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1. 1 | A n t h r o p o l o g y 1 1 7 0 : M e s o a m e r i c a n W r i t i n g S y s t e m s
Anthropology 1170: Mesoamerican Writing Systems*
Catalog Number: 3706
Fall 2013, Monday and Wednesday, 1-2.30pm
Peabody Museum 57E
http://isites.harvard.edu/k98028
*This course also counts towards the fulfillment of a Secondary Field in the Ethnicity, Migration, Rights.
For more information, visit: http://emr.fas.harvard.edu
Instructor
Alexandre Tokovinine,
Office: Peabody Museum 35C
Phone: 617-496-7186,
Email: tokovin@fas.harvard.edu
Course Description
This seminar explores the role of writing broadly defined in the social, political, and religious fabric of
ancient civilizations of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. The region, known as Mesoamerica, is
characterized by an amazing variety of indigenous writing systems, from phonetic ones like Maya
hieroglyphs, to largely pictographic notations such as Mixtec records. The course offers a survey of
Mesoamerican writing systems that centers on the basic properties of the scripts and their uses. It highlights
how specific features of Mesoamerican writing systems reflect broader regional traditions with respect to
the role of writing in social, political, and religious life of ancient societies. The history of the study of writing
systems in Mesoamerica is also brought into view with a particular emphasis on current discussions and
recent advancements in our understanding of the indigenous scripts. The course combines lectures with
seminar-style discussions, as well as some hands-on exploration of Pre-Columbian and Early Colonial texts
on different media from the collections of the Peabody Museum and Harvard libraries.
Course Requirements
There are no midterm and final exams. The students will be graded depending on their participation in the
course meetings, short weekly assignments, and a final research paper project. All requirements must be
successfully completed to pass the course. Weekly assignments and the final paper will be graded. Students
may request that a particular grade be re-examined, but with the understanding that the re-examined grade
could as easily go down as go up. Without approved arrangements with course staff prior to due date, late
submissions will be marked down one-half grade (i.e. A to A-) per day late.
Relative contribution of different class activities to the final grade:
Class participation (discussions and short presentations) ……………… 30%
Assignments (a total contribution of 8 assignments) ……………………… 40%
Research paper project ………………………………………………………………… 30%

2. 2 | A n t h r o p o l o g y 1 1 7 0 : M e s o a m e r i c a n W r i t i n g S y s t e m s
Academic Integrity
The rules of academic integrity apply to all assignments, as outlined in the student Handbook:
http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page355695
Papers and other work should be created for and submitted to only this course. Any student who wishes to
submit work used in a different course must obtain a prior written permission of the instructor. If a student
wishes to submit the same or similar work to more than one course during the same term, the prior written
permission of all of the instructors involved must be obtained. A student who submits the same or similar
work to more than one course without such prior permission will ordinarily be required to withdraw from
the College or from GSAS. Collaboration in the completion of assignments is prohibited unless explicitly
permitted by the instructor.
Accommodations for students with disabilities
Any student needing academic adjustments or accommodations is requested to present their letter from the
Accessible Education Office (AEO) and speak with the professor by the end of the second week of the term.
Failure to do so may result in the Course Head’s inability to respond in a timely manner. All discussions will
remain confidential, although AEO may be consulted to discuss appropriate implementation.
Course Readings and Assignments
Course readings and assignments will be available (as PDF files) on course website. Some readings will also
be on reserve in the Tozzer Library.
Course Schedule (Readings and Assignments)
Mon Sep 2 – Labor Day
Tue Sep 3 – Classes begin
Wed Sep 4 – Introducing Mesoamerican writing systems
No readings assigned
Mon Sep 9 – What is writing and how is it deciphered?
Robinson, Andrew, 2007 The Story of Writing. Thames & Hudson, London, pp. 7-17; 36-67
Daniels, Peter T., 1996 The Study of Writing Systems. In The World's Writing Systems, Daniels, Peter
T. and William Bright, eds., pp. 3-17. Oxford University Press, New York; Oxford.
Houston, Stephen D., 2004 The Archaeology of Communication Technologies. Annual Review of
Anthropology 33:223-250.
