This document provides an overview of anthropological places and tools from ancient Algeria. It describes several periods: - The Paleolithic period, including sites of Neanderthals and the Aterian civilization who developed sophisticated stone tools. - The Neolithic period saw the emergence of dolmens and evidence of the Capsian people at sites like Roknia, known for over 7,000 dolmens. - Rock art from the Tassili n'Ajjer period between 8000 and 4000 BC provides insights into the lifestyles of hunter-gatherers through cave paintings. - Numidian kingdoms left behind tomb constructions like those at Medracen and the Royal Mauritanian ma

1. Anthropological Places And
Tools In Algeria
Students Of English 1st year Groupe 1
Benzerari A
Ati A. S.
Ati N.
Adjim M. El Moukhtar
Boulebnane . M.
Bouzaata M.

2. Introduction
Ancient time is the dawn of all the promises for
humanity, Algerians are a part of it. Ancient Algeria is a long
period started from the prehistory, with the very first
inhabitants, till the antiquity which ended with the coming of
Islam. This period was characterised by an exciting culture
shared with other civilisations such as: Greek, Phoenician,
Egyptian, Roman and African.
The first part of Ancient Algeria is the prehistory, which
means, the time before the recorded history. It is also called
the Stone Age because human used stone as tools in their
daily life.

3. Some History Indicators

4. Prehistory
Middle Paleolithic
The Neanderthals and Mousterian traditions:
an exstinct species of humans or primitive humans. They used
stone tools called mousterians used for cutting meat, scraping
skins, chopping wood, digging holes, hammering bone or wood,
and even as a last resort defense against wild animals --
perhaps sort of a Stone Age Swiss army knife. . They were
found in Tighennif, Mascara

5. Aterian Civilization :
The first mediterranean people
The Aterian is a distinctive
North African culture, which seems to
have developed among these early
hunter-gatherers locked into the
Algerian and Moroccan Maghreb
They found sophisticated tools
such as scrapers, punches and a kind
of peak stones ancestor of the arrow
or tanged points .
The Aterian civilization to off -
25000 years (Cliff near Sidi Said
Tipasa) replaced gradually to -22000
years that the man Mechta el-
Arbi also said Mechta Afalou .
Sites of Bir el Ater, south of Annaba, and in
the Nementcha at 70 km south of Tebessa,
to the extremity of djebel Onk).

6. Things are accelerating and we're
in the ninth millennium. Homo
sapiens (Neanderthal type) has
changed again and is now called Homo
sapiens sapiens (the conscious man of
his knowledge). Its fossil remains found
in Mechta el-Arbi , close to Chelghoum
Laïd, west of Constantine, to Afalou
R'Mel Bou, near Bejaia, La Mouillah
near Maghnia in western Algeria. The
features of one recognizes this man of
Middle Paleolithic Cro-Magnon
species. The Man Mechta reached its
peak -10000 BC. AD
Man of Mechta el-Arbi or Homo sapiens sapiens

7. Ancient Neolithic:
Dolmen at Roknia. Roknia is a
necropolis in the Guelma
region of north-east Algeria
consisting of more than 7000
dolmens spread over an area
of 2 km
Dolmens
A dolmen, also known as a portal
tomb, portal grave or quoit, is a type
of single-chamber megalithic tomb,
usually consisting of two or
more unpright stones supporting a
large flat horizontal capstone (table),
although there are also more complex
variants. Most date from the
early Neolithic period (4000 to 3000
BC). Dolmens were typically covered
with earth or smaller stones to form
a barrow. In many instances, that
covering has weathered away, leaving
only the stone "skeleton" of the burial
mound intact.

8. The Capsians
The Capsians earn the littoral zone until very
late, overflowing the Ibero-maurusienne area
It is in the art of ornament that distinguish the
Capsians who invent a real decorative style:
perforated shells, shells of ostrich eggs (used to the
Punic!), Sea urchin shells, perforated vertebrae
teeth, stones, turtle shells, natural pearls or bones ...
but also tools such as thin slices of flint. The Capsians
use their industrial waste as jewelry (necklaces and
bracelets of beads broken pottery).
Sites of snail shell mounds near Constantine and in
the Sahara: Capsians were escargot eaters.
They also found an adult skeleton excavated in
1976 near Chéria, Algeria according to the
Department of Anthropology, University of
Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Canada
Shells of the Nassarius species transformed
by Aterians into objects of adornment

9. Recent Neolithic in Sahara (humid):
• Brilliant Civilization (engravings and cave paintings of the
Tassili n’Adjjer).
• Ceramics made his first appearances in the Tassili n'Ajjer
from the eighth century (before Christ).
• The cave paintings found at Tassili-n-Ajjer, north of
Tamanrasset, and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid
scenes of everyday life in the central Maghrib between
about 8000 B.C. and 4000 B.C. They were executed by a
hunting people in the Capsian period of the Neolithic age
who lived in a savanna region teeming with giant buffalo,
elephant, rhinoceros, and hippopotamus, animals that no
longer exist in the now-desert area. The pictures provide
the most complete record of a prehistoric African culture.

