Anemia is a condition defined by lower than normal red blood cell or hemoglobin levels. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, and sickle cell anemia. Shock is a serious medical condition where insufficient blood flow to tissues causes organ dysfunction. There are four primary types of shock: hypovolemic from blood or fluid loss; cardiogenic from heart failure; distributive like septic or neurogenic shock from vasodilation; and obstructive from physical blockage of blood flow. Shock is progressive and can lead to organ damage and death if not treated promptly.
Anaemia results from a lack of red blood cells or dysfunctional red blood cells in the body. This leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs.
Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, lightheadness, dizziness or a fast heartbeat.
Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis. Iron supplements may be used for iron deficiency. Vitamin B supplements maybe used for low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions may be used for blood loss. Medications to induce blood formation may be used if the body’s blood production is reduced.
This document outlines a seminar presentation on anemia given by Nasira Jemal. The presentation covers the definition, classification, clinical manifestations, causes, assessment, medical management, and application of nursing process regarding anemia. The objectives are to define anemia, list the classifications, describe clinical manifestations, identify causes, explain assessments and diagnostics, medical management, and apply the nursing process to anemia. The presentation then goes into detail on these various topics related to anemia.
Discussion 1HematopoieticIbuprofen can be a contributing factoVinaOconner450
Discussion 1
Hematopoietic
Ibuprofen can be a contributing factor in developing iron-deficiency anemia. This can be attributed to blood loss. Frequent pregnancies are another factor. During pregnancies, a significant amount of iron is required to grow the fetus. Also, during childbirth, a lot of blood is lost. This needs a gap between one pregnancy to the next, preferably two years apart, to replenish the iron lost during the previous pregnancy. Another contributing factor to anemia is the use of centrally acting antihypertensive. They are associated with hemodilution and suppression of red blood cell formation.
Hormone fluctuations usually occur during menstrual bleeding and may lead to changes in bowel habits. During the days before the onset of menstrual bleeding, the levels of estrogen and progesterone are high as they prepare for pregnancy. These hormones slow the GI motility, resulting in constipation. At the onset of menstrual bleeding, the hormones reduce abruptly and sudden rise of prostaglandin levels, which results in contraction of smooth muscles, therefore, leading to diarrhea (Judkins et al., 2020). Another possible cause of diarrhea and constipation is vitamin B12 deficiency. Research shows that anemia is also associated with constipation and diarrhea.
The process of erythropoiesis requires vitamin B 12 and folic acid. They are needed during the differentiation of erythroblasts. The deficiency of vitamin B 12 and folic acid interferes with the synthesis of purines and thymidylate, which impairs the production of DNA, causing apoptosis of erythroblasts. This results in anemia due to ineffective erythropoiesis.
Pressure in the brain due to oxygen deprivation results in headaches and dizziness. Patients with iron deficiency anemia may also have easy fatigability, generalized body weakness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Chest pain occurs mainly due to deprived oxygen in the heart muscles.
One of the signs of iron deficiency anemia is pallor. HB in the RBCs gives blood its reddish appearance. In anemia due to a deficiency of iron, the hemoglobin is low in the blood. Koilonychias is another sign which occurs due to deficient blood flow. Edema is also a sign of iron deficiency anemia. It is suggested that a reduced concentration of hemoglobin level leads to reduced inhibition of basal endothelium-derived relaxing factor, which causes vasodilation to result in fluid retention.
These findings suggest hypochromic microcytic anemia. This type of anemia is managed by administering oral or parenteral iron. Therapy includes 325 mg of ferrous sulfate three times a day. Out of this, 10 mg of iron is absorbed from the gut. Parenteral iron is used when oral route administration is associated with side effects, if anemia does not improve on oral administration or if there is continuous blood loss. The iron is prepared with sorbitol and is infused slowly over 5 minutes. For females, 35 mg/kg is the preferred dosage (Chaudhry &Kasarla, 2020) ...
This document discusses erythrocyte and leukocyte disorders. It defines various types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12/folic acid deficiency, aplastic anemia from bone marrow failure, and hemolytic anemias from premature red blood cell destruction. It also discusses polycythemia from an increased red blood cell count. For leukocytes, it defines leukopenia and leukocytosis and discusses neutropenia and various causes of decreased or increased white blood cell counts including leukemia.
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level or red blood cell count is lower than normal. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Globally, anemia affects over 1.6 billion people. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin B12/folate, blood transfusions, or treating the primary disease.
The document discusses anemia, providing details on definition, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that anemia affects 20% of children in the US and is caused by low red blood cells or hemoglobin. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and lab tests of blood counts and smears. The main types of anemia covered are iron deficiency, megaloblastic, hemolytic, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include oral iron, B12, folate supplements, or blood transfusions in severe cases.
Anaemia results from a lack of red blood cells or dysfunctional red blood cells in the body. This leads to reduced oxygen flow to the body's organs.
Symptoms may include fatigue, skin pallor, shortness of breath, lightheadness, dizziness or a fast heartbeat.
Treatment depends on the underlying diagnosis. Iron supplements may be used for iron deficiency. Vitamin B supplements maybe used for low vitamin levels. Blood transfusions may be used for blood loss. Medications to induce blood formation may be used if the body’s blood production is reduced.
This document outlines a seminar presentation on anemia given by Nasira Jemal. The presentation covers the definition, classification, clinical manifestations, causes, assessment, medical management, and application of nursing process regarding anemia. The objectives are to define anemia, list the classifications, describe clinical manifestations, identify causes, explain assessments and diagnostics, medical management, and apply the nursing process to anemia. The presentation then goes into detail on these various topics related to anemia.
