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Ancient egyptcsc
- 1. Recent Visit toEgypt
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- 4. Egyptian Timeline • OldKingdom (2700-2150) – hieroglyphics and religion develop in Egypt – pyramids built • Middle Kingdom (2040-1786) – extension of Egyptian control into Nubia • New Kingdom (1570-1075) – militaristic - Hebrews enslaved – mummification perfected
- 5. Outline 1.Geography 1. Government 2. Religion – The Pharaoh – Gods 2. Daily Life – Pyramids 3. Middle Kingdom – Mummies 4. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 6. I. Geography • River dominates Egyptian world/thought • Surrounded by desert with occasional oases – Permits some trade – Defense from invasion • Contributes to feeling of safety – Preserves artifacts 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 7. “Egypt is thegift of the Nile” - Herodotus 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 8. 1 2 34 5 6
- 9. I. The Nile • Yearly flooding - no concern for soil depletion – Predictable – Irrigation systems • Encourages – Trade – Communication – Political unity 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 10. I. The Nile 12 3 4 5 6
- 11. I. The Nile 12 3 4 5 6
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- 13. I. The Nile • Impact on religion – divided life - living and dying. • East (sunrise) is land of the living - cities, temples • West (sunset) is land of the dead - tombs 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 14. I. The Nile 12 3 4 5 6
- 15. II. Religion • Omnipresence of religion • Polytheistic – interaction with the natural environment shows interrelated gods and goddesses yearly rebirth of Nile and daily rebirth of sun – over 2000 gods • Pharaoh as living god • Afterlife – evolution of who has an afterlife • Old vs. New Kingdom 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 16. II. Osiris • Godof the Dead - “rebirth” - and the weighing of the heart • Evolution of Egyptian mythology – known as a ruler in the Nile delta - – a local god – regional god. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 17. II. Horus • Horus,god of balance and harmony. • Maintained the natural order: the flow of the Nile and the fertility of the soil. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 18. II. Early Pyramids Zoser’s stepped pyramid - similar to Babylonian ziggurats 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 19. Why build Pyramids? •Belief in the afterlife demanded: 1. Bodies be interred whole 2. Material goods for use in afterlife be present • The need to protect the bodies demanded good burial tombs 1. First were mastabas 2. Then pyramids 3. Then later… hidden tombs
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- 21. II. Great Pyramid Tomb for Khufu • an almost perfect square (deviation .05%) • orientation is exactly North, South, East West • 2,300,000 blocks, 500ft high • 20 years to build • average block weighs 2.5 tons – Some weigh 9 tons! 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 22. II. Great Pyramid 12 3 4 5 6
- 24. II. Great Pyramid 12 3 4 5 6
- 25. Pyramids of Menkaure,Khafre and Khufu Queen Pyramids in front 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 26. II. Great Pyramid 12 3 4 5 6
- 27. Valley of theKings 1 2 3 4 5 6 II. Hidden Tombs
- 28. II. Hidden Tombs Valley of the Kings 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 29. II. Mummies • Notknown when mummification started in Egypt • Perfected by time of New Kingdom • How to make a mummy: 70 steps – 1) Removal of the brain through the nostrils 2) Removal of the intestines through an incision in the side 3) Sterilization of the body and intestines 4) Treating, cleaning, dehydrating the intestines 5) Packing the body with natron (a natural dehydrating agent) and leaving for 40 days 6) Removal of the natron agent 7) Packing the limbs with clay or sand 8) Packing the body with linen (soaked in resin), myrrh and cinnamon 9) Treating the body with ointments and finally wrapping with a fine linen gauze, not less than 1000 square yards . 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 30. Canopic Jars madeof alabaster for storage of heart, stomach, intestines and liver which were also treated 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 31. II. Mummies Mummy Inner coffin 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 32. II. Mummies Second inner coffin Second inner coffin lid 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 33. II. Mummies The mummy of Hatshepsut: 1479 – 1458 BC 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 34. II. Mummies 3000 year-old mummy Pharaoh Rameses I 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ruled Egypt from 1292-1290 BC
- 35. II. Mummies Mummy of Rameses II in Cairo Museum, one of the greatest pharaohs of ancient Egypt 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 36. Gift bearers Funerary Gifts Shabti box Model boat 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 37. III. The Pharaoh • God-King - unlike Mesopotamia – Temporal power • owns all the land and people and what people possess • law vs. Pharaoh's will • irrigation • no city walls 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 38. III. The Pharaoh • God-King - unlike Mesopotamia – Religious • direct descendant of the Sun god • controls access to the afterlife • July-Sept, during floods life is controlled by the Pharaoh – 365 day calendar. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 39. III. The Pharaoh Valley of the Kings 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 40. IV. Daily Lifein Egypt • Cosmetics, cleanliness (bathe 3 times a day), shaved bodies, wigs • Main food is beer and bread – grow many crops: emmer, barley, flax, lentils, onion, beans, and millet • Common building made of sun-dried mud bricks - up to three stories in height • Four social classes - slaves on the bottom • Most common job … farming 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 41. IV. Cosmetics inEgypt Egyptians used cosmetics regardless of sex and social status for both aesthetic and therapeutic reasons. Oils and unguents were rubbed into the skin to protect it from the hot dry air. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 42. IV. Cosmetics inEgypt 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 43. IV. Farmers inEgypt 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 44. IV. Farmers inEgypt 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 45. IV. Farmers inEgypt 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 46. IV. Farmers inEgypt 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 47. IV. Irrigation inEgypt shadoof 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 48. IV. Nile LifeToday
- 49. IV. Nile LifeToday
- 50. IV. Nile LifeToday A felucca, a traditional Nile sailing boat.