10. Rock art in Tassili N'Ajjer
Aouenrhet rock paintings - Illizi. Group of prehistoric
paintings of high artistic quality. Some paintings are truly
unusual, such as the "masked god" and "white lady".
Jabbaren rock paintings ("Great Martian God") - Illizi. Group
of world famous prehistoric paintings, one shows enormous
man-like figure, which by some researchers of paranormal
activities is seen as a depiction of alien.
Sefar Wadi rock art - Illizi. One of world's largest prehistoric
art galleries with many world renowned drawings. Most
famous is the "Great God of Sefar".
Tan Zumaïtak shelter - Illizi. Group of unique, well preserved
prehistoric paintings, showing "aliens".
Terarart rock panel ("The Crying Cows") - Illizi. Panel with
prehistoric engravings of cattle with something like tears at
their eyes. One of the highest achievements in such
technique in Africa.
Wadi Djerat - Illizi. Eary example of rock art - thousands of
rock engravings along 30 km long canyon
16th Century to 9th Century BCE:
Probable descendants of the Capsians came into contact
with " people of the Sea " and learned Aegean and Anatolian
techniques: the Sahara became barren and empty.

11. Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEtnJHeocK
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12. Berbers Or Imagighen
Berbers are located primarily in the northern regions of Algeria and
Morocco, but somewhat to the interior, usually not far from the sea. .
Their ancestors among Capsian Mesolithics and their Neolithic
descendants, possibly with genetic contributions from the important
Neolithic migrations from the Near East.
Numidian and later Berber heritage
Algeria has its own indigenous culture and heritage. Very interesting
are the tombs of the ancient Numidian kings - but even more amazing are
the later urban planning traditions and architecture in the old cities and
towns of Algeria.
The King Jugurtha The King Juba 1

13. Numidian tombs
• Beni Rhenane Mausoleum - Aïn Témouchent. Numidian mausoleum, 15 m wide.
Originally it was some 30 m tall, now much lower. Possibly built in the 2nd century
BC
• Jebel Lakhdar jedars and debel Araoui jedars - Tiaret. Two groups of funerary
monuments of Numidian kings. First group has three of these round, pyramid like
structures, other - ten. Largest ones have a diameter of 46 m, height - up to 18 m.
Oldest is from the 5th century AD, newest - from the 7th century AD.
• Medracen (Madghacen) - Batna. Unusual stone structure - round, 18.5 m high
pyramidal tomb of Numidian kings. Built in the 3rd century BC.
• Royal Mauritanian mausoleum - Tipaza. Enormous stone mound, 60.9 m in
diameter and 32.4 m high. Time of the construction is not known, monument is
approximately 2000 years old.
• Tomb of Massinissa in El Khroub - Constantine. Stone structure - a tomb of
Numidian king Massinissa, built circa 148 BC.
• Tomb of Tin Hinan - Tamanrasset. Unique funerary structure with eleven rooms,
according to legends - a tomb of the legendary Tin Hinan. Rich tomb of a man was
found here in 1925 - 1933. Possibly constructed in the 3rd century.

14. Numidian Berber Tombs
Beni Rhenane Mausoleum - Aïn Témouchent. Numidian mausoleum,
15 m wide. Originally it was some 30 m tall, now much lower. Possibly
built in the 2nd century BC
Jebel Lakhdar jedars and debel Araoui jedars - Tiaret. Two groups of
funerary monuments of Numidian kings. First group has three of these
round, pyramid like structures, other - ten. Largest ones have a
diameter of 46 m, height - up to 18 m. Oldest is from the 5th century
AD, newest - from the 7th century AD.
Medracen (Madghacen) - Batna. Unusual stone structure - round, 18.5
m high pyramidal tomb of Numidian kings. Built in the 3rd century BC.
Royal Mauritanian mausoleum - Tipaza. Enormous stone mound, 60.9
m in diameter and 32.4 m high. Time of the construction is not known,
monument is approximately 2000 years old.
Tomb of Massinissa in El Khroub - Constantine. Stone structure - a
tomb of Numidian king Massinissa, built circa 148 BC.
Tomb of Tin Hinan - Tamanrasset. Unique funerary structure with
eleven rooms, according to legends - a tomb of the legendary Tin
Hinan. Rich tomb of a man was found here in 1925 - 1933. Possibly
constructed in the 3rd century.
Corpos of Tin Hinan
Grave Of Tin Hinan
Tomb Of Massinissa
Medghacen