Discussion 1HematopoieticIbuprofen can be a contributing factoVinaOconner450
Discussion 1
Hematopoietic
Ibuprofen can be a contributing factor in developing iron-deficiency anemia. This can be attributed to blood loss. Frequent pregnancies are another factor. During pregnancies, a significant amount of iron is required to grow the fetus. Also, during childbirth, a lot of blood is lost. This needs a gap between one pregnancy to the next, preferably two years apart, to replenish the iron lost during the previous pregnancy. Another contributing factor to anemia is the use of centrally acting antihypertensive. They are associated with hemodilution and suppression of red blood cell formation.
Hormone fluctuations usually occur during menstrual bleeding and may lead to changes in bowel habits. During the days before the onset of menstrual bleeding, the levels of estrogen and progesterone are high as they prepare for pregnancy. These hormones slow the GI motility, resulting in constipation. At the onset of menstrual bleeding, the hormones reduce abruptly and sudden rise of prostaglandin levels, which results in contraction of smooth muscles, therefore, leading to diarrhea (Judkins et al., 2020). Another possible cause of diarrhea and constipation is vitamin B12 deficiency. Research shows that anemia is also associated with constipation and diarrhea.
The process of erythropoiesis requires vitamin B 12 and folic acid. They are needed during the differentiation of erythroblasts. The deficiency of vitamin B 12 and folic acid interferes with the synthesis of purines and thymidylate, which impairs the production of DNA, causing apoptosis of erythroblasts. This results in anemia due to ineffective erythropoiesis.
Pressure in the brain due to oxygen deprivation results in headaches and dizziness. Patients with iron deficiency anemia may also have easy fatigability, generalized body weakness, shortness of breath, and chest pain. Chest pain occurs mainly due to deprived oxygen in the heart muscles.
One of the signs of iron deficiency anemia is pallor. HB in the RBCs gives blood its reddish appearance. In anemia due to a deficiency of iron, the hemoglobin is low in the blood. Koilonychias is another sign which occurs due to deficient blood flow. Edema is also a sign of iron deficiency anemia. It is suggested that a reduced concentration of hemoglobin level leads to reduced inhibition of basal endothelium-derived relaxing factor, which causes vasodilation to result in fluid retention.
These findings suggest hypochromic microcytic anemia. This type of anemia is managed by administering oral or parenteral iron. Therapy includes 325 mg of ferrous sulfate three times a day. Out of this, 10 mg of iron is absorbed from the gut. Parenteral iron is used when oral route administration is associated with side effects, if anemia does not improve on oral administration or if there is continuous blood loss. The iron is prepared with sorbitol and is infused slowly over 5 minutes. For females, 35 mg/kg is the preferred dosage (Chaudhry &Kasarla, 2020) ...
This document discusses erythrocyte and leukocyte disorders. It defines various types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemia from B12/folic acid deficiency, aplastic anemia from bone marrow failure, and hemolytic anemias from premature red blood cell destruction. It also discusses polycythemia from an increased red blood cell count. For leukocytes, it defines leukopenia and leukocytosis and discusses neutropenia and various causes of decreased or increased white blood cell counts including leukemia.
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin level or red blood cell count is lower than normal. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction. Globally, anemia affects over 1.6 billion people. Common symptoms include fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Diagnosis involves blood tests to measure hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and other indicators. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may involve iron supplementation, vitamin B12/folate, blood transfusions, or treating the primary disease.
The document discusses anemia, providing details on definition, causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. It notes that anemia affects 20% of children in the US and is caused by low red blood cells or hemoglobin. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, and lab tests of blood counts and smears. The main types of anemia covered are iron deficiency, megaloblastic, hemolytic, thalassemia, and sickle cell anemia. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include oral iron, B12, folate supplements, or blood transfusions in severe cases.
This document contains a seminar presentation on anemia given to Mr. Melese. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of anemia. It provides details on different types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, and sickle cell anemia. Laboratory findings, treatment options, and case examples are also presented. The presentation aims to give a comprehensive overview of anemia for health science students.
The document discusses various types of anemia including their definitions, causes, clinical manifestations and treatments. It defines anemia as a reduction in red blood cells (RBCs) that decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. It describes the three main classifications of anemia as hypoproliferative, bleeding disorders, and hemolytic. Several specific types are covered in detail including iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia and sickle cell anemia. Nursing management focuses on balancing rest and activity, maintaining nutrition, preventing injury from weakness, and protecting fragile skin.
This document provides information on a case study report for a 31-year-old pregnant woman admitted to the hospital. It includes sections on disease background covering an overview of anemia and details on iron-deficiency anemia. It discusses the patient's medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, and proposed nutrition care process including assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring and evaluation. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide and can affect people of all ages and genders, especially women, children and the elderly. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests of hemoglobin, ferritin and other markers. Treatment focuses on iron supplementation and diet to
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is lower than normal, reducing its oxygen carrying capacity. It can be caused by blood loss, deficiencies in red blood cell production, or excessive red blood cell destruction. Types of anemia include iron deficiency, pernicious, folic acid deficiency, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve supplements, medications, blood transfusions, or bone marrow transplants. Nursing care focuses on managing fatigue, maintaining nutrition and tissue perfusion, and promoting compliance with prescribed therapies.
This document discusses different types of anemia. It begins by defining anemia as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. The most common types of anemia in adults are then listed as iron deficiency, pernicious, folic acid deficiency, and aplastic anemia. Anemia is divided into categories caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, red blood cell destruction, or fluid overload. Common symptoms are then outlined. Risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing considerations are provided for several specific types of anemia, including iron deficiency, aplastic, pernicious, and folic acid deficiency anemia.
Anemia is caused by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. It can be caused by insufficient iron, vitamin B12, or folate intake; blood loss; or impaired red blood cell production. Dietary management of anemia focuses on improving intake of iron, vitamin B12, and folate through foods or supplements. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplementation, changes to diet, and treating the primary condition causing the anemia.
