The anatomy of the skin consists of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat. The epidermis contains five layers and produces keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells and Langerhans cells. The dermis lies underneath and contains collagen, elastin and ground substance. It is divided into the papillary and reticular layers. Skin appendages include hair follicles, sebaceous and eccrine glands. The skin has blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and muscles like the arrector pili. Skin thickness and structure varies in different areas and changes with ageing.
This document discusses the layers of skin, its functions, and appendages. It defines fascia as the deep connective tissue layer beneath the skin, and differentiates between superficial and deep fascia. Superficial fascia is a loose layer of adipose and connective tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures. Deep fascia is a dense layer of collagen that forms membranes and sheaths around muscles.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of epithelial tissue in 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum) and contains four main cell types. The dermis is made of connective tissue and contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves. The skin provides protection from external factors, regulates body temperature, and serves important sensory functions.
The skin : هذا العرض يتحدث عن الجلد الذي يعتبر اكبر عضو بالجسم وشرح الطبقاة المكونة للجلد :
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https://t.me/GoldenAlzaidy
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youtube::: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw
This document provides an overview of integumentary (skin) disorders. It begins with an introduction to the skin's anatomy and functions. The three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - are then described in detail. The document discusses the skin's role in protection, sensation, and fluid balance regulation. Specific cell types, glands, hair, and nails are also examined. A variety of bacterial, viral, and inflammatory skin conditions are listed for further discussion.
Normal histology of skin with pathological skin conditions.pptxDr.Sunil mitran
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It is divided into five layers from superficial to deep: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains fibroblasts, mast cells, and adipocytes. It is divided into the papillary and reticular dermis. Skin appendages include hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. It discusses the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - and describes their composition and functions. Key points covered include the structure and cellular makeup of the epidermis, roles of melanocytes and keratinocytes, structure of hair follicles and nails, and glands of the skin. The functions of the skin in protection, sensation, fluid balance, and temperature regulation are also summarized.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis acts as a barrier and is made up of keratinocytes and other specialized cells. The dermis contains collagen, elastin and blood vessels. The skin has several appendages including hair, nails, and glands that secrete sebum and sweat. Skin comes in different types depending on oil and moisture levels and sensitivity. The skin protects the body and has important sensory and immune functions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has several layers, including the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium with keratinocytes that produce keratin. The dermis contains collagen, fibers and structures like hair follicles. Accessory structures include hair, nails, and glands. Hair provides protection while glands like sebaceous glands secrete oils to moisturize the skin. The integumentary system acts as a barrier and helps regulate body temperature.
This document discusses the layers of skin, its functions, and appendages. It defines fascia as the deep connective tissue layer beneath the skin, and differentiates between superficial and deep fascia. Superficial fascia is a loose layer of adipose and connective tissue that connects the skin to underlying structures. Deep fascia is a dense layer of collagen that forms membranes and sheaths around muscles.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis is made of epithelial tissue in 5 layers (stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum) and contains four main cell types. The dermis is made of connective tissue and contains hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and nerves. The skin provides protection from external factors, regulates body temperature, and serves important sensory functions.
The skin : هذا العرض يتحدث عن الجلد الذي يعتبر اكبر عضو بالجسم وشرح الطبقاة المكونة للجلد :
------------------------------------------
https://t.me/GoldenAlzaidy
------------------------------------------------------
youtube::: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Orumw-PyNjw
This document provides an overview of integumentary (skin) disorders. It begins with an introduction to the skin's anatomy and functions. The three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - are then described in detail. The document discusses the skin's role in protection, sensation, and fluid balance regulation. Specific cell types, glands, hair, and nails are also examined. A variety of bacterial, viral, and inflammatory skin conditions are listed for further discussion.
