The document discusses evidence that animals experience emotions. It describes how emotions have evolved and biological responses they involve. Studies show cognitive biases in various species which support the idea that animals feel optimism and pessimism. Tests on rats have linked positive experiences with decision making. The document also discusses criticism of the view that animals feel emotions and provides examples of emotional behavior in primates, birds, and other species.

1. The word "emotion"datesbackto1779, whenitwas adaptedfromthe frenchwordémouvoir,which
means"to stirup".Emotionshave beendescribedasdiscrete andconsistentresponsestointernal or
external eventswhichhave aparticularsignificance forthe organism.Emotionsare brief indurationand
consistof a coordinatedsetof responses,whichmayinclude physiological,behavioural,andneural
mechanisms.
CharlesDarwinwasone of the firstscientiststowrite aboutthe existence andnature of emotionsin
animals.Hisobservationalandsometimesanecdotal approachhasdevelopedintoa more robust,
hypothesis-driven,scientificapproach.General hypothesesrelatingtocorrelatesbetweenhumansand
animalsalsosupportthe claimthat animalsmayfeel emotionsandthathumanemotionsevolvedfrom
the same mechanisms.Severaltests,suchas cognitive biastestsandlearnedhelplessnessmodels,have
beendeveloped.Cognitivebiases(feelingsof optimismorpessimism) have beenshowninawide range
of speciesincludingrats,dogs,cats,rhesusmacaques,sheep,chicks,starlings,[5] pigs[6] and
honeybees.[7]

2. Scientificapproach
In recentyears,the scientificcommunityhasbecome increasinglysupportive of the ideaof emotionsin
animals.Scientificresearchhasprovidedinsightintosimilaritiesof physiological changesbetween
humansand animalswhenexperiencingemotion.[20]
Much supportfor animal emotionanditsexpressionresultsfromthe notionthatfeelingemotions
doesn'trequire significantcognitiveprocesses,[13] rather,theycouldbe motivatedbythe processesto
act in an adaptive way,assuggestedbyDarwin.Recentattemptsinstudyingemotionsinanimalshave
ledto newconstructionsinexperimental andinformationgathering
Cognitive biastest
Usingthis approach,ithas beenfoundthatrats whichare subjectedtoeither handlingorplayful,
experimenter-administeredmanual stimulation(tickling) showeddifferentresponsestothe
intermediate stimulus:ratsexposedtoticklingwere more optimistic.[5]
The authorsstatedthattheyhad

3. demonstrated"...forthe firsttime alinkbetweenthe directlymeasuredpositive affective state and
decisionmakingunderuncertaintyinananimal model."
Cognitive biaseshave beenshowninawide range of speciesincludingrats,dogs,rhesusmacaques,
sheep,chicks,starlingsandhoneybees
Self-medicationwithpsychoactive drugs
Standardlaboratorycagespreventmice fromperformingseveral natural behavioursforwhichtheyare
highlymotivated.Asaconsequence,laboratorymicesometimesdevelopabnormal behaviours
indicative of emotional disorderssuchasdepressionandanxiety.Toimprove welfare,these cagesare
sometimesenrichedwithitemssuchasnestingmaterial,sheltersandrunningwheels.Sherwinand
Ollson[26] testedwhethersuchenrichmentinfluencedthe consumptionof Midazolam, adrugwidely
usedto treatanxietyinhumans.Mice instandardcages, standardcagesbut withunpredictable
husbandry,orenrichedcages,were givenachoice of drinkingeithernon-druggedwaterora solutionof
the Midazolam.Mice in the standardand unpredictablecagesdranka greaterproportionof the
anxiolyticsolutionthanmice fromenrichedcages,indicatingthatmice fromthe standardand
unpredictablelaboratorycagingmayhave beenexperiencinggreateranxietythanmice fromthe
enrichedcages.
Criticism–
The argumentthat animalsexperienceemotionsissometimesrejecteddue toalack of evidence,and
those[who?]
whodon't believeinthe ideaof animal intelligence,oftenargue
that anthropomorphism playsarole inindividuals'perspectives.Those whorejectthatanimalshave the
capacityto experienceemotiondosomainlybyreferringtoinconsistenciesinstudiesthathave
endorsedthe belief emotionsexist.Havingnolinguisticmeanstocommunicate emotionbeyond
behavioral response interpretation,the difficultyof providinganaccountof emotioninanimalsrelies
heavilyoninterpretiveexperimentation,thatrelies onresultsfromhumansubjects.[22]
Examples
Primates,inparticulargreatapes,are candidatesforbeingable toexperience empathyandtheoryof
mind.Greatapes have complex social systems;youngapesandtheirmothershave strongbondsof
attachmentand whenababy chimpanzee[37] orgorilla[38] dies,the motherwill notuncommonlycarry
the bodyaround forseveral days.Jane Goodall hasdescribedchimpanzeesasexhibitingmournful
behavior.[citationneeded] Koko,agorillatrainedtouse signlanguage,wasreportedtohave expressed
vocalisations indicatingsadnessafterthe deathof herpetcat

