Angle modulation 3
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This document discusses the generation of frequency modulated (FM) waves and whether the message signal m(t) can be obtained by envelope detection of the FM signal φFM(t). It presents the FM signal equation and explores using envelope detection to extract the message signal from the carrier signal.
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Single sideband (SSB) modulation encodes information in one of the sidebands of a modulated signal. It is generated by multiplying a carrier signal with a modulating signal containing the information to be transmitted. This removes one of the redundant sidebands, improving spectrum efficiency compared to amplitude modulation. Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation is similar but retains a fraction of one sideband, allowing for simpler receiver filtering while maintaining higher bandwidth efficiency than double sideband modulation.
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This document discusses two methods of generating frequency modulated (FM) signals: direct and indirect. The direct method modulates the carrier frequency directly using reactance modulators or varactor diode modulators. This allows for simplicity but lacks stability. The indirect or Armstrong method first phase modulates the signal, then uses a nonlinear circuit and mixer to change the carrier frequency. This provides greater stability and flexibility with higher frequency deviations compared to the direct method.
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- Frequency modulation (FM) which varies the frequency (ω) of the carrier.
- Phase modulation (PM) which varies the phase (φ) of the carrier.
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This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including:
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) which represents data as changes in signal amplitude.
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) which represents data as changes in carrier frequency.
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK) which represents data as changes in the phase of the carrier signal.
- Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) and Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) which are continuous phase modulation schemes used in wireless communications for their spectral efficiency.
- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) which combines ASK and PSK to send multiple bits per symbol.
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This document discusses various operations that can be performed on signals. It was prepared by Dishant Patel, Vishal Gohel, Jay Panchal, and Manthan Panchal, and guided by Prof. Hardik Patel. The key operations discussed are time shifting, time scaling, time inversion/folding, amplitude scaling, addition, subtraction, and multiplication of signals. These basic operations are important for analyzing and manipulating signals for different purposes.
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1) Amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude of a carrier signal according to a modulating signal. This shifts the modulating signal's spectrum to the carrier frequency.
2) Demodulation which is the process of receiving the original signal by multiplying the modulated signal with the carrier signal.
3) Modulators including multiplier modulators, nonlinear modulators, and switching modulators which can be used to perform amplitude modulation.
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Modulation involves modifying a carrier signal with a modulating signal to make it suitable for transmission. There are two main types of modulation: analog and digital. Analog modulation includes amplitude modulation (AM), where the amplitude of the carrier wave varies with the modulating signal. AM can take different forms such as double sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) and single sideband (SSB) to improve power and bandwidth efficiency.
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Here we use IC8038 as a signal generator to generate modulating and carrier signal. IC1496 a Balance Modulator IC used for modulation purpose, for demodulation purpose simple Diode Detector(Envelop type) is used.
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The receiver structure consists of four main components:
1. A matched filter that maximizes the SNR by matching the source impulse and channel.
2. An equalizer that removes intersymbol interference.
3. A timing component that determines the optimal sampling time using an eye diagram.
4. A decision component that determines whether the received bit is a 0 or 1 based on a threshold.
The performance of the receiver depends on factors like noise, equalization technique used, and timing accuracy. The bit error rate can be estimated using tools like error functions.
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The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) and different types of AM including double sideband AM (DSBAM), single sideband AM (SSBAM), and their modulation, demodulation, bandwidth requirements, and power considerations. It provides equations, diagrams, and explanations for DSBAM, SSBAM, and synchronous demodulation. Key aspects covered include the carrier signal, message signal, sidebands, modulation depth, spectrum analysis, and transmitter power efficiency comparisons between DSBAM and SSBAM.
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Pulse code modulation (PCM) is an analog-to-digital conversion technique used to represent sampled analog signals as digital data. PCM involves sampling the analog signal at regular intervals, quantizing the amplitude of the signal at each point to a few discrete levels, and coding it as digital data. The sampling rate must be greater than twice the highest frequency of the analog signal as per the Nyquist sampling theorem. PCM was invented in 1937 but was not widely adopted until the 1940s. It became the standard method for digital telephony due to its robustness and ability to efficiently regenerate and transmit signals.
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This document discusses techniques for pulse shaping to reduce inter-symbol interference (ISI) in digital communication systems. It introduces the Nyquist criteria that pulse shapes must satisfy to avoid ISI, including having zero crossings at symbol intervals, zero areas within symbol periods, and zero values at decision thresholds. Methods like raised cosine filtering are presented that trade off bandwidth for smoothness to meet the Nyquist criteria. The document also discusses partial response signaling techniques like duobinary that relax the criteria but require differential encoding to avoid error propagation.
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Digital modulation techniques change aspects of a carrier signal to transmit information. This document discusses various digital modulation methods including:
- Amplitude modulation (AM) which varies the amplitude (A) of the carrier.
- Frequency modulation (FM) which varies the frequency (ω) of the carrier.
- Phase modulation (PM) which varies the phase (φ) of the carrier.
It then discusses specific modulation techniques including amplitude shift keying (ASK), frequency shift keying (FSK), phase shift keying (PSK) and their variants like quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). The document provides illustrations of the modulated signals and discusses their bandwidth efficiency and performance in noise.
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This document discusses various digital modulation techniques including:
- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) which represents data as changes in signal amplitude.
- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) which represents data as changes in carrier frequency.
- Phase Shift Keying (PSK) which represents data as changes in the phase of the carrier signal.
- Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) and Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) which are continuous phase modulation schemes used in wireless communications for their spectral efficiency.
- Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) which combines ASK and PSK to send multiple bits per symbol.
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This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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