This document provides information about ancient universities in India, including Nalanda University, Takshashila University, and Vikramashila University. It notes that Nalanda University was founded in the 5th century BCE and became a major center of Buddhist learning, attracting over 10,000 students from around the world. Takshashila University was India's first university, established in 600 BCE, and taught 68 subjects. Vikramashila University was established in the 8th century CE and specialized in Buddhist tantric teachings. All three universities made major contributions to scholarship and education before being destroyed by invaders.
This PPT is about nalanda university was created for linguistics practical.
nalanda university was first ancient residential university in world built in india.
The education system which was evolved first in ancient India is known as the Vedic system of education. In other words, the ancient system of education was based on the Vedas and therefore it was given the name of Vedic Educational System. In Vedic era education had a very prominent place in society. It was being considered as pious and important for society. In the eyes of Aryans, education was the only means to acquire, prosperity in the field of physical, mental, spiritual and social developments. Education was must for everybody for becoming cultured. In absence of education people were considered as uncultured and animal like thing. Education was an instrument to show new paths and knowledge to us. Education opens our hidden qualities and helps people to attain Salvation. It can be regarded as ―Third Eye‘of human beings. Through education only a man gets rid from debt of Guru and so was the feeling of people at that time. In short by putting different logic, we can say that education was the most important aspect of human life of that period. Terms such as knowledge, awakening, humility, modesty etc. are often used to characterize education in the Vedic period.Educational Achievements of Vedic age were as follows:
1. Education emphasized the development of spirituality the ashram system was adopted for paying of the individual’s debt towards the Gods, his forefathers, his teacher and society.
2. The minds of the parents were first prepared to instill in them a desire for the education of their children. It has been said that those parents are the enemy of the child who do not teach their children.
3. Great attention was paid to the development of Childs character. Teachers laid stress on integral development of the individuals’ personality.
4. Social skill was evolved through training in fulfillment of duties
5. Efforts were made for the preservation and propagation of the national culture.
6. Education was free. Its expenses were borne by the society and the king
7. While living in Gurukul the child imbibed education in a favourable environment
8. A student was compelled to obey the ideals of the Gurukul. He had to shoulder the burden of existence through begging for alms. This practice developed humility and tolerance in the student
9. In developing the students character attention was paid to his nature, early experiences upbringing and circumstance
10. Self study (Swadhyaya) was considered more important
11. The medium of education was divine pronouncement
12. The examination was oral one. The student was required to give oral answers in a congregation of scholars. It he satisfied them, he was given a degree or little. The consensus of the scholars’ opinion was essential for obtaining such a title.
Vedic India is considered a very important place in the field of education since yesterday. Between the 8th century and the 12th century, India was the largest and famous center of education in the whole world. Where we see that the journey of education started through Gurukul and Ashrams and has reached the universities today. In which today, along with the latest education, importance is given to ancient education, culture, bed, Purana
This PPT contains all about Buddhist Education. That is about Mahatma Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, noble truths, Pubjja and Upsampada ceremony and famous Buddhist universities.
It is a beautiful presentation on Buddhist Educational System- Buddhist Education- Pubbaja -Upasampada- Four noble Truths-Ashtanga Margas- Eight Fold Paths-Sangha Vihara- Buddhist Monks-
This PPT is about nalanda university was created for linguistics practical.
nalanda university was first ancient residential university in world built in india.
The education system which was evolved first in ancient India is known as the Vedic system of education. In other words, the ancient system of education was based on the Vedas and therefore it was given the name of Vedic Educational System. In Vedic era education had a very prominent place in society. It was being considered as pious and important for society. In the eyes of Aryans, education was the only means to acquire, prosperity in the field of physical, mental, spiritual and social developments. Education was must for everybody for becoming cultured. In absence of education people were considered as uncultured and animal like thing. Education was an instrument to show new paths and knowledge to us. Education opens our hidden qualities and helps people to attain Salvation. It can be regarded as ―Third Eye‘of human beings. Through education only a man gets rid from debt of Guru and so was the feeling of people at that time. In short by putting different logic, we can say that education was the most important aspect of human life of that period. Terms such as knowledge, awakening, humility, modesty etc. are often used to characterize education in the Vedic period.Educational Achievements of Vedic age were as follows:
1. Education emphasized the development of spirituality the ashram system was adopted for paying of the individual’s debt towards the Gods, his forefathers, his teacher and society.