- 51. IV. Nile LifeToday
- 52. IV. Nile LifeToday
- 53. IV. Nile LifeToday
- 54. IV. Nile LifeToday
- 55. IV. Nile LifeToday
- 56. IV. Hieroglyphics • Languageis written without vowels • Different pronunciations – MNFR as Memphis – SR as Osiris – TTMS as either Thutmose, Thutmosis, Tatmusa or Atithmese • Who learns this writing style? 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 57. IV. Hieroglyphics • Usein temples • Rosetta Stone - hieroglyphics - demotics - greek • Napoleon and Egyptology. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 58. IV. Papyrus inEgypt The Egyptians invented paper (papyrus) and writing on paper scrolls 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 59. IV. Egyptian Artwork Role played by size in Egyptian Artwork 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 60. IV. Egyptian Artwork Stela (stone relief carving) of Akhenaten, Nefertiti and their children Painting - Egyptian farmers & animals Notice, all people drawn from the side – even when looking right at you! 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 61. IV. Egyptian Artwork Tutunkhaman’s tomb, Valley of the Kings 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 62. IV. Egyptian Artwork 12 3 4 5 6 Edfu Temple Carving
- 63. IV. Egyptian Artwork 12 3 4 5 6 Extensive engraved carving Edfu Temple
- 64. IV. Egyptian Artwork 12 3 4 5 6 Hatshepsut’s Temple - Modern architecture
- 65. IV. Egyptian Artwork Luxor Temple – Coptic Christian 1 2 3 4 5 6 over-painting & desecration
- 66. V. Middle Kingdom2050-1750 BCE • End of civil wars, return of farming and trade • Move of capital south to Upper Egypt (Thebes) • Public improvements – drain swamps, canal to Red Sea • Belief in afterlife expands to include common people • Tombs instead of pyramids – better protection for mummies. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 67. V. Middle Kingdom2050-1750 BCE 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 68. VI. New Kingdom1550-1075 BCE • Ahmose I expelled the invading Hyksos and reunited Egypt • Known as the Empire period • Development of “public” and “private” zones at temples. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 69. Ahmose I leadingEgyptians against the Hyksos 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 70. VI. New Kingdom1550-1075 BCE • Characterized by a more militaristic and imperialistic nature – incorporated chariot, bronze working, horses – development of a professional army • Became a slave-based economy fueled by war and expansion 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 71. VI. Threats toTradition • Amenhotep IV (c. 1362-1347 B.C.) introduced the worship of Aton, god of the sun disk, as the chief god and pursued his worship with enthusiasm. • Changed name to Akhenaten (“It is well with Aton”) • He closed the temples of other gods and especially endeavoured to lessen the power of Amon-Re and his priesthood at Thebes. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 72. VI. Threats toTradition 1355-1335 BCE • Nefertiti – Wife of Akhenaton the only pharaoh to even partially reject polytheism – Political move against priests of Amon-Re – Moved capital to Amarna – Worshipped Aton, the sun disk • Royal inbreeding. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 73. VI. Tutankhamen 1335-1325 BCE • (King Tut) • Child ruler • Ruled nine years, died at 18 • Young death meant burial in the tomb of a lesser person (noble) resulting in preservation 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 74. VI. Rameses II(1279-1213) • Greatest New Kingdom ruler • Military leader of Egypt • Expanded into southern Turkey • Built many monuments to himself • Last gasp of Egyptian power. 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 75. VI. Rameses II(1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 76. VI. Rameses II(1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 77. VI. Rameses II(1279-1213) Lake Nasser, Abu Simbel 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 78. VI. Rameses II(1279-1213) 1 2 3 4 5 6
- 79. VI. Rameses II(1279-1213) Lake Nasser, Abu Simbel 1 2 3 4 5 6
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