4. Langfordet al.examinedempathyinrodentsusinganapproachbasedinneuroscience.[49] They
reportedthat(1) if twomice experiencedpaintogether,theyexpressedgreaterlevelsof pain-related
behaviorthanif painwasexperiencedindividually,(2) if experiencingdifferentlevelsof paintogether,
the behaviorof eachmouse wasmodulatedbythe level of painexperiencedbyitssocial partner,and(3)
sensitivitytoanoxiousstimuluswasexperiencedto the same degree bythe mouse observinga
conspecificinpainasit wasby the mouse directlyexperiencingthe painful stimulus.
Althoughnotdirectevidence thathorsesexperience emotions,a2016 studyshowedthatdomestic
horsesreact differentlytoseeingphotographsof positive (happy) ornegative(angry) humanfacial
expressions.Whenviewingangryfaces,horseslookmore withtheirlefteye whichisassociatedwith
perceivingnegativestimuli.Theirheartrate alsoincreasesmore quicklyandtheyshow more stress-
relatedbehaviours.
The capacity of domestichenstoexperience empathyhasbeenstudied.veryinterestingencounter
amongfive magpies.Magpiesare corvids,averyintelligentfamilyof birds.One magpie hadobviously
beenhitbya car and was layingdeadonthe side of the road. The four othermagpieswere standing
aroundhim.One approachedthe corpse,gentlypeckedatit-justasan elephantnosesthe carcassof
anotherelephant- andsteppedback.Anothermagpiedidthe same thing.Next, one of the magpiesflew
off,broughtback some grass,and laiditby the corpse.Anothermagpie didthe same.Then,all four
magpiesstoodvigil forafewsecondsandone by one flew off.
A furtherseriesof experimentsshowedthat,similartohumans,underconditionsof long-termintense
psychological stress,aroundone thirdof dogsdonotdeveloplearnedhelplessnessorlongterm
depression.[65][66] Insteadthese animalssomehow managedtofindawayto handle the unpleasant
situationinspite of theirpastexperience.
The existence andnature of personalitytraitsindogshave beenstudied(15,329dogs of 164 different
breeds).Five consistentandstable "narrow traits"were identified,describedasplayfulness,
curiosity/fearlessness,chase-proneness,sociabilityandaggressiveness.A furtherhigherorderaxisfor
shyness–boldnesswasalsoidentified.
It has beenpostulatedthatdomesticcatscan learnto manipulate theirownersthroughvocalizations
that are similartothe criesof human babies.whena particularvocalizationelicitsapositive response
froma human,the probabilityincreasesthatthe catwill use thatvocalizationinthe future
Growlingcan be an expressionof annoyance orfear,similartohumans.Whenannoyedorangry,a cat
wrigglesandthumpsitstail muchmore vigorouslythanwhenina contentedstate.Inlargerfelidssuch
as lions,whatappearstobe irritatingtothemvariesbetweenindividuals.A male lionmaylethiscubs
playwithhismane or tail,or he may hissand hitthemwithhispaws.[78] Domesticmale catsalsohave