Wed Sep 11 – What is writing and how is it deciphered?

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Daniels, Peter T., 1996 Methods of Decipherment. In The World's Writing Systems, Daniels, Peter T.
and William Bright, eds., pp. 141-159. Oxford University Press, New York; Oxford.
Coe, Michael D. 2012 Breaking the Maya Code. 3rd ed. Thames & Hudson, London, pp. 13-45
Mon Sep 16 - Deciphering Mesoamerican scripts: Maya case
Primary
Stuart, George E., 1992 Quest for Decipherment: A Historical and Biographical Survey of Maya
Hieroglyphic Investigation. In New Theories on the Ancient Maya, Danien, Elin C. and Robert J.
Sharer, eds., pp. 1-63. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Knorozov, Yurii, 1956 New Data on the Maya Written Language. Journal de la Société des
Américanistes 54:209-217.
Houston, Stephen D., 1988 The Phonetic Decipherment of Mayan Glyphs. Antiquity 62 (234):126-
135.
Stuart, David, 1987 Ten Phonetic Syllables. Center for Maya Research, Washington, D.C.
Secondary
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana, 1960 Historical Implications of a Pattern of Dates at Piedras Negras,
Guatemala. American Antiquity 25 (4):454-475.
Knorozov, Yurii and Sophie D. Coe, 1958 The Problem of the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphic Writing.
American Antiquity 23 (3):284-291.
Wed Sep 18 – deciphering Mesoamerican scripts: Isthmian case
Primary
Winfield Capitaine, Fernando, 1988 La Estela 1 De La Mojarra, Veracruz, México. Center for Maya
Research, Washington, D.C. (English text only)
Justeson, John S. and Terrence Kaufman, 1993 A Decipherment of Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing.
Science 259:1703-1711.
Justeson, John S., 1997 A Newly Discovered Column in the Hieroglyphic Text on La Mojarra Stela 1: A
Test of the Epi-Olmec Decipherment. Science 277:207-210.
Kelley, David, 1993 The Decipherment of the Epi-Olmec Script as Zoquean by Justeson and Kaufman.
Review of Archaeology 14 (1):29-32.
Houston, Stephen D. and Michael D. Coe, 2003 Has Isthmian Writing Been Deciphered? Mexicon
25:151-162.
Secondary

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Kaufman, Terrence and John S. Justeson, 2001 Epi-Olmec Hieroglyphic Writing and Texts. In The
Proceedings of the Maya Hieroglyphic Workshop: The Coming of Kings; Epi-Olmec Writing, March
10-11, 2001, Wanyerka, Phil, ed., pp. 93-224. University of Texas at Austin, Austin.
Assignment 1 (short essay)
Mon Sep 23 – Origins of Mesoamerican writing systems
Primary
Justeson, John S. 1986 The Origin of Writing Systems: Preclassic Mesoamerica. World Archaeology
17 (3):437-458.
Houston, Stephen D., 2004 Writing in Early Mesoamerica. In The First Writing: Script Invention as
History and Process, Houston, Stephen D., ed., pp. 274-309. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Martínez, Ma. del Carmen Rodríguez , Ponciano Ortíz Ceballos, Michael D. Coe, Richard A. Diehl,
Stephen D. Houston, Karl A. Taube and Alfredo Delgado Calderón, 2006 Oldest Writing in the New
World. Science 313 (5793):1610-1614.
Saturno, William A., David Stuart and Boris Beltrán, 2006 Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo,
Guatemala. Science 311 (5765):1281-1283.
Secondary
Coe, Michael D., 1976 Early Steps in the Evolution of Maya Writing. In Origins of Religious Art and
Iconography in Preclassic Mesoamerica, Nicholson, Henry B., ed., pp. 107-122. Latin American
Studies Series, 31. University of California, Los Angeles, Latin American Center, Los Angeles.
