ACADEMIC WRITING - PLAGIARISM - ITS TYPES (mosaic ) AND CHARACTERISTICS - WHY DO WE PLAGIARIZE -CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM

1. Application NO. -
5d7084caed811e99bf04112d0eb4f63
Email Id –ankitas1401@gmail.com
Course name – Academic writing

2. ACADEMIC WRITING
Academic writing is clear, concise, focussed, structured and
backed up by evidence. Its purpose is to aid the reader’s
understanding.
It has a formal tone and style, but it is not complex and does
not require the use of long sentences and complicated
vocabulary.
Each subjects discipline will have certain writing conventions,
vocabulary and types of discourse that you will become
familiar with over the course of your degree. However, there
are some general characteristics of academic writing that
relevant across all disciplines.

3. Characteristics of academic writing
ACADEMIC WRITING IS :
• Planned and Focused: answers the questions demonstrates an
understanding of the subject.
• Structured : is coherent, written in a logical order, and brings
together related points and material.
• Evidenced : demonstrates knowledge of the subject area, supports
opinions and arguments with evidence, and is referenced accurately.
• Formal in tone and style : uses appropriate language and
tenses , and is clear, concise and balanced.

4. TRAITS OF GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING
COHESION : cohesion, like other semantic relationship such as
synonymy, autonomy, polysemy, is the relationship of meaning of
one item with another item/s in the text or discourse . According to
Halliday and Hasan (1976),”Cohesion refers to the relation of
meaning that exists within the text, and is expressed through the
stratal organization of the test………it occurs where the interpretation
of some elements in the text is dependent on that of another.”
COHERENCE : In a coherent text, there are logical links
between the words , sentences, and paragraphs of the text. The term
comes from the Latin verb co-haerere, which means ‘to stick
together’ (OED).Another way to describe coherence is to say that it
has to do with good and smooth text flow.A writer must maximise
understanding of a text by making it as clear and logical as possible .
Coherence can be achieved in a number of ways. Oshima and Hogue

5. (2006) Suggest the following four :
•Repeating key nouns
•Using consistent pronouns
•Using transition signals to link ideas
•Arranging your ideas in logical order
CLARITY : Clarity is specially important in academic and professional writing
because in these settings we usually are asked to write about more complex subjects
that may be unfamiliar to the reader. When my students adopt the method of “write
as you speak,” their paper usually become confusing and their explanations are
difficult to follow because of both grammatical errors and word choice. Correcting
grammatical errors that occur in speech is a bit easier then identifying problematic
language . The rules of grammar much more concrete then rules about word choice ,
which are virtually non-existence .
READER-FRIENDLINESS : reader friendliness is also an
important features in academic writing, because we want to make our
meaning clear to our reader. Thus he easily understand the objective are
good of writing.

6. PLAGIARISM :
Plagiarism is academic/literery theft (intentionally or
unintentionally). Plagiarism occurs when someone uses other persons
language, ideas, or any other type of text material, figure and graph which
do not belong to common original knowledge without its
acknowledgement.
‘According to the Merriam-Webster online dictionary, to
‘plagiarize’means :
•‘’To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as ones own
•To use (another’s production) without crediting the sources
•To commit literary theft
•To present as new and original an idea or product derive from an existing
sources”.

7. The word ‘plagiarism’ is usually defined as the use of someone else’s text
or idea without a proper reference. This means that writers who use, but
who do not account for, other people’s texts and ideas, are plagiarising.
A note on spelling: ‘plagiarise’ can also be spelled ‘ plagiarize’.
In British English, both forms are accepted ,and in American
English, the form ‘ plagiarize’ is used .
The Common Types Of Plagiarism
SELF-PLAGIARISM
self-plagiarism occurs when a student submits his or her own previous
work, or mixes parts of previous works, without permission from all
professors involved.

8. MOSAIC PLAGIARISM
Mosaic plagiarism occurs when a student borrows phrases from a source
without using quotation marks , or finds synonyms for the author’s
language while keeping to the same general structure and meaning of the
original. Sometimes called “patch writing,” this kind of paraphrasing ,
whether intentional or not , is academically dishonest and punishable
– even if you footnote your source!
ACCIDENTAL PLAGIARISM
Accidental plagiarism occurs when a person neglects to cite their sources ,
or misquotes their sources, or unintentionally paraphrases a source by
using similar words , groups of words , and/or sentence structure without
attribution.
DIRECT PLAGIARISM
Direct plagiarism is the word-for-word transcription of a section of
someone else’s work , without attribution and without quotation marks.
The deliberate plagiarism of someone else’s work is unethical, academically
dishonest, and grounds for disciplinary actions, including expulsion.

9. WHY DO WE PLAGIARIZE ?
There are different reasons that’s why a teacher or student do plagiarize. a
teacher can plagiarize may be to take undue advantage in publication/
writing projects/books etc. but there are plenty of reason that why a
student plagiarizes the things. Let see what the reasons of a student
plagiarize in writing are.
•Study pressure
it is one of the reason why do student plagiarize in
academic writing. Student are busy with lot many things like
assignments/presentation/term end examinations and along with that
they also have to right there synopsis/ papers so may be this is one of the
reason they find it easy to cut /copy and paste.
•Disorganization
disorganizations is when lot many thing going in your
mind what to do what not to do and what to do first .. What to do later …

10. somewhere in between you may thing of just coping from internet or from
any other sources.
•Poor study habits
When students do not take much interest in their
research/work. They just take it very casually and they try to find any easy
way of completing their assignment or whatever work they have assigned .
•English as a foreign language
Being nonnative speaker students may not be
comfortable in writing in English.
•Lack of strict academic discipline
lack of understanding the implications of plagiarism
,some times students as well as even teachers are not aware of
consequences of plagiarism. It can sometimes may lead to plagiarism.
•Careless attitude