15. Ruins of ancient cities
Since the 5th century BC, the indigenous peoples
of northern Africa (identified by the Romans as Berbers)
were pushed back from the coast by successive waves
of Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine, Arab, Turkish,
and, finally, French invaders.
Over the centuries they left their mark on the
world especially in Algeria there are numerous Roman
sites and monuments which have the same structure

16. Beni Hammad Fort
M'Sila. Ruins of the first Hammadid capital. This mountain city
was enclosed in 7 km long walls and had four residential
complexes. Notable is the 20 m tall minaret of a mosque. City
was built in 1007 and abandoned in 1090.

17. Djmila
Sétif. Well preserved ruins of Roman - Berberic town in the mountains.
City was constructed in the 1st century AD and abandoned in the 5th -
6th centuries.

18. Hippo Regius
Hippo Regius - Annaba. Ruins of very old town, first established
by Phoenicians in the 12th century BC, later - Roman town and
important centre of early Christianity.

19. Ancent name Thubursicu Numidarum
Ruins of Roman town in Sedrata - Souk Ahras
Khemissa site ( Takfarinas )

20. Lambaesis and Timgad
Lambaesis - Batna. Ruins of Roman town, founded between 123 and 129
AD, declined at the end of 4th century. Contains ruins of large public
buildings - trimuphal arches, aqueducts, amphitheatre and others.
Timgad - Batna. Extensive ruins of once important Roman town. Founded
circa 100 AD as a Roman military outpost to protect Roman colonies from
Berber attacks. Later became an important centre of Christianity,
abandoned in the 7th century. Well preserved grid planning of street
network. Important landmark - the 12 m high Trajan's Arch.

21. Tipaza
Tipaza. Ruins of Punic - Roman town, which later turned
in to a centre of early Christianity. Contains ruins of
three churches as well as amphitheater, baths and
other structures.

22. Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NmzRdy9
BRKY

23. Other Anthropological and archaeological
landmarks
• Djorf Torba megalithic cemetery - Béchar.
Megalithic necropolis, with stone slabs painted
with horses and gazelles. It is possible that the
most adorned grave was a grave of artist.
• Fadnoun Idebni - Illizi. Largest group of idebni -
hundreds of prehistoric solar tombs, formed as
keyholes.
• Senâm - M'sila. Large group of prehistoric
monuments - stone circles from natural
limestone. Diameter of circles varies from 7 to 10
meters.

24. Historical berber towns and cities
Ghoufi - Batna. Historical village with many rock cut houses
(balconies), built over the deep and picturesque Ghoufi
canyon. Village inhabited since the 4th century AD

25. Historical berber towns and cities
Ghoufi - Batna. Historical village with many rock
cut houses (balconies), built over the deep and
picturesque Ghoufi canyon. Village inhabited since
the 4th century AD.

26. Nedroma
Oran. Historical Berber town with medieval
architecture.

27. M'Zab towns
M'Zab towns - Ghardaia, Bouboura, El-Ateuf, Beni Isguene,
Melika - Ghardaïa. Unique monument of Berber urban
planning and architecture - five closely located walled towns.
Each of the towns is built in concentric rings around the
mosque. The adobe structures often have unique
architecture.

28. Timimoun
Adrar. Old desert town with characteristic planning
and architecture. Most buildings are built of red clay.

29. Kasbah of Algiers
Algiers. Very well preserved old city with numerous valuable
buildings and the characteristic urban network of small
medieval passages and streets. Built mainly in 17th - 18th
centuries in the site of ancient city.

30. References and rources
www.anthropology .net
http://anthrocuriosities.tumblr.com
www.paleodirect.com
http://countrystudies.us/algeria/
https://mathildasanthropologyblog.wordpress.com
http://realhistoryww.com/
http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com
http://whc.unesco.org/
http://www.expertalgeria.com/