Wed Sep 25 – Mesoamerican notational systems and calendar
Primary
Marcus, Joyce, 1992 Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient
Civilizations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., pp. 95-142
Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 2004 Beyond Writing. In The First Writing: Script Invention as History and
Process, Houston, Stephen D., ed., pp. 313-348. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Saturno, William A., David Stuart, Anthony F. Aveni and Franco Rossi, 2012 Ancient Maya
Astronomical Tables from Xultun, Guatemala. Science 336:714-717.
Harvey, Herbert R. and Barbara J. Williams, 1980 Aztec Arithmetic: Positional Notation and Area
Calculation. Science 210 (4469):499-505.
Secondary
Stuart, David, 2011 The Order of Days: The Maya World and the Truth About 2012. Harmony Books,
New York, pp. 93-161
Harvey, Herbert R. and Barbara J. Williams, 1986 Decipherment and Some Implications of Aztec
Numerical Glyphs. In Native American Mathematics, Closs, Michael P., ed., pp. 237-259. University
of Texas Press, Austin.

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Williams, Barbara J. and María del Carmen Jorge y Jorge, 2008 Aztec Arithmetic Revisited: Land-Area
Algorithms and Acolhua Congruence Arithmetic. Science 320 (5872):72-77.
Assignment 2 (short essay)
Mon Sep 30 – Ethnohistoric background of Mesoamerican writing systems
Primary
Marcus, Joyce, 1992 Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient
Civilizations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., pp. 45-93
Houston, Stephen D., 1994 Literacy among the Pre-Columbian Maya: A Comparative Perspective. In
Writing without Words: Alternative Literacies in Mesoamerica and the Andes, Mignolo, Walter D.
and Elizabeth Hill Boone, eds., pp. 27-49. Duke University Press, Durham.
Karttunen, Frances E., 1982 Nahuatl Literacy. In The Inca and Aztec States, 1400-1800: Anthropology
and History, Collier, George A., Renato I. Rosaldo and John D. Wirth, eds., pp. 395-418. Academic
Press, New York.
Secondary
Chuchiak, John F., 2004 The Images Speak: The Survival and Production of Hieroglyphic Codices and
Their Use in Post-Conquest Maya Religion (1580-1720). In Continuity and Change : Maya Religious
Practices in Temporal Perspective, Grãna Behrens, Daniel, Nikolai Grube, Christian Prager, Frauke
Sachse, Stefanie Teufel and Elisabeth Wagner, eds., pp. 165-183. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt
Schwaben.
Wed Oct 2 - Basics of Maya writing
Primary
Stuart, David, 2005 Sourceboook for the 29th Maya Hieroglyphic Forum, March 11-16, 2005.
Department of Art and Art History, The University of Texas, Austin, pp. 21-78
Houston, Stephen D., 2011 All Things Must Change: Maya Writing over Time and Space. In Their Way
of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America, Boone, Elizabeth Hill and
Gary Urton, eds., pp. 21-42. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Stone, Andrea and Marc Zender, 2011 Reading Maya Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Maya
Painting and Sculpture. New York, N.Y. Thames & Hudson, pp. 7-27
Secondary
Houston, Stephen D., David Stuart and John Robertson, 1998 Disharmony in Maya Hieroglyphic
Writing: Linguistic Change and Continuity in Classic Society. In Anatomía De Una Civilización:
Aproximaciones Interdisciplinarias a La Cultura Maya, pp. 275-296. Sociedad Española de Estudios
Mayas, Madrid.
Lacadena, Alfonso and Søren Wichmann, 2004 On the Representation of the Glottal Stop in Maya
Writing. In The Linguistics of Maya Writing, Wichmann, Søren, ed., pp. 103–162. University of Utah
Press, Salt Lake City.

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Assignment 3 (drawing)
Mon Oct 7 – Maya writing and language
Primary
Campbell, Lyle, 1999 Historical Linguistics: An Introduction. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., pp. 108-
162
Houston, Stephen D., John Robertson and David Stuart, 2000 The Language of Classic Maya
Inscriptions. Current Anthropology 41 (3):321-356.
