Anemia is a common problem in children where the body does not produce enough red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are several causes of anemia including blood loss, insufficient iron intake, and vitamin deficiencies. Diagnosis involves blood tests, smears, and exams. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamins, blood transfusions, or medications to increase red blood cell count. Complications can vary from growth issues to cancers if left untreated.

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3.  Anemia is a common problem in children.
About 20% of children in the U.S. will be
diagnosed with anemia at some point. A child
who has anemia does not have enough red
blood cells or hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a
type of protein that allows red blood cells to
carry oxygen to other cells in the body.
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4.  Anemia is defined as reduction in the volume of red
blood cells or in concentration of hemoglobin, below
the lower limit of the normal range for age and sex
of the individual.
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5. 1. Anemia from active bleeding:
 Heavy menstrual bleeding
 Wounds
 Gastrointestinal ulcers
 Cancers (such as cancer of the colon)
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6. 1.Micro setting hypochromic anemia-. It occurs
in iron deficiency anemia and ineffective
RBC production.
2.Normocytic normochromic anemia- it is
found in impaired cell production and
haemolysis.
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7. 3.Macrocytic anaemia- it develops due to-
-megaloblastic erythropoiesis-
nutritional deficiency, (vitamin b12,Folets,
protein), drug toxicity and malabsorption.
-non megaloblastic erythropoiesis-in
chronic hemolytic anaemia, liver disease
hypothyroidism.
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8.  Iron deficiency anemia is the most common
hematologic disorder of infancy and
childhood. It is caused by lack of sufficient
iron for the synthesis of haemoglobin.
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9.  Increased blood loss
 Insufficient iron supply at birth
 Insufficient iron intake
 Impaired iron absorption
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10.  poster
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11.  History of the child
 Blood test
 Peripheral blood smear
 Stool test
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13. 1.Proper administration of iron
supplements
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16.  Formulas for the full term infant should
contain iron so that infant gets about 1 mg
iron per kg per day.
 Iron fortified milk formulas should be used
for non breastfed infant.
 Weaning diet should include iron rates
footlights pulses green vegetables fruits etc.
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17.  Children should be made to wear shoes while
playing to prevent worm infection
 Hookworm infestation should we managed
wait antihelminthic drugs.
 Food should be cooked in iron utensil.
 iron supplements should be administered to
prevent and low birth weight infants having
low iron stores.
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18.  Too deficiency of vitamin B12 and folic acid in
pairs the maturation of erythrocytes is
leading to formation of abnormally large
erythrocytes known as megaloblasts.
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19.  Inadequate dietary intake of
vitamin B12 and folic acid is
seen in exclusively breastfed
infants, infants of mothers
who are strictly vegetarian
and infants of animate
orthologist mother.
 Intrinsic defect of folic acid
absorption.
 Chemotherapy.
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20. bulletin board
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21.  Peripheral blood smear
 Serum vitamin B12 and folic
acid.
 The normal range of vitamin
B12 in serum is 200-
900pg/ml.Value less than 100
pg/ml indicate clinical
deficient Stage. The normal
serum folate level is 6-12
mg/ml.
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22.  Acute deficiency of vitamin b12 and folic acid
can be managed by administration of folic
acid in dosage of 2-5mg/day and vitamin
B12 1µ/day.
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23.  Sickle cell anemia is a serious disease in
which the body makes sickleshaped red blood
cells. “Sickle shaped” means that the red
blood cells are shaped like a "C."
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24.  leaflets
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25.  Chronic haemolytic anaemia
 Risk of death in children younger than 5 yrs
mainly from sepsis
 Haemolysis
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26.  Bone marrow transplant, also known as stem
cell transplant, offers the only potential cure
for sickle cell anemia.
 As a result, treatment for sickle cell anemia is
usually aimed at avoiding crises, relieving
symptoms and preventing complications.
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27.  Treatments might include medications to
reduce pain and prevent complications, and
blood transfusions, as well as a bone marrow
transplant.
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28.  Antibiotics-
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29.  Pain-relieving medications
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30.  Also known as Hypo plastic anemia.
 Aplastic anaemia caused due to marked
reduction in precursor stem cell resulting in
production of inadequate number of
erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets.
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31.  shortness of breath
 dizziness & headaches
 pale skin
 chest pain
 fast heart rate (tachycardia), and
 cold hands and feet.
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32.  History and clinical features
 Complete blood count.
 Bone marrow biopsy.
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33.  If anaemia is severe, packets red cell are
given.
 If infection occur due to decreased WBC count
antibiotics are given.
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34.  Prevention of bleeding
 prevention of infection
 Management of a
problems associated with
anaemia
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35.  Thalassaemias are inherited blood disorders
which cause the body to make fewer healthy
red blood cells and less hemoglobin .
 Thalassaemia affect both males and females
and occur most often in people of Italian,
Greek, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African
descent
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36.  Hemoglobin in red blood cells has two kinds
of protein chains: alpha globing and beta
globing. If your body doesn't make enough of
these protein chains, red blood cells don't
form properly and can't carry enough oxygen.
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37.  Alpha thalassemia-it occurs when a gene or
genes related to alpha globin protein are
missing or changed.
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38.  Beta thalassemia-it occurs when gene defect
effects production of beta globin protein. It is
more common than alpha type .
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39.  pamphlets
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40.  Purpura is a bleeding disorder characterized
by petechiaeand eccymosis which may be
due to either deficiency in number or quality
of platelets or defect in vascular endothelium
purpura occurs due to bleeding from
capillaries under the skin.
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41.  Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
 Anaphylactoidpurpura
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42. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura
 Idiopathic thrombocytopenia
purpura,the most common
awkward thrombocytopenic
disorder in children is a emoji
condition involving skin,
mucous membrane and internal
organs. It is most likely and
auto immune response of the
body.
 Its greatest incidents is seen
between 3 to 7 years of age.
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43.  Ecchymosis
 Bleeding from gums
 Epistaxis
 Anaemia
 Internal hemorrhage
 Low grade fever
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44.  Platelet count
 Bleeding time and clotting time may be
increased
 Peripheral blood smear
 Bone marrow examination
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45.  Steroids (the first line of treatment usually
consists of steroids which supress in the
immune system)
 Anti-d antibodies
 Platelet in fusion
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46.  it is characterized by deposition of immune
complexes containing antibody igA.
 Anaphylactoidpurpura easy systematic
inflammatory disease, seen primarily in
children between 2-8 years of age.
 Boys are affected twice as frequently as girls.
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47. Gastrointestinal symptoms include
 Vomiting with or without hematemesis
 Intussusception
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48. Renal manifestations include
 Hematuria
 Protein urea
 Hypertension
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49.  AnaphylactoidPurpurais usually diagnosed
based on typical skin, joint and kidney
findings. Throat culture, urine analysis and
blood test for inflammation and renal
function used to suggest the diagnosis.
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50.  antibiotics are given if a specific bacterial
infection is identified.
 short term steroid therapy may be given to
software's acute manifestations and relieve
joint and abdominal pain.
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51.  The complications of anemia depend on what
is causing it. Some types have few
complications, but others have frequent and
serious complications. Some anemia's may
cause:
 Problems with growth and development
 Joint pain and swelling
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52.  Bone marrow failure
 Leukemia's or other cancers
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53.  Datta parul “pediatric nursing” jaypee brothers
medical piublishers ,fourth edition-2018, page
no-295-298.
 Gupta piyush “essential pediatric nursing” CBS
publishers & Distributors,fourth edition-2017,
page no-283-286.
 Sharma rimple “essential of pediatric nursing”
jaypee brothers medical publishers, first edition-
2013,page no-521-550.
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