This document provides an overview of anemia, including its definition, classification, types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Anemia is defined as a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin level. It can be classified based on cause (blood loss, inadequate production, excessive destruction) or cell size (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic). Common types include iron deficiency, megaloblastic, and sickle cell anemia. Causes range from blood loss to nutritional deficiencies. Signs may include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, supplementation, diet, and lifestyle changes. Government programs aim
This document provides an overview of anaemia, including its definition, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management, and nursing care. Key points include:
- Anaemia is a reduction in red blood cells, haemoglobin, or hematocrit, causing tissue hypoxia. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- Common causes include iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies, blood loss, bone marrow disorders, and haemolytic disorders.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on severity but can include pallor, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
- Diagnostic
Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by reduced or absent globin chains that make up hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin production and beta thalassemia affects beta globin production. Thalassemia major occurs when defective genes are inherited from both parents and results in severe anemia requiring lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron from transfusions. Management involves regular blood transfusions to maintain hemoglobin levels, chelation therapy to remove excess iron from transfusions, and potentially spleenectomy. Prognosis depends on treatment adherence but most patients can survive into their 30s with supportive care.
Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduced concentration of haemoglobin in the blood. Some key points:
- There are many potential causes of anaemia including blood loss, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, kidney or liver disease, bone marrow disorders, and genetic conditions.
- Diagnosis involves a complete blood count and other tests to determine the size, shape, and number of red blood cells and check for deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
- Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamin supplements, medications, blood transfusions, or treating any underlying diseases causing the anaemia.
Anemia occurs when the level of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood is too low, which can cause fatigue and stress on organs. It can be caused by excessive red blood cell destruction, blood loss, or inadequate red blood cell production. Common causes include iron deficiency, blood loss, and inherited disorders like sickle cell anemia or thalassemia. Symptoms include paleness and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests, and treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, blood transfusions, or medications.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia, including its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, and treatment. The main causes of iron deficiency anemia are inadequate dietary iron intake, malabsorption, blood loss, and hemolysis. Clinical manifestations include pallor, glossitis, cheilitis, cold sensitivity, weakness and fatigue. Diagnostic studies include complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, oral or parenteral iron replacement, and dietary changes. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring proper diet and iron supplementation, and educating patients.
This document provides an overview of iron deficiency anemia, including its definition, pathophysiology, detection, and management. It begins by defining anemia and describing the various causes, including blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production, and excessive red blood cell destruction. Common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are then outlined. The document concludes by discussing the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of iron deficiency anemia through a case study, focusing on identifying risk factors, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and treating with iron supplementation.
Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. It is common in India due to poor nutrition and diet. Anemia can be classified as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on red blood cell size. Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, chronic diseases, genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, iron supplementation, vitamin supplements, medications, and blood transfusions if severe. Nursing care emphasizes nutrition, rest, compliance with treatment, and managing complications.
The document discusses anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. It provides details on iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and the nursing process for patients with anemia. The document serves as an overview of anemia and aims to educate on this common blood disorder.
The document discusses anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. It provides details on iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and the nursing process for patients with anemia. The document serves as an overview of anemia and aims to educate on this common blood disorder.
Anemia is a common problem in children where the body does not produce enough red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several causes of anemia including blood loss, insufficient iron intake, and vitamin deficiencies. Diagnosis involves blood tests, smears, and exams. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamins, blood transfusions, or medications to increase red blood cell count. Complications can vary from growth issues to cancers if left untreated.
Certainly! Let's cover a brief lesson on Anemia:
**Title: Understanding Anemia: A Comprehensive Overview**
**Introduction:**
Anemia is a common medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin. These vital components are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues throughout the body. Let's delve into the key aspects of anemia.
**I. Types of Anemia:**
1. **Iron-Deficiency Anemia:**
- Most prevalent type, caused by insufficient iron in the body.
- Common among women, especially during pregnancy.
2. **Vitamin Deficiency Anemias:**
- Lack of essential vitamins like B12 or folic acid.
- Affects the production of red blood cells.
3. **Hemolytic Anemias:**
- Occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them.
- May be inherited or acquired.
**II. Causes and Risk Factors:**
- **Dietary Deficiencies:**
- Inadequate intake of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid.
- **Chronic Diseases:**
- Conditions like chronic kidney disease or inflammatory disorders can contribute.
- **Genetic Factors:**
- Some forms of anemia are hereditary.
**III. Signs and Symptoms:**
- **Fatigue and Weakness:**
The document discusses different types of anemia including iron deficiency, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias. It provides definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical and nursing management approaches for various forms of anemia. The nursing management focuses on assessing and addressing fatigue, maintaining adequate nutrition and tissue perfusion, and monitoring for complications related to anemia.
IMNCI 2021_010502.pdf for bsc nursing studentGetanehLiknaw
The 2021 version of the IMNCI training materials incorporates several changes from the 2015 version, including:
- Subdividing the former single "Very Severe Disease" pink classification for sick young infants into two pink classifications (Critical Illness and VSD) and a yellow classification (Pneumonia).
- Including temperature measurement in essential newborn care steps and developmental milestones assessment for young infants.
- Changes to classifications, treatments and guidelines for malnutrition, malaria, HIV, tuberculosis and immunization schedules.
Air born.pptx comunicabele desaese for nursing studentGetanehLiknaw
This document discusses several airborne diseases including the common cold, influenza, measles, and pertussis. It provides details on the causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, treatment and prevention of these diseases. The key points are:
- Airborne diseases are transmitted through the inhalation of pathogens from the air, usually entering through the respiratory tract. Coughing, sneezing and close contact help spread the diseases.
- Common cold symptoms include nasal congestion and cough. Treatment is supportive with rest, fluids and medication for symptoms. Regular handwashing helps prevent spread.