Secondary
Wichmann, Søren, 2006 Mayan Historical Linguistics and Epigraphy: A New Synthesis. Annual Review
of Anthropology 35:279-294.
Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso, 2011 Mayan Hieroglyphic Texts as Linguistic Sources. In New
Perspectives in Mayan Linguistics, Avelino, Heriberto, ed., pp. 343-373. Cambridge Scholars
Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Wed Oct 9 – Maya writing and archaeology
Primary
Houston, Stephen D., 1989 Archaeology and Maya Writing. Journal of World Prehistory 3 (1):1-32
Houston, Stephen D. 2000 Into the Minds of Ancients: Advances in Glyph Studies. Journal of World
Prehistory 14:121-201
Secondary
Houston, Stephen D. and Takeshi Inomata, 2009 The Classic Maya. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge; New York, N.Y., pp. 105-192
Assignment 4 (transliteration of a sample text)
Mon Oct 14 – Columbus Day
Wed Oct 16 – Maya narratives
Primary
Martin, Simon, 2006 On Pre-Columbian Narrative: Representation across the Word-Image Divide. In
A Pre-Columbian World, Quilter, Jeffrey and Mary E. Miller, eds., pp. 55-105. Dumbarton Oaks
Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Houston, Stephen D., 1997 Shifting Now: Aspect, Deixis, and Narrative in Classic Maya Texts.
American Anthropologist 99 (2):291-305.

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Stuart, David, 2005 A foreign past: the writing and representation of history on a royal ancestral
shrine at Copan. In Copan: The History of an Ancient Maya Kingdom. E.W. Andrews and W.L. Fash,
eds. Pp. 373-394. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.
Secondary
Tokovinine, Alexandre 2007 Art of the Maya epitaph: the genre of posthumous biographies in the
Late Classic Maya inscriptions. In Sacred books, sacred languages: two thousand years of religious
and ritual Mayan literature. R. Valencia Rivera and G. Le Fort, eds. Pp. 1-20. Acta Mesoamericana,
18. Markt Schwaben: Verlag Anton Saurwein.
Research paper proposal due
Mon Oct 21 – Maya writing and emic typologies
Primary
Houston, Stephen D., David Stuart and Karl A. Taube, 1989 Folk Classification of Classic Maya
Pottery. American Anthropologist 91 (3):720-726.
Zender, Marc, 2000 A Study of Two Uaxactun-Style Tamale-Serving Vessels. In The Maya Vase Book:
A Corpus of Rollout Photographs of Maya Vases, Volume 6, Kerr, Justin, ed., pp. 1038–1055. Kerr
Associates, New York.
Beliaev, Dmitri D., Albert Davletshin and Alexandre Tokovinine, 2009 Sweet Cacao and Sour Atole:
Mixed Drinks on Classic Maya Ceramic Vases. In Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary
Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica, Staller, John E. and Michael
Carrasco, eds., pp. 257-273. Springer Science and Business Media, New York.
Secondary
Stuart, David, 1998 "The Fire Enters His House": Architecture and Ritual in Classic Maya Texts. In
Function and Meaning in Classic Maya Architecture, Houston, Stephen D., ed., pp. 373-425.
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Wed Oct 23 – Maya writing and religion/worldview
Primary
Houston, Stephen D., 1999 Classic Maya Religion: Beliefs and Practices of an Ancient American
People. BYU Studies 38 (4):43-72
Houston, Stephen D. and David Stuart, 1996 Of Gods, Glyphs, and Kings: Divinity and Rulership
among the Classic Maya. Antiquity 70:289-312.
Martin, Simon, 2006 Cacao in Ancient Maya Religion: First Fruit from the Maize Tree and Other Tales
from the Underworld. In Chocolate in Mesoamerica: A Cultural History of Cacao. C.L. McNeil, ed. Pp.
154-183. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Secondary

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Stuart, David, 2012 The Name of Paper: The Mythology of Crowning and Royal Nomenclature on
Palenque's Palace Tablet. In Maya Archaeology 2, Golden, Charles, Stephen Houston and Joel
Skidmore, eds., pp. 116-142. Precolumbia Mesoweb Press, San Francisco.