2. The minds of the parents were first prepared to instill in them a desire for the education of their children. It has been said that those parents are the enemy of the child who do not teach their children.
3. Great attention was paid to the development of Childs character. Teachers laid stress on integral development of the individuals’ personality.
4. Social skill was evolved through training in fulfillment of duties
5. Efforts were made for the preservation and propagation of the national culture.
6. Education was free. Its expenses were borne by the society and the king
7. While living in Gurukul the child imbibed education in a favourable environment
8. A student was compelled to obey the ideals of the Gurukul. He had to shoulder the burden of existence through begging for alms. This practice developed humility and tolerance in the student
9. In developing the students character attention was paid to his nature, early experiences upbringing and circumstance
10. Self study (Swadhyaya) was considered more important
11. The medium of education was divine pronouncement
12. The examination was oral one. The student was required to give oral answers in a congregation of scholars. It he satisfied them, he was given a degree or little. The consensus of the scholars’ opinion was essential for obtaining such a title.
Vedic India is considered a very important place in the field of education since yesterday. Between the 8th century and the 12th century, India was the largest and famous center of education in the whole world. Where we see that the journey of education started through Gurukul and Ashrams and has reached the universities today. In which today, along with the latest education, importance is given to ancient education, culture, bed, Purana
This PPT contains all about Buddhist Education. That is about Mahatma Buddha, Buddhist scriptures, noble truths, Pubjja and Upsampada ceremony and famous Buddhist universities.
It is a beautiful presentation on Buddhist Educational System- Buddhist Education- Pubbaja -Upasampada- Four noble Truths-Ashtanga Margas- Eight Fold Paths-Sangha Vihara- Buddhist Monks-
The most important system of education in medieval period was the Buddhist system of education. Buddhist education came into the existence in the 5th century B.C. Buddhist system of education was monastic. All castes were admitted to Buddhist sangh. The history of education in Buddha period is inter-related with the history of monasteries and Vihara because there were no independent educational institutions or centers, other than those religious centers. Those centers were highly responsible for the spread of Buddhism in India by 600B.C.
First and foremost Commission of Indian Education emphasized on Women and primary education. Also established 3 universities in the London University modelled.
SADLER COMMISSION OR CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY COMMISSIONMRIGANKADOLUI1
1857--Calcutta University established.
1914--1st world war.
1916--Sir Ashutosh Mukharjee – Education Controller Of Bengal province.
7 members appointed in a commission in 14 sep 1917.
Dr. Michael Sadler V.C of LEEDS UNIVERSITY.
MICHAEL SADLER was leading this commission
Nalanda University an Educational Saga of the WorldRajeev Ranjan
Nalanda University is glory of Educational world. It paved the way of teaching and learning throughout the world.
Have a glance of this unique world of education.
The Gurukul was a type of school in ancient education system. The gurukul system is an ancient learning method. Gurukulam has existed since the vedic age.
Source<> http://www.edubilla.com/blog/the-gurukul-system-of-education/
The most important system of education in medieval period was the Buddhist system of education. Buddhist education came into the existence in the 5th century B.C. Buddhist system of education was monastic. All castes were admitted to Buddhist sangh. The history of education in Buddha period is inter-related with the history of monasteries and Vihara because there were no independent educational institutions or centers, other than those religious centers. Those centers were highly responsible for the spread of Buddhism in India by 600B.C.
First and foremost Commission of Indian Education emphasized on Women and primary education. Also established 3 universities in the London University modelled.
SADLER COMMISSION OR CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY COMMISSIONMRIGANKADOLUI1
1857--Calcutta University established.
1914--1st world war.
1916--Sir Ashutosh Mukharjee – Education Controller Of Bengal province.
7 members appointed in a commission in 14 sep 1917.
Dr. Michael Sadler V.C of LEEDS UNIVERSITY.
MICHAEL SADLER was leading this commission
Nalanda University an Educational Saga of the WorldRajeev Ranjan
Nalanda University is glory of Educational world. It paved the way of teaching and learning throughout the world.