- Influenza causes fever, body aches and severe cough. Vaccination provides some protection against seasonal
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Similar to Anemia and Shock for DDU Nursing 2015.pdf
This document contains a seminar presentation on anemia given to Mr. Melese. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, classification, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management of anemia. It provides details on different types of anemia including iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia, and sickle cell anemia. Laboratory findings, treatment options, and case examples are also presented. The presentation aims to give a comprehensive overview of anemia for health science students.
The document discusses various types of anemia including their definitions, causes, clinical manifestations and treatments. It defines anemia as a reduction in red blood cells (RBCs) that decreases the oxygen carrying capacity of blood. It describes the three main classifications of anemia as hypoproliferative, bleeding disorders, and hemolytic. Several specific types are covered in detail including iron deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, pernicious anemia and sickle cell anemia. Nursing management focuses on balancing rest and activity, maintaining nutrition, preventing injury from weakness, and protecting fragile skin.
This document provides information on a case study report for a 31-year-old pregnant woman admitted to the hospital. It includes sections on disease background covering an overview of anemia and details on iron-deficiency anemia. It discusses the patient's medical history, physical exam findings, lab results, and proposed nutrition care process including assessment, diagnosis, intervention, monitoring and evaluation. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia worldwide and can affect people of all ages and genders, especially women, children and the elderly. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests of hemoglobin, ferritin and other markers. Treatment focuses on iron supplementation and diet to
Anemia is a condition where the hemoglobin concentration in the blood is lower than normal, reducing its oxygen carrying capacity. It can be caused by blood loss, deficiencies in red blood cell production, or excessive red blood cell destruction. Types of anemia include iron deficiency, pernicious, folic acid deficiency, thalassemia, and aplastic anemia. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve supplements, medications, blood transfusions, or bone marrow transplants. Nursing care focuses on managing fatigue, maintaining nutrition and tissue perfusion, and promoting compliance with prescribed therapies.
This document discusses different types of anemia. It begins by defining anemia as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. The most common types of anemia in adults are then listed as iron deficiency, pernicious, folic acid deficiency, and aplastic anemia. Anemia is divided into categories caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, red blood cell destruction, or fluid overload. Common symptoms are then outlined. Risk factors, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and nursing considerations are provided for several specific types of anemia, including iron deficiency, aplastic, pernicious, and folic acid deficiency anemia.
Anemia is caused by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. It can be caused by insufficient iron, vitamin B12, or folate intake; blood loss; or impaired red blood cell production. Dietary management of anemia focuses on improving intake of iron, vitamin B12, and folate through foods or supplements. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplementation, changes to diet, and treating the primary condition causing the anemia.
This document provides an overview of anemia, including its definition, classification, types, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and management. Anemia is defined as a low red blood cell count or low hemoglobin level. It can be classified based on cause (blood loss, inadequate production, excessive destruction) or cell size (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic). Common types include iron deficiency, megaloblastic, and sickle cell anemia. Causes range from blood loss to nutritional deficiencies. Signs may include fatigue, paleness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Management focuses on treating the underlying cause, supplementation, diet, and lifestyle changes. Government programs aim
This document provides an overview of anaemia, including its definition, causes, risk factors, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, medical management, and nursing care. Key points include:
- Anaemia is a reduction in red blood cells, haemoglobin, or hematocrit, causing tissue hypoxia. It can be caused by blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- Common causes include iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies, blood loss, bone marrow disorders, and haemolytic disorders.
- Signs and symptoms vary depending on severity but can include pallor, fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
- Diagnostic
Thalassemia is a genetic blood disorder characterized by reduced or absent globin chains that make up hemoglobin. There are two main types: alpha thalassemia affects alpha globin production and beta thalassemia affects beta globin production. Thalassemia major occurs when defective genes are inherited from both parents and results in severe anemia requiring lifelong blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy to remove excess iron from transfusions. Management involves regular blood transfusions to maintain hemoglobin levels, chelation therapy to remove excess iron from transfusions, and potentially spleenectomy. Prognosis depends on treatment adherence but most patients can survive into their 30s with supportive care.
Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduced concentration of haemoglobin in the blood. Some key points:
- There are many potential causes of anaemia including blood loss, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, kidney or liver disease, bone marrow disorders, and genetic conditions.
- Diagnosis involves a complete blood count and other tests to determine the size, shape, and number of red blood cells and check for deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
- Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamin supplements, medications, blood transfusions, or treating any underlying diseases causing the anaemia.
Anemia occurs when the level of red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood is too low, which can cause fatigue and stress on organs. It can be caused by excessive red blood cell destruction, blood loss, or inadequate red blood cell production. Common causes include iron deficiency, blood loss, and inherited disorders like sickle cell anemia or thalassemia. Symptoms include paleness and fatigue. Diagnosis involves blood tests, and treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, blood transfusions, or medications.
This document discusses iron deficiency anemia, including its causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, and treatment. The main causes of iron deficiency anemia are inadequate dietary iron intake, malabsorption, blood loss, and hemolysis. Clinical manifestations include pallor, glossitis, cheilitis, cold sensitivity, weakness and fatigue. Diagnostic studies include complete blood count and iron studies. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, oral or parenteral iron replacement, and dietary changes. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for symptoms, ensuring proper diet and iron supplementation, and educating patients.
This document provides an overview of iron deficiency anemia, including its definition, pathophysiology, detection, and management. It begins by defining anemia and describing the various causes, including blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production, and excessive red blood cell destruction. Common signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia are then outlined. The document concludes by discussing the evaluation, diagnosis, and management of iron deficiency anemia through a case study, focusing on identifying risk factors, signs and symptoms, laboratory findings, and treating with iron supplementation.
