An angle kappa occurs when there is a mismatch between the pupillary axis and visual axis. The pupillary axis passes through the center of the pupil perpendicular to the cornea, while the visual axis connects the fovea to the point of fixation. The angle kappa is the angle between the visual axis and the anatomical pupillary axis of the eye. A positive angle kappa occurs when the fovea is temporal to the pupillary axis, simulating exodeviation. A negative angle kappa occurs when the fovea is nasal to the pupillary axis, simulating esodeviation.
Pseudostrabismus is the clinical impression of ocular deviation
when no squint is present.
• Epicanthic folds may simulate an esotropia
• Abnormal interpupillary distance, if short may simulate an esotropia and if wide an exotropia
• Angle kappa is the angle between the visual and anatomical
(pupillary) axes.
○ Normally, the fovea is situated temporal to the
anatomical centre of the posterior pole. The eyes are
therefore slightly abducted to achieve bifoveal fixation
and a light shone onto the cornea will therefore cause a
reflex just nasal to the centre of the cornea in both eyes. This is termed a positive angle kappa.
○ A large positive angle kappa (e.g. temporally displaced
macula) may give a pseudoexotropia
○ A negative angle kappa occurs when the fovea is situated
nasal to the posterior pole (e.g. high myopia). In this
situation, the corneal reflex is situated temporally to the
centre of the cornea and it may simulate an esotropia.
Pseudostrabismus is the clinical impression of ocular deviation
when no squint is present.
• Epicanthic folds may simulate an esotropia
• Abnormal interpupillary distance, if short may simulate an esotropia and if wide an exotropia
• Angle kappa is the angle between the visual and anatomical
(pupillary) axes.
○ Normally, the fovea is situated temporal to the
anatomical centre of the posterior pole. The eyes are
therefore slightly abducted to achieve bifoveal fixation
and a light shone onto the cornea will therefore cause a
reflex just nasal to the centre of the cornea in both eyes. This is termed a positive angle kappa.
○ A large positive angle kappa (e.g. temporally displaced
macula) may give a pseudoexotropia
○ A negative angle kappa occurs when the fovea is situated
nasal to the posterior pole (e.g. high myopia). In this
situation, the corneal reflex is situated temporally to the
centre of the cornea and it may simulate an esotropia.
Retinoscope is an objective refraction instrument used to
determine the spherocylindrical refractive error, as well as
observe optical aberrations, irregularities, and opacities.
The technique is called Retinoscopy/Skiascopy/Shadow Test
Revision of the Anatomy of the Posterior Aspect of the Eyeball - An Essentia...DrAbdelLatifsiam
Recent revival of macular buckling for difficult and recurrent cases of retinal detachment due to macular hole in highly myopic eyes has prompted us to restudy the anatomy of the posterior aspect of the globe as a prerequisite to precise macular buckling by a relatively easy approach
An account of the accurate topography of the posterior aspect of the globe is given and is documented with cadaver eye dissection and in vivo measurements. A review of previous textbook description and publications of this anatomy has been made and all were surprisingly inaccurate
Ophthalmoscopy
A clinical examination of the posterior segment by the means of an ophthalmoscope.
It is primarily done to assess the state of fundus and detect the opacities of ocular media.
Ophthalmoscope
An instrument that allows the ophthalmologist to look inside a person’s eye and see the details of the living retina
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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1. ANGULO KAPPA EN OFTALMOLOGIA Carlos Azañero Inope Residente 2 año Oftalmología Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
2. Un angulo kappa esdebido a queexisteunafalla en la coincidencia del ejepupilar y visual. The pupillary axis is the line passing through the center of the apparent pupil perpendicular to the cornea. The pupillary axis touches the posterior pole of the globe slightly nasal and inferior to the fovea. The visual axis (or the line of sight) connects the fovea with the fixation point. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
3. Definition of angles. C, center of rotation;F,fovea;N, nodal point; O, point of fixation; P, center of pupil; X, point of cornea thatlies in the central pupillary line;AB, optical axis;AP, central pupillary line; OC, fixation axis; OF, visual axis; angleONA, anglealpha; angleOCA, angle gamma; angleOPA,angle kappa; angleOXA, angle kappa, as measuredclinically. Angle lambda notdefined. (FromLyle TK, Wybar KC: Lyle and Jackson’sPracticalOrthoptics in theTreatment of Squint [and OtherAnomalies of Binocular Vision], ed 5. Springfield, IL, Charles C Thomas, 1967.) Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
4. ANGULO KAPPA: Es el ángulo que hay entre el eje visual y el eje de la pupila anatómica del ojo. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
5. ANGULO KAPPA POSITIVO: Si la fovea es temporal al eje pupilar, el reflejo luminoso corneal será ligeramente nasal al centro de la cornea. SIMULA EXODESVIACION Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
6. Fovea 2 ANGULO KAPPA NEGATIVO: Si la fovea es nasal al eje pupilar, el reflejo luminoso corneal será ligeramente temporal al centro de la cornea. SIMULA ENDODESVIACION Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
7. Una causa de ángulo kappa positivo es la retinopatía de la prematuridad con arrastre temporal de la mácula. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
8. The angle kappa. The angle is called positive when the light reflex is displaced nasalward and negative when it is displaced templeward. (From Noorden GK von: Atlas of Strabismus, ed 4. St Louis, Mosby–Year Book, 1983, p 33.) Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com
9. Angle kappa. A, When the observer places his or her eye in line with the light located on the subject’s line of sight, the reflection of that light appears displaced nasalward on the cornea. B, When the examiner brings his or her eye and the light into line with the patient’s pupillary axis, the reflection of the light appears centered. Dr. Carlos Augusto Azañero Inope www.carlosvirtual.com