Have a glance of this unique world of education.
The Gurukul was a type of school in ancient education system. The gurukul system is an ancient learning method. Gurukulam has existed since the vedic age.
Source<> http://www.edubilla.com/blog/the-gurukul-system-of-education/
The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docxjmindy
The Islamic Golden Age
1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
2. Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
3. Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Islamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbassid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century.
Under the Abbassids, Islamic culture became a blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions. The result was an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements.
It is said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate with the Mongol invasions and the Sack of Baghdad in 1258. Several contemporary scholars, however, place the end of the Islamic Golden Age to be around the 15th to 16th centuries.
Influences for the Golden Age
Religious: The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge.
Government sponsorship
The Muslim governments heavily patronized scholars. The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today.
The House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and academy established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun.
The House of Wisdom is where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin.
From the translations, the Arab world became a collection of cultures which put together, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Byzantine civilizations.
New technology
With a new, and easier writing system, and the introduction of paper, information was democratized to the extent that, for probably the first time in history, it became possible to make a living from simply writing and selling books.
Learning from History…
During this period, the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge of the civilizations that had been conquered. Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated from Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations into Arabic and Persian, and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.
Philosophy
Ibn Rushd founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina played a major role in saving the works of Aristotle, whose ideas came to dominate the non-religious thought of the Christian and Muslim worlds. They would also absorb ideas from China, and India, adding to them tremendous knowled.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
3. Ancient India
Indian history began with the birth of the Indus Valley
Civilization in such sites as Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa, and
Lothal, followed by the coming of the Aryans.
Historians and archeologists believe the Indus Valley
Civilization began around 3000 BCE.
There is evidence of trade between Ancient India and
Mesopotamia as early as 3200 BCE.
3
4. Education in Ancient India
Early education in India commenced under the supervision
of a guru.
As time progressed, due to superiority complexes, the
education was imparted on the basis of caste.
However, as population increased under the Gupta
empire centers of urban learning became increasingly
common.
Cities such as Varanasi and the Buddhist centre
at Nalanda became increasingly visible.
4
5. Ancient Universities
Nalanda University
Takshashila University
Vikramashila University
Valabhi University
Pushpagiri University
Odantapuri University
Somapura University
Ujjain University
Kanchi University
5
7. Nalanda University (also known as Nalanda International
University) is located in Rajgir, near Nalanda, Bihar, India.
It has been called “One of the earliest universities in the World.
It was founded in the 5th century BC by the Gupta Empire, known
as the ancient seat of learning.
Contribution also was given by- The King Harshwardhan, Kumar
Gupta(college of fine arts), Dharmpal Brahmin scholar(tutor),
Dinnaga –Founder of the school of Logic.
7
8. It was a Buddhist center of learning from 427 to 1197 CE.
It became the crown jewel of the development of Buddhism
in India and the world.
First Residential International university of the world.
It accommodated over 2,000 teachers and 10,000 students
from all over the world.
8
9. Libraries
The library of Nalanda, known as DharmaGunj (Mountain of
Truth) or Dharmagañja (Treasury of Truth), was the most
renowned repository of Buddhist knowledge in the world at the
time.
The library had three main buildings- Ratnasagara,
Ratnodadhi and Ratnaranjaka.
Each building was nine stories high and had an enormous
collection of books that covered various subjects ranging from
religion, literature, astrology, astronomy, medicine and much
more.
9
10. Curriculum
Learning was greatly encouraged as it served dual purposes:
knowledge & practice.
Courses were drawn from every field of learning, Buddhist
and Hindu, sacred and secular, foreign and native.
Students studied Science, astronomy, medicine, and logic as
diligently as they applied themselves to metaphysics,
philosophy, Samkhya, Yoga-shastra, the Veda, and the
scriptures of Buddhism. They studied foreign philosophy
likewise.
Nalanda was also the most global university of its times,
attracting pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China,
Tibet, Indonesia, Persia, and Turkey.
10
11. Great Scholars of Nalanda University
Chinese traveler and scholar, Xuanzang(Hsuan-tsang,7th
century AD) , visited Nalanda and left a vivid account of the
curriculum and of the general features of the community.