Anemia is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin. It is common in India due to poor nutrition and diet. Anemia can be classified as microcytic, normocytic, or macrocytic based on red blood cell size. Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, chronic diseases, genetic disorders like sickle cell anemia and thalassemia. Symptoms vary based on severity but can include fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves blood tests. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying cause, iron supplementation, vitamin supplements, medications, and blood transfusions if severe. Nursing care emphasizes nutrition, rest, compliance with treatment, and managing complications.
The document discusses anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. It provides details on iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and the nursing process for patients with anemia. The document serves as an overview of anemia and aims to educate on this common blood disorder.
The document discusses anemia, including its definition, causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, nursing care, and prevention. It provides details on iron deficiency anemia, anemia of chronic disease, thalassemia, sickle cell anemia, and the nursing process for patients with anemia. The document serves as an overview of anemia and aims to educate on this common blood disorder.
Anemia is a common problem in children where the body does not produce enough red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several causes of anemia including blood loss, insufficient iron intake, and vitamin deficiencies. Diagnosis involves blood tests, smears, and exams. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamins, blood transfusions, or medications to increase red blood cell count. Complications can vary from growth issues to cancers if left untreated.
Certainly! Let's cover a brief lesson on Anemia:
**Title: Understanding Anemia: A Comprehensive Overview**
**Introduction:**
Anemia is a common medical condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a deficiency in the amount of hemoglobin. These vital components are responsible for carrying oxygen to tissues throughout the body. Let's delve into the key aspects of anemia.
**I. Types of Anemia:**
1. **Iron-Deficiency Anemia:**
- Most prevalent type, caused by insufficient iron in the body.
- Common among women, especially during pregnancy.
2. **Vitamin Deficiency Anemias:**
- Lack of essential vitamins like B12 or folic acid.
- Affects the production of red blood cells.
3. **Hemolytic Anemias:**
- Occurs when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them.
- May be inherited or acquired.
**II. Causes and Risk Factors:**
- **Dietary Deficiencies:**
- Inadequate intake of iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid.
- **Chronic Diseases:**
- Conditions like chronic kidney disease or inflammatory disorders can contribute.
- **Genetic Factors:**
- Some forms of anemia are hereditary.
**III. Signs and Symptoms:**
- **Fatigue and Weakness:**
The document discusses different types of anemia including iron deficiency, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, chronic disease, and hemolytic anemias. It provides definitions, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic evaluations, and medical and nursing management approaches for various forms of anemia. The nursing management focuses on assessing and addressing fatigue, maintaining adequate nutrition and tissue perfusion, and monitoring for complications related to anemia.
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The 2021 version of the IMNCI training materials incorporates several changes from the 2015 version, including:
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- Including temperature measurement in essential newborn care steps and developmental milestones assessment for young infants.
- Changes to classifications, treatments and guidelines for malnutrition, malaria, HIV, tuberculosis and immunization schedules.
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- Common cold symptoms include nasal congestion and cough. Treatment is supportive with rest, fluids and medication for symptoms. Regular handwashing helps prevent spread.
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This document discusses nursing staffing and personnel administration. It covers assessing staffing needs based on workload, planning recruitment, selecting and orienting new staff, and scheduling staff. It also discusses purposes of staffing like delivering effective care and increasing productivity. Centralized, decentralized, and mixed staffing models are described. The document outlines the staffing process, including identifying care needs, determining personnel categories, and selecting and appointing staff. Recruitment, selection methods like interviews and applications, and staff development through training and education are also summarized.
Cholera is an acute illness caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria found in contaminated food or water. It causes profuse watery diarrhea which can lead to severe dehydration and death if left untreated. The document outlines the symptoms, transmission, treatment and prevention of cholera. Key points include that cholera has a short incubation period and causes a characteristic "rice water stool". Rehydration is the primary treatment for cholera using oral rehydration solution or intravenous fluids for severe cases. Antibiotics are also given to reduce symptoms and transmission of the disease.
The document outlines a student presentation on three eye disorders: ptosis, orbital cellulitis, and glaucoma. It provides definitions of each disorder, describes causes and clinical manifestations, outlines the diagnostic process and potential treatments, and notes complications. For ptosis, it distinguishes between congenital and acquired types, and details signs like drooping eyelids. Diagnosis involves visual tests and examining muscles and nerves. Treatment may include eyeglasses, surgery like levator resection, or in severe cases a frontalis sling procedure. Complications can be impaired vision, eye strain, or psychological impacts. Orbital cellulitis is an infection of eye tissues that typically spreads from sinuses, teeth or skin via bacteria. It
Getaneh created a weekly schedule to achieve four objectives: physical activity, attending class, reading for exams, and refreshing with friends. The schedule details daily activities from 6:00 AM to 11:00 PM each day of the week. It includes times for breakfast, class, lunch, rest, dinner, studying, and sleep. Getaneh aims to follow this schedule to improve in physical activity, class attendance, academic reading, and social life. Barriers to achieving the goals include late wakeups, mood changes, and a varying class schedule. The schedule provides structure to Getaneh's week and focuses on balancing academic, physical, social and personal responsibilities.
This document provides information on various contraceptive methods including male and female condoms, diaphragms, spermicides, and oral contraceptives. It describes how each method works, effectiveness rates, proper use instructions, who can use each method, and potential side effects. The document is intended to educate about contraceptive options and their safe and effective use to prevent unwanted pregnancy and transmission of STIs.
General Physical Examination_034803.pptGetanehLiknaw
The document discusses the components and process of conducting a general physical examination. It defines a general physical exam, outlines the learning objectives, and describes the purpose as confirming overall health or diagnosing medical issues. Key steps include preparing the patient, using various examination positions and techniques like inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation, and assessing all body systems. Safety, equipment needs, and accommodating different populations are also reviewed.
