/15 lb, they are
removed from autoclave and 100 μl bacterial suspension
containing 6 × 107
is added to them in a laminar hood under
aseptic conditions. Suspension of bacteria is prepared by
culturing bacteria on a nutrient medium (such as BHI agar)
in saline for 18 h. The tubes are kept for 16 to 20 h at 37 °C.
After that 10 ml of sterile saline is added to each tube under
aseptic conditions, and vortexed for 2 min until bacteria are
completely transported in saline from the samples. Then,
1:10 dilutions of each tube are done using 2 ml of sterile
saline in the micro tubes (100 μl sample and 900 μl normal
saline). From each dilution 100 μl is cultured on the surface
of Mueller Hinton agar medium. The plates are kept at 37
°C for 18 h. After incubation the number of colonies per
samples is counted.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Size, morphology, and durability of nanosilver highly
depend on method of synthesis. Following our quest for
stable nanomaterials [27-30], and our recent interest in
reaching for a molded rubber article with possible detergent
contact applications, here we take up fabrication of durable
AgNP, through arc discharge in 10% glycerin/water. The
AgNP is mixed with varying ratios of ethylene propylene
rubber (EPR), affording novel antibacterial AgNP@EPR
nanocomposites.
Fabrication of Durable AgNP through Arc
Discharge
Our DC arc discharge technique involves explosion of
3. Antibacterial Ethylene Propylene Rubber Impregnated/Nano. Chem. Res., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-8, June 2016.
3
Fig. 1. SEM image of arc fabricated silver nanopowder
(AgNP).
a
Fig. 2. The XRD pattern of arc fabricated silver
nanopowder (AgNP).
silver rods by a current pulse between 5 to 10 A cm-2
. Fairly
pure silver electrodes (99%) with diameters of 2 mm and
lengths of 40 mm are used as anode and cathode. Arc
experiment is initiated by slowly detaching the moveable
anode from the static cathode. In order to maintain a stable
discharge current between 5 to 10 A cm-2
, the cathode-
anode gap is controlled at approximately 1 mm. To sustain
the arc inside the medium, the angle between the two
electrodes is maximized to 80°. Gas bubbles are formed in
Fig. 3. TEM image of arc fabricated silver nanopowder
(AgNP).
the aqueous media during the arc process, due to the plasma
vaporization/decomposition of the anode material and
boiling plus decomposition of the medium. The vaporized
metal can be condensed more efficiently in the polar liquids
than the gas phase [31]. These media pose rather low
explosion risk. Again, they play a role in quenching and
capping the atomized Ag vapor into dispersed solid
nanostructures.
The SEM image of AgNP shows reasonable
morphological uniformity and size distribution (Fig. 1). Due
to capping potential of glycerin, AgNP turns out very pure
(Fig. 2). Particle size for AgNP appears about 41.0 nm
according to Debye-Scherrer equation, Dh,k,l = kλ/βcosθ,
where k is a constant (generally considered as 0.89), λ is the
wavelength of Co Ka (1.78897 Å), β is the corrected
diffraction line full-width at half-maximum (FWHM), and θ
is Bragg’s angle. Our TEM images show the presence of
AgNP as small as 8 nm (Fig. 3). However for economic
reasons, we deliberately employ the as-prepared unfiltered
AgNP, which is naturally accompanied by agglomerations
that give an excessive size distribution manifested by DLS
through Zetasizer analyses (Fig. 4).
Preparation of AgNP@EPR Nanocomposites
The AgNP is first dispersed in toluene, using ultrasonic
homogenizer for 30 min, and then thoroughly mixed with
4. Miranzadeh et al./Nano. Chem. Res., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-8, June 2016.
4
Fig. 4. Size distribution manifested by DLS through Zetasizer analysis where arc fabricated silver nanopowder
(AgNP) show an intrinsically wider size distribution in water.
Fig. 5. The SEM images of AgNP@EPR composites with 2, 4, 6 and 8 vol% of AgNP.
5. Antibacterial Ethylene Propylene Rubber Impregnated/Nano. Chem. Res., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-8, June 2016.
5
EPR in the same solvent. Its evaporation under reduced
pressure gives nanocomposites of 2, 4, 6 and 8 vol% AgNP
in EPR. The SEM images of these nanocomposites show
acceptable distribution of AgNP in EPR matrix along with
some agglomeration due to differing polarities of AgNP and
EPR (Fig. 5). The XRD pattern of AgNP@EPR shows
peaks of silver and a broad band at 2θ = 20 attributed to
EPR (Fig. 6).