Famous philosophers like Shilabhadra, Nagarajuna, and
Mahayana were among the few scholars of Nalanda.
11Xuanzang
12. Fall of Nalanda University
According to the records Nalanda University was destroyed
three times by invaders, but rebuilt only twice.
The first destruction was caused by the Huns under
Mihirakula during the reign of Skandagupta (455–467 AD).
But Skanda’s successors restored the library and improved it
with an even bigger building.
The second destruction came in the early 7th century by the
Gaudas. This time, the Buddhist king Harshavardhana
(606–648 AD) restored the university.
12
13. The third and most destructive attack came when the ancient
Nalanda University was destroyed by the Muslim army led by
the Turkish leader Bakhtiyar Khilji in 1193.
After the destruction University again began its first academic
session on September 1, 2014 with 15 students including five
women.
Initially set up with temporary facilities in Rajgir, a modern
campus is expected to be finished by 2020.
13
15. The world's first University Takshashila also known as “City of Cut
Stone’’ flourished from 600 BC to 500 AD.
Takshashila was in the kingdom of Gandhar, in Ancient India before
partition.
But now Takshashila is in Rawalpindi district of the Punjab Pakistan.
A town located in the north-western region of India (in today’s
Pakistan).
According to references in the Ramayana, King Bharata founded the
town in the name of his son, Taksha.
15
16. 68 subjects were taught at this university and the minimum
entry age, ancient texts show, was 16.
A wide range of subjects were taught by experienced
masters: Vedas, Language, Grammar, Philosophy,
Medicine, Surgery, Archery, Politics, Warfare, Astronomy,
Astrology, Accounts, Commerce, Futurology,
Documentation, Occult, Music, Dance, etc.
16
17. Admission into this university was purely based on merit.
The students would opt for electives and then would do in-
depth study and research into their field of choice.
It had 10,500 students including those from Babylon, Greece,
Syria, and China.
The panel of masters at the university included legendary
scholars like Kautilya, Panini, Jivak and Vishnu Sharma.
17
18. When Alexander’s armies came to the Punjab in the fourth
century BC, Takshashila had already developed a reputation
as an important seat of learning.
Thus on his return Alexander took many scholars from there
with him to Greece.
Being near the north-west frontier of India, Takshashila had
to face the brunt of attacks and invasions from the north and
the west.
18
19. Thus the Persians, Greeks, Parthians, Shakas and Kushanas
laid their destructive marks on this institution.
The final blow, however, came from the Huns (also the
destroyers of the Roman Empire) who, A.D. c.450, razed
the institution.
When the Chinese traveller Huen T’sang (A.D. 603-64)
visited Takshashila, the town had lost all its former
grandeur and international character.
19
21. Vikramasila University was established by Dharma Pala in
8th century AD,because of the decline in scholarship of
Nalanda University.
It is a Buddhist tantric centre of learning situated in the north
east of Bhagalpur, Bihar.
According to Tibetan sources five Mahaviharas Nalanda,
Vikramasila, Somapura, Odantapura, Jagaddala existed then.
These universities had some sort of network for the
exchange of knowledge.
21
22. Vikramashila was one of the largest Buddhist universities,
with more than one hundred teachers and about one
thousand students.
It produced eminent scholars who were often invited by
foreign countries to spread Buddhist learning, culture and
religion.
The most distinguished and eminent among all was Atisa
Dipankara, the founder of Lamaism in Tibet.
22
23. Subjects like theology, philosophy, grammar, metaphysics,
logic etc. were taught here.
But the most important branch of learning was tantrism.
The university had 400 years of glorious years when
Buktiyar Khilji destroyed the university during 12th century
AD.
23
24. Excavation-
Meticulous excavation at the site was conducted initially by B.P.
Sinha of Patna University (1960–69) and subsequently by
Archaeological Survey of India (1972–82).
It has revealed a huge square monastery with a cruciform stupa in
its centre, a library building and cluster of votive stupas.
To the north of monastery a number of scattered structures
including a Tibetan and a Hindu temple have been found.
24
25. The main stupa built for the purpose of worship is a brick
structure laid in mud mortar and stands in the centre of the
square monastery.
The Vikramashila site is the place for Vikramashila
Mahotsav, which is held annually during the month of
February.
25