CVS Disorder part II Infectious Diseases of The Heart (1).pdfGetanehLiknaw
The document discusses various types of heart infections and diseases. It covers infective endocarditis, which involves infection of the heart valves. Rheumatic heart disease is discussed as being caused by rheumatic fever following a streptococcal infection. Heart failure is summarized as being when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs due to problems with contraction or filling of the heart. The document provides details on diagnosing and managing these conditions.
The document describes the stages of labor and delivery. It discusses the first stage from onset of labor to full dilation, the second stage from full dilation until delivery of the baby, and the third stage from delivery of the baby until delivery of the placenta. It provides details on managing each stage, including administering oxytocin during the third stage and controlled cord traction to deliver the placenta. Complications like postpartum hemorrhage are also addressed.
The document defines and classifies hypertensive disorders in pregnancy including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, and chronic hypertension. It describes the risk factors, diagnosis, and management of these conditions. Key points include:
- Preeclampsia is defined as new onset hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation.
- Magnesium sulfate is the primary treatment for preventing seizures in preeclampsia and eclampsia.
- Delivery is usually indicated for preeclampsia between 28-37 weeks of gestation or by term for control of maternal symptoms and blood pressure.
This document discusses hypertension and related nursing diagnoses and care plans. It defines hypertension as repeatedly elevated blood pressure over 140/90 mmHg. It outlines nursing diagnoses of acute pain, decreased activity tolerance, and risk for decreased cardiac output related to hypertension. For each diagnosis, it lists expected outcomes and nursing interventions such as administering medications, encouraging rest and activity, monitoring vital signs, and advising on diet and medication adherence to manage blood pressure and symptoms.
The document discusses various bacterial and fungal skin infections including cellulitis, furunculosis, carbuncles, folliculitis, and impetigo. It also covers burn classifications, estimating total body surface area of burns, severity classifications, and the pathophysiology and effects of burns. Management options are provided for each condition including antibiotics, wound care, drainage and debridement where necessary.
This document discusses urinary catheterization and enemas. It defines catheterization as the insertion of a catheter into the urinary bladder and describes the types of catheters including indwelling and intermittent catheters. The document outlines the procedure for catheterization and discusses indications, contraindications and risks. It also defines enemas and describes different types including cleansing, retention and rectal washout enemas. The document provides guidelines for administering enemas and discusses complications.
This document contains a nursing education assessment with 5 multiple choice questions about acute glomerulonephritis, types of incontinence, priority nursing diagnoses for end-stage renal disease, factors contributing to renal calculi development in paraplegic patients, and indicators of recovery in nephrotic syndrome. It also includes 5 true/false questions regarding differentiating hydrocele from hernia, the definition of urolithiasis, EKG changes in hypokalemia, causes of intrarenal acute renal failure, and common presenting symptoms of nephrotic syndrome.
This document provides an overview of abortion and early pregnancy bleeding. It begins by defining abortion and discussing the classification, etiologies, clinical types, and management of spontaneous abortion. It then discusses the causes, magnitude, and prevention of maternal mortality, unwanted pregnancy, and unsafe abortion. Key points addressed include the definition of maternal mortality, the three delays model, causes of unwanted pregnancy, who is at risk, and why women resort to unsafe abortion. Treatment options for abortion types such as threatened, inevitable, incomplete, and septic abortion are also outlined.
This document from the Ministry of Health of Ethiopia discusses abnormal progress of labor. It defines prolonged labor as lasting more than 12 hours in the active phase. Causes of slow labor progress include problems with contractions, the fetus, or the birth canal. The document provides guidance on using a partograph to monitor labor, identifying causes of abnormal progress, initial management including oxytocin or referral, and complications of obstructed labor such as sepsis, hemorrhage and uterine rupture.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
3. Anemia
Anemia is a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of hemoglobin, in red
blood cells that transports oxygen.
It is a lower than normal number of red blood cells, usually measured by a
decrease in the amount of hemoglobin.
Is the most common disorder of blood which leads to hypoxia in organs.
Not specific disease but a sign of underlying disorder.
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4. Cont…
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Functional definition: A significant reduction in red cell mass and a
corresponding decrease in the 02 carrying capacity of the blood.
Laboratory definition: A reduction of the Hemoglobin concentration, red
cell mass or Hematocrit, to below normal levels.
Anemia is not a specific disease by itself but a syndrome of other
underlying disorders.
Is a condition in which the hemoglobin concentration is lower than normal,
reflects the presence of fewer than normal RBCs within the circulation.
6. Classifications of Anemia
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1. Impaired RBC Production
☞ Aplastic anemia,
☞ Iron deficiency,
☞ Megaloblastic anemia,
☞ Anemia of chronic diseases, and
☞ Drug related.
7. 4/6/2023 7
2. RBC loss or destruction
☞Bleeding
☞Hereditary hemolytic anemia
☞Bleeding from uterus, GIT, nose, or a wound.
Cont…
10. Potential causes
1. Loss of RBCs—bleeding, (e.g.. GIT, uterus, nose, or wound)
2. Decreased production of RBCs (ineffective hematopoiesis): deficiency in
cofactors for erythropoiesis; bone marrow suppression or lack of
erythropoietin.
3. Hemolysis: overactive RES (e.g. hypersplenism) or production of
abnormal RBCs (e.g., sickle cell anemia)
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11. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA)
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☞ Occurs when body iron stores become inadequate for the needs of
normal RBC production (erythropoiesis)
☞ It is a manifestation of diseases, not by itself a complete diagnosis
☞ It is the commonest cause of anemia world wide
12. Etiologies of Iron Deficiency Anemia
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Chronic blood loss
Uterine bleeding
Gastrointestinal, e.g. Esophageal varices; hiatal hernia; PUD; aspirin ingestion;
Hook worm infestation;
Poor diet
Mal absorption of iron (chronic gastritis, gastroectomy)
13. Clinical manifestation
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Is insidious in onset and progressive in course
Usually non-specific symptoms
Smooth, sore tongue, brittle and ridged nails, and angular cheliosis (an
ulceration of the corner of the mouth).