Houston, Stephen D. and Takeshi Inomata, 2009 The Classic Maya. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge ; New York, N.Y., pp. 193-217
Assignment 5 (short essay)
Mon Oct 28 – Peabody Museum tour
Stuart, David, 1996 Kings of Stone: A Consideration of Stelae in Ancient Maya Ritual and
Representation. Res 29:148-171.
Stuart, David, 2010 Shining Stones: Observations on the Ritual Meaning of Early Maya Stelae. In The
Place of Stone Monuments : Context, Use, and Meaning in Mesoamerica's Preclassic Transition,
Guernsey, Julia, John E. Clark and Bárbara Arroyo, eds., pp. 283-298. Dumbarton Oaks Research
Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Wed Oct 30 – Zapotec writing
Primary
Whittaker, Gordon, 1992 The Zapotec Writing System. In Supplement to the Handbook of Middle
American Lndians: Epigraphy, Bricker, Victoria R., ed., pp. 5-19. University of Texas press, Austin.
Marcus, Joyce, 1992 Mesoamerican Writing Systems: Propaganda, Myth, and History in Four Ancient
Civilizations. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., pp. 68-75
Urcid, Javier, 2001 Zapotec Hieroglyphic Writing. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection,
Washington, D.C., pp. 409-442
Secondary
Urcid, Javier, 2011 The Written Surface as a Cultural Code: A Comparative Perspective of Scribal
Traditions from Southwestern Mesoamerica. In Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and
Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America, Boone, Elizabeth Hill and Gary Urton, eds., pp. 111-148.
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Assignment 6 (short essay)
Mon Nov 4 – Teotihuacan writing
Primary
Taube, Karl A., 2000 The Writing System of Ancient Teotihuacán. Center for Ancient American
Studies, Barnardsville, N.C.
Secondary
Taube, Karl A., 2011 Teotihuacan and the Development of Writing in Early Classic Central Mexico. In
Their Way of Writing: Scripts, Signs, and Pictographies in Pre-Columbian America, Boone, Elizabeth

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Hill and Gary Urton, eds., pp. 77-110. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington,
D.C.
Wed Nov 6 – Interaction between Mesoamerican scripts
Primary
Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso, 2010 Historical Implications of the Presence of Non-Mayan
Linguistic Features in the Maya Script. In The Maya and Their Neighbours: Internal and External
Contacts through Time, Broekhoven, Laura van, Rogelio Valencia Rivera, Benjamin Vis and Frauke
Sachse, eds., pp. 29-39. Acta Mesoamerica Volume 22. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben.
Pallán, Carlos and Lucero Meléndez Guardarrama, 2010 Foreign Influences on the Maya Script. In
The Maya and Their Neighbours: Internal and External Contacts through Time, Broekhoven, Laura
van, Rogelio Valencia Rivera, Benjamin Vis and Frauke Sachse, eds., pp. 9-28. Acta Mesoamerica
Volume 22. Verlag Anton Saurwein, Markt Schwaben.
Boot, Erik, 2010 Loanwords,“Foreign Words,” and Foreign Signs in Maya Writing. In The Idea of
Writing: Play and Complexity, Voogt, Alex de and Irving Finkel, eds., pp. 129-177. Brill, Leiden.
Secondary
Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso, 2010 Highland Mexican and Maya Intellectual Exchange in the Late
Postclassic : Some Thoughts on the Origin of Shared Elements and Methods of Interaction. In
Astronomers, Scribes, and Priests : Intellectual Interchange between the Northern Maya Lowlands
and Highland Mexico in the Late Postclassic Period, Vail, Gabrielle and Christine Hernández, eds., pp.