5. variable attitudestowardstheirfamilymembers,forexample,oldermale siblingstendnottogo near
youngeror newsiblingsandmayevenshow hostilitytowardthem.
Honeybees
Crayfish
Horses
Birds
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_in_animals
Do birdshave feelings?
Corvidsalsoare able to expresspleasureanddothingsforthe fun of it.They alsoseemtounderstand
Schadenfreude, andyankthe tailsof otherbirdsandanimalsjustto see theirreactions.
Alsodon’tpissoff an eagle.They’ll messyouup.It’sverywell knownamongfalconersforaGoldenEagle
whohas missedakill tocome back to herfalconerandfoothim(use her talonson him).If she misses
herkill,falconersknowit’sbesttoletyourgirl siton the groundand cool off her temperbefore youcall
herback.
I’ve seenparrotsgrieve fora lostcompanionora lost human,andsome nevergetoverit.I’ve seenmy
cockatoo take greatoffense atbeinglaughedat.I’ve seenall myparrotsexpressloveandhappinessat
beingoutand playingwithus.WhenIlostmy mother,all of my birdswouldcuddle close andmake
soothingsoundsatme.

6. 1.
Sadnessis the response to losinganice thing,ittellsthe animal togo getthat thingback from
whoevertookit
2. Trust isthe response toa memberof an animal'sfamilyorgroup
3. Disgust isthe response topoisonfood,ittellsthe animal nottoeat that,or to vomit
4. Anticipationis the response toenteringanew area,ittellsthe animal toexplore carefully
5. Surprise is the response tosomethingunexpected,ittellsthe animal tostopwhatitisdoing
until itunderstandthe situation

7. https://www.quora.com/Do-animals-have-emotions-and-feelings
Today,most scientistsagree thatall vertebrate animals — mammals,birds,reptiles,amphibiansandfish
— are,to varyingdegrees,sentient
It’simportantto knowwhowe are here onEarth with.We talkabout conservationof animalsby
numbers,butthose are justnumbers.Watchinganimalsmywhole lifeI’ve alwaysbeenstruckbyhow
similartous theyare.I’ve alwaysbeentouchedbytheirbondsandbeenimpressed—occasionally
frightened—bytheiremotions.
Life isveryvividtoanimals.Inmanycases theyknow whotheyare.Theyknow whotheirfriendsare and
whotheirrivalsare.Theyhave ambitionsforhigherstatus. Theycompete.Theirlivesfollowthe arcof a
career,like oursdo.We bothtry to stay alive,getfoodandshelter,andraise some youngforthe next
generation.Animalsare nodifferentfromusinthatregard and I thinkthattheirpresence here onEarth
istremendouslyenriching.
It isincredible to me there isstill adebate overwhetheranimalsare consciousandevenadebate over
whetherhumanbeingscanknowanimalsare conscious.If youwatchmammalsor evenbirds,youwill
see howtheyrespondtothe world.Theyplay.Theyact frightenedwhenthere’sdanger.Theyrelax
whenthingsare good.It seemsillogical forusto thinkthatanimalsmightnotbe havinga conscious
mental experienceof play,sleep,fearorlove.
So why are many scientists adverse to the idea that animals have consciousness?
In the beginningthere was almost no neurology,nothingwas knownof how mental processes
worked.Animal behaviorwas based on fables,like foxesare clever,tortoises are persistent.So
scientistssaid,“All we can know about animalsis based on what they do. We can only describe
what they do. We can’t know anythingabout theirminds.” Unfortunately,that hardenedinto a
straightjacket assumptionthat if we can’t know anythingabout their minds,we can’t confirm
consciousness.
Meanwhile,people have spent decadeswatching wildanimals.People whowatch wildanimals
don’t questionwhetherthey’re consciousor not because we see incredible intricaciesof behavior
and vast ranges of personalities.I’mtalkingabout vertebrates:mammalslike elephantsand cats,
but also birds.

8. It’s very obviousthat animals are conscious to those whoobserve them. They have to be in order
to do the things theydo and make the choices that theydo, and use the judgmentsthat they use.
However,in laboratoriesthe dogma persists:don’t assume that animalsthink and have emotions–
and many scientistsinsistthat theydo not.
With the public,I think it’squite different.Many people simplyassume that animals act
consciouslyand base their belief ontheirown domesticanimalsor pets. Otherpeople do not want
animalsto be conscious because it makesit easierfor us to do things to animals that wouldbe
hard to do if we knewthey were unhappy and suffering.
National geographic- http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/07/150714-animal-dog-thinking-
feelings-brain-science/
Do animalshave emotions?? - Guardian- https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/nov/13/if-
only-they-could-talk-
Do AnimalsExperience Emotions?
https://www.psychologistworld.com/emotion/do-animals-experience-emotions