Antibacterial Studies
Antibacterial tests of these nanocomposites show total
eradication of both E. coli and S. aureus due to Ag+
and Ag°
seemingly released by AgNP@EPR (Figs. 7-8) [11,12].
The mechanism of the inhibitory effects of Ag+
ions on
microorganisms is partially known. Some studies have
reported that the positive charge on the Ag+
ion is crucial
for its antimicrobial activity through the electrostatic
attractions between the negatively charged cell membrane
of microorganisms and the positively charged nanoparticles
[16,32-33]. In contrast, Sondi and Salopek-Sondi (2004)
report that the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs on Gram-
negative bacteria is dependent on the concentration of the
Ag nanoparticles used, and is closely associated with the
formation of pits in the cell wall of bacteria [34]. Following
this, Ag nanoparticles are accumulated in the bacterial
membrane and cause permeability, resulting in the cell
death. Amro et al. suggested that metal depletion may cause
the formation of irregularly shaped pits in the outer
membrane and change membrane permeability, which is
caused by the progressive release of lipopolysaccharide
molecules and membrane proteins [35]. Also, Sondi and
Salopek-Sondi speculate that a similar mechanism may
cause the degradation of the membrane structure of E.
coli during treatment with AgNPs [34]. Although their
inference involves some sort of binding mechanism, the
mechanism of the interaction between AgNPs and
components of the outer membrane is still unclear. From
another perspective, silver ions may cause the release of K+
ions from bacteria; thus, the bacterial plasma or cytoplasmic
membrane, which is associated with many important
enzymes and DNA, is an important target site of silver ions
[36-39]. When bacterial growth is inhibited, silver ions are
deposited into the vacuole and cell walls as granules [40].
So, they may inhibit cell division and damage the cell
envelope and cellular contents of the bacteria [41]. The
sizes of the bacterial cells increase and the cytoplasmic
membrane, cytoplasmic contents, and outer cell layers
exhibit structural abnormalities. In addition, silver ions can
interact with nucleic acids [40]. They preferentially interact
with the bases in the DNA rather than with the phosphate
groups, although the importance of this mechanism in terms
of their lethal action remains unclear [2,43-45].
Fig. 6. The XRD pattern of AgNP@EPR composites.
6. Miranzadeh et al./Nano. Chem. Res., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-8, June 2016.
6
Fig. 7. Antibacterial activity of AgNP@EPR composites against E. coli (a) blank without composite (b) in present
of composites (1) 2 vol% (2) 4 vol% (3) 6 vol% (4) 8 vol% AgNP.
Fig. 8. Antibacterial activity of AgNP@EPR composites against S. aureus (a) blank without composite (b) in
present of composites (1) 2 vol% (2) 4 vol% (3) 6 vol% (4) 8 vol% AgNP.
a
b
1 2
3 4
a
b
1 2
3 4
7. Antibacterial Ethylene Propylene Rubber Impregnated/Nano. Chem. Res., Vol. 1, No. 1, 1-8, June 2016.
7
The possibility of free-radical involvement in the
antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) has
been previously reported [46], but the underlying
mechanism and characteristics remain unclear. The
interaction between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and
bacterial cell death is revealed in a previous study [47].
Accordingly, bacterial DNA or mitochondria can be
affected by ROS. Thus, for instance, some of them show
good antibacterial and antiviral effects, producing ROS such
as superoxide anion (O2-
), hydroxyl radical (OH·
) and
singlet oxygen (1
O2
) with subsequent oxidative damage [2].
The results show that although AgNP blend with EPR, its
antibacterial activity remains intact. Indeed, AgNP in EPR
matrix can release both Ag nanoparticles and Ag+
in aqua
which play the role of antibacterial agents.
CONCLUSIONS
Durable silver nanopowder (AgNP) is synthesized
through arc discharge, then curved in ethylene propylene
rubber (EPR), resulting in novel AgNP@EPR
nanocomposites, which show antibacterial activity against
both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Such an
effect upgrades EPR and may expand its numerous
applications in the green sanitization industry. Purity, size,
and structural make-ups of AgNP as well as AgNP@EPR
are authenticated by XRD, SEM and TEM.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors appreciate the financial support of this work
by the Iran National Science Foundation (INSF) and Tarbiat
Modares University. Helpful suggestions and cooperation
are appreciated from Reza Mohammadi, Narjes Haerizade,
Zahra Nasr Esfahani, Ismael Eidi, Shabnam Hosseini,
Meriyam Mirabedini, Ali Akbar Ahmadi, Samane
Ashnagar, Nasibe Rezaei and Neda Khorshidvand.
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