383-406. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Assignment 7 (short essay)
Mon Nov 11 – Veterans Day – Writing at Cacaxtla and Xochicalco
Berlo, Janet C., 1989 Early Writing in Central Mexico: In Tlilli, in Tlapaplli before A.D. 1000. In
Mesoamerica after the Decline of Teotihuacán, A.D. 700-900, Diehl, Richard A. and Janet C. Berlo,
eds., pp. 19-48. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Hirth, Kenneth G.1989 Militarism and Social Organization at Xochicalco, Morelos. In Mesoamerica
after the Decline of Teotihuacán, A.D. 700-900, Diehl, Richard A. and Janet C. Berlo, eds., pp. 69-82.
Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Helmke, Christophe and Jesper Nielsen, 2011 The Writing System of Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
Boundary End Archaeology Research Center, Washington, D.C.
Wed Nov 13 – Mixtec writing /pictography
Jansen, Maarten, 1992 Mixtec Pictography: Conventions and Contexts. In Supplement to the
Handbook of Middle American Indians: Epigraphy, Bricker, Victoria R., ed., pp. 20-33. University of
Texas Press, Austin.

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Troike, Nancy, 1990 Pre-Hispanic Pictorial Communication: The Codex System of the Mixtec of
Oaxaca, Mexico. Visible Language 24:74-87.
Mon Nov 18 – Aztec writing and pictography
Primary
Dibble, Charles, 1971 Writing in Central Mexico. In Handbook of Middle American Indians,
Wauchope, Robert, ed., pp. 322-332. vol. 10. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Prem, Hanns, 1992 Aztec Writing. In Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians:
Epigraphy, Bricker, Victoria R., ed., pp. 53-69. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Secondary
Nicholson, Henry B., 1973 Phoneticism in the Late Pre-Hispanic Central Mexican Writing System. In
Mesoamerican Writing Systems: A Conference at Dumbarton Oaks, Benson, Elizabeth P., ed., pp. 1-
46. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Washington, D.C.
Wed Nov 20 – Phonetic decipherment of the Aztec script
Primary
Zender, Marc, 2008 One Hundred and Fifty Years of Nahuatl Decipherment. The PARI Journal 8
(4):24-37.
Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso, 2008 Regional Scribal Traditions: Methodological Implications for
the Decipherment Ofnahuatlwriting. The PARI Journal 8 (4):1-22.
Secondary
Lacadena García-Gallo, Alfonso, 2008 The wa1 and wa2: Phonetic Signs and the Logogram for Wa
Innahuatlwriting. The PARI Journal 8 (4):38-45.
Whittaker, Gordon, 2009 The Principles of Nahuatl Writing. Göttinger Beiträge zur
Sprachwissenschaft 16:47-81.
Assignment 8 (short essay)
Mon Nov 25 - Looking at Early Colonial manuscripts
Readings TBA
Wed Nov 27 – Sun Dec 1 – Thanksgiving (no classes)
Mon Dec 2 The death(s) of Mesoamerican scripts
Primary

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Houston, Stephen D., 2008 The Small Deaths of Maya Writing. In The Disappearance of Writing
Systems: Perspectives on Literacy and Communication, Baines, John, John Bennet and Stephen D.
Houston, eds., pp. 231-252. Equinox Publishing Ltd., London.
Boone, Elizabeth Hill, 2008 The Death of Mexican Pictography. In The Disappearance of Writing
Systems: Perspectives on Literacy and Communication, Baines, John, John Bennet and Stephen D.
Houston, eds., pp. 253-284. Equinox Publishing Ltd., London.
Secondary
Chuchiak, John F., 2006 De Extirpatio Codicis Yucatanensis: The 1607 Colonial Confiscation of a Maya
Sacred Book – New Interpretations on the Origins and Provenience of the Madrid Codex. In Sacred
Books, Sacred Languages: Two Thousand Years of Religious and Ritual Mayan Literature, Valencia
Rivera, Rogelio and Geneviève Le Fort, eds., pp. 113-140. Acta Mesoamericana, 18. Verlag Anton
Saurwein, Markt Schwaben.
Wed Dec 4 – Student research presentations
Thu Dec 5 – Wed Dec 11 – Reading period
Thu Dec 12 – Research paper due