These signs subside after iron-replacement therapy.
GI bleeding, and pica (a craving for unusual substances, such as ice, clay)
14. Treatment of IDA
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Identify underlying cause and treat it
Ferrous sulfate 300mg (60 mg elemental iron) 3x/day for 4-6 months
Absorption increased by giving between meals, but side effects are less if
given with meals
Iron could be also given IM or IV
Response to treatment; an expected daily rise of hemoglobin by 0.1-0.2 gm /dl
15. Aplastic Anemia
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It is a rare disease caused by
o a decrease in or damage to marrow stem cells,
o damage to the microenvironment within the marrow, and
o replacement of the marrow with fat.
It can be congenital or acquired, but most cases are idiopathic
16. 4/6/2023 16
Etiology is unknown, but it is hypothesized that the body’s t cells mediate
an inappropriate attack against the bone marrow resulting in bone marrow
aplasia (i.e., markedly reduced hematopoiesis).
Infections and pregnancy can trigger it, or it may be caused by certain
medications, chemicals, or radiation damage.
Cont…
17. 4/6/2023 17
Manifested by infection and symptoms of anemia (e.g., fatigue, pallor,
dyspnea), Purpura (bruising)
Severe anemia, significant neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (a deficiency
of platelets) are also seen.
Managed by Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or
peripheral stem cell transplantation (BSCT), immunosuppressive therapy
Cont…
18. Megaloblastic Anemia
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It is a delayed in maturation of the RBC due to deficiencies of vitamin B12
or folic acid, which is essential for normal DNA synthesis.
The RBCs that are produced are abnormally large and are called
megaloblastic RBCs.
19. 4/6/2023 19
Pernicious anemia: is megaloblastic anemia due to destruction of the
Parietal cells in the stomach, which produce intrinsic factors, as in
chronic atrophic gastritis, which results impaired production of
intrinsic factors.
Cont…
20. Management
20
Correct underlying cause
Antibiotics for bacterial over growth and treatment of fish tapeworm
Vit B12 Deficiency: is treated with Hydroxocobalamine
Prophylactic therapy: is indicated in patients with Total gastroectomy
and Ileac resection
Folic acid given orally 5 mg Po daily
21. Sickle cell anemia
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Is hemolytic anemia that results from inheritance of the sickle
hemoglobin gene which causes the hemoglobin molecule to be
defective.
Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) acquires a crystal-like formation when
exposed to low oxygen tension.
22. 4/6/2023 22
RBC is deformed, rigid, and sickle-shaped, long, rigid which can
adhere to the endothelium of small vessels; and reduce blood flow to
organ causes ischemia to distal part.
Cont…
24. Clinical Manifestations
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All sign of Anemia
Abdominal pain; fever, signs of infection (any part could be infected)
Chest pain; dyspnea, Weakness, Dehydration
Bone pain, especially hips
Pain, skin ulcer
↓ Vision; blindness,
25. Management
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☞ Usually supportive management
☞ Bone marrow transplantation
☞ Hydroxyurea (Hydrea), a chemotherapy agent, has been shown to be
effective in increasing hemoglobin
☞ Long term RBC transfusion.
26. Prevention of anemia
Eat foods high in iron
Eat and drink foods that help your body absorb iron,
Don't drink coffee or tea with meals.
Make sure to consume enough folic acid and vit. B12.
Make balanced food choices.
Avoid food fads and dieting
Talk to doctor about taking iron pills (supplements): ferrous and ferric.
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27. Possible complications of Anemia
☞ Diminishes the capability to perform physical activities.
☞ Hypoxemia
☞ Brittle or rigid fingernails,
☞ Cold intolerance,
☞ Possible behavioral disturbances in children.
☞ Exacerbation of pre-existing cardio-pulmonary problems
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29. Shock
Shock is a serious, life-threatening medical condition where
insufficient blood flow reaches the body tissues.
Reduced blood flow hinders oxygen and nutrients delivery to the
tissues, and can stop the tissues from functioning properly.
It is a medical emergency and one of the most common causes of
death for critically-ill people.
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30. Stages of shock
There are four stages of shock, although shock is a complex and
continuous condition
Initial stages
Compensatory (Compensating)
Progressive (Decompensating)
Refractory (Irreversible)
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31. Initial stage
Changes attributed to this stage occur at the cellular level and not
detectable clinically.
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32. Compensatory Stage
Blood pressure remains within normal limits.
Vasoconstriction, increased HR and contractility to maintain adequate
cardiac output (SNS)
The patient displays the “fight or flight” response.
The body shunts blood to the brain and heart
Skin is cold and clammy, bowel sounds are hypoactive, and urine
output decreases
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33. Cont…
Anaerobic metabolism and metabolic acidosis.
Respiratory rate increases causing compensatory respiratory alkalosis.
Mental status changes, such as confusion
If treatment begins in this stage of shock, the prognosis for the patient
is good
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34. Progressive Stage
The mechanisms that regulate BP can no longer compensate and the
MAP falls below normal limits,
The overworked heart becomes dysfunctional;
Ischemia and myocardial depression
The autoregulatory function of the microcirculation fails, increased
capillary permeability, vasoconstriction
Interstitial edema and return of less fluid to the heart.
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35. Irreversible Stage
Organ damage is so severe that the patient does not respond to treatment
and cannot survive.
Despite treatment, blood pressure remains low.
Complete renal and liver failure, compounded by the release of necrotic
tissue toxins, metabolic acidosis.
Anaerobic metabolism contributes to a worsening lactic acidosis.
Reserves of ATP are almost totally depleted.
Multiple organ dysfunctions progressing to complete organ failure and
death is imminent.
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36. Summary of Clinical Findings in Shock
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38. Types of shock
• There are four common types of shock:
1. Hypovolaemic,
2. Cardiogenic,
3. Distributive and
4. Obstructive shock
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39. Hypovolemic shock
This is the most common type of shock and is caused by insufficient
circulating volume.
Cause and risk factors
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Internal: Fluid Shifts
o Hemorrhage
o Severe Burns
o Ascites
o Dehydration
External: Fluid Losses
o Trauma
o Surgery
o Vomiting
o Diarrhea
o Diuresis
40. Pathophysiologic events in hypovolemic shock
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41. Cardiogenic shock
This type of shock is caused by the failure of the heart to pump
effectively.
Cause
Myocardial infarction
Arrhythmias
Cardiomyopathy
Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Cardiac valve problems
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42. Pathophysiologic events in cardiogenic shock
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43. Distributive shock
As in hypovolaemic shock there is an insufficient intravascular
volume of blood.
This form of "relative" hypovolaemia is the result of dilation of
blood vessels which diminishes systemic vascular resistance.
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44. Examples of Distributive shock
A. Septic shock: is a type of shock caused by infection
Cause
Infections leading to vasodilatation caused by:
– Gram negative bacteria i.e. E.coli, Proteus species,
– Gram-positive cocci, such as streptococci
– Certain fungi
May be related to:
◦ Immunosuppression, Extremes of age, Malnourishment, Chronic illness, Invasive
procedures
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45. Cont…
B. Anaphylactic shock - Caused by a severe anaphylactic reaction to an
allergen, antigen, drug or foreign protein causing the release of histamine
which causes widespread vasodilation, leading to hypotension and increased
capillary permeability.
May be due to:
☞Penicillin sensitivity
☞Transfusion reaction
☞Bee sting allergy
☞Latex sensitivity
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46. Cont…
C. Neurogenic shock : is the rarest form of shock
Cause
☞ Trauma to the spinal cord resulting in the sudden loss of autonomic and
motor reflexes below the injury level
☞ Spinal anesthesia
☞ Depressant action of medications
☞ Glucose deficiency
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47. Pathophysiologic events in circulatory shock
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48. Obstructive shock
In this situation the flow of blood is obstructed which impedes
circulation and can result in circulatory arrest.
Causes
Cardiac tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis
Tension pneumothorax
Massive pulmonary embolism
Aortic stenosis- obstruct the ventricular outflow tract
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49. Endocrine shock
• Recently a fifth form of shock has been introduced due to endocrine
disturbances
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50. Clinical manifestations of shock
Type
of
shock
Hypovolemic Cardiogenic Obstructive Distributive shock
Septic shock Neurogenic Anaphylactic
Sign
and
Symptoms
o Anxiety, restlessness,
altered mental state
o Hypotension
o A rapid, weak, thready
pulse
o Cool, clammy, mottled skin
o Rapid and shallow
respirations
o Hypothermia
o Thirst and dry mouth
o Fatigue
o Dilated pupil
S/S of
hypovolaemic
shock PLUS
Distended
jugular veins,
Absent pulse
S/S of
hypovolaemic
shock PLUS
Distended jugular
veins,
Pulsus paradoxus
S/S of
hypovolaemic
shock PLUS
Pyrexia and fever,
or hyperthermia-
in the initial stage
Vasodilation &
increased cardiac
output
S/S of
hypovolaemic
shock PLUS
warm and dry skin
Skin eruption
Localized edema
Weak & rapid
pulse
Breathlessness &
cough
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52. Treatment of shock
In the early stages, shock requires immediate intervention to preserve life,
even before a diagnosis is made.
Re-establishing perfusion to the organs is the primary goal through
restoring and maintaining the circulating blood volume to effective cardiac
function, and preventing complications.
Raising blood pressure to be able to transport "safely"
If surgery is required, it should be performed within the first hour to
maximize the patient's chance of survival.
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53. Cont…
1. Hypovolaemic shock
If caused by bleeding
Control bleeding
Restore volume with infusions of balanced salt solutions
Blood transfusions -for loss of large amounts of blood (e.g. >20% of blood
volume)
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54. If due to burns, diarrhoea, vomiting, etc:
Infusions of electrolyte solutions that balance the lost fluid
Prevent metabolic acidosis
As soon as the airway is maintained and oxygen administered the next
step is to commence replacement of fluids via the intravenous route
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Cont…
55. The most common fluids used are:
Crystalloids - Such as sodium chloride (0.9%), Ringer's lactate
Blood - Essential in severe hemorrhagic shock
Colloids
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Cont…
56. 2. Cardiogenic shock
Depending on the type of MI, one can infuse fluids or in shock refractory
to infusing fluids give drugs
Inotropic agents- (like calcium, Digoxin, Dopamine, Dobutamine,)
Fluid replacement with intravenous infusions;
Use of vasopressing drugs to induce vasoconstriction;
Use of anti-shock trousers
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Cont…
57. 3. Distributive shock
Treating infection with antibiotics and supportive care
Anaphylaxis is treated with adrenaline & Corticosteroids
Neurogenic shock
Trendelenburg position to shunt blood back to the body's core
Vasopressors like adrenaline, noradrenaline, dubutamine, dopamine,
ephederine etc.
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Cont…
59. 4. Obstructive shock
The only therapy consists of removing the obstruction.
Pneumothorax/haemothorax is treated by inserting chest tube
Pulmonary embolism requires thrombolysis or embolectomy
Tamponade is treated by draining fluid from the pericardial space through
pericardiocentesis
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Cont…
60. 5. Endocrine shock
Correctting the hormone disturbances.
Hypothyroidism -supplementation by means of levothyroxine
Adrenal insufficiency is treated by supplementing corticosteroids
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Cont…