Normal histology of skin with pathological skin conditions.pptxDr.Sunil mitran
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. It is divided into five layers from superficial to deep: stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains fibroblasts, mast cells, and adipocytes. It is divided into the papillary and reticular dermis. Skin appendages include hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and nails
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the integumentary system. It discusses the three layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue - and describes their composition and functions. Key points covered include the structure and cellular makeup of the epidermis, roles of melanocytes and keratinocytes, structure of hair follicles and nails, and glands of the skin. The functions of the skin in protection, sensation, fluid balance, and temperature regulation are also summarized.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis acts as a barrier and is made up of keratinocytes and other specialized cells. The dermis contains collagen, elastin and blood vessels. The skin has several appendages including hair, nails, and glands that secrete sebum and sweat. Skin comes in different types depending on oil and moisture levels and sensitivity. The skin protects the body and has important sensory and immune functions.
The integumentary system consists of the skin and its accessory structures. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has several layers, including the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium with keratinocytes that produce keratin. The dermis contains collagen, fibers and structures like hair follicles. Accessory structures include hair, nails, and glands. Hair provides protection while glands like sebaceous glands secrete oils to moisturize the skin. The integumentary system acts as a barrier and helps regulate body temperature.
Brief Anatomy of Skin and Skin GraftingRishi Gupta
Brief Anatomy of Skin and Skin Grafting.
Anatomy of Skin
History of skin grafting.
Recent Advances in Skin Grafting.
Dermal Substitutes.
Cell cultures in skin grafting.
The skin is the largest organ of the body that protects us from damage and regulates body temperature. It is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes that produce keratin, while the dermis lies underneath and contains structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
This document summarizes the structure and function of human skin. It describes the two main layers of skin - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains 5 layers including the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, and stratum basale. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. The skin acts as a protective barrier, regulates temperature and moisture, senses touch and pain, and plays a role in vitamin D production, acid-base balance, and waste excretion. The document also describes sweat glands and their role in thermoregulation.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium in multiple layers that acts as a protective barrier. Below this is the dermis, which contains hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, nerves, and supplies the epidermis with nutrients. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, connects the skin to underlying tissue. Together these layers allow the skin to regulate temperature, protect the body, and sense the environment.
The document provides information on the integumentary system, skeletal system, and joints. It includes sections on the structure and functions of skin, as well as the structure of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and types of bones. Key points covered are the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), structures in the skin (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands), functions of skin (protection, temperature regulation, sensation), and divisions of the skeletal system into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Anatomy and Histology of Skin(Dermis & Epidermis).pptxMathew Joseph
Deep to the epidermis lies the dermis. It is a thick layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastin which allows for skin's strength and flexibility, respectively. The dermis also contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and adnexal structures such as hair shafts, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
The skin consists of two main layers, the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is a thin layer that provides a protective barrier and is composed of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells arranged in strata. The dermis lies below the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue that provides strength and harbors structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The dermis can be divided into the superficial papillary region and deeper reticular region. The skin performs important functions like protection, regulation, sensation, and metabolism.
This document summarizes the structure and functions of human skin. It discusses that skin is the largest organ, weighs 4 kg and has an area of 2 m2. It then describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It provides detailed information about the structure and cells within the epidermis and dermis layers. It also discusses the blood supply, lymphatics, nerves and immune system of skin. Finally, it summarizes the different types of immune reactions that can occur in the skin, including immediate, humoral, immune-complex mediated and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
The document discusses semisolid dosage forms and factors influencing dermal drug penetration. It defines various semisolid dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels and pastes. It then discusses biological, physicochemical and drug-related factors that influence how well drugs penetrate the skin. Key factors mentioned are skin condition, age, temperature, drug properties like solubility and molecular size. The document provides details on how each of these factors can impact dermal absorption of drugs administered via semisolid dosage forms.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis has multiple layers of keratinized cells that help protect the body. The dermis contains collagen, elastin and blood vessels that provide strength and nourishment to the skin. Accessory structures like hair, nails and glands also have important protective and sensory functions. The skin acts as a barrier against pathogens and regulates temperature, while also producing vitamin D and sensing touch.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It provides protection from injury and infection through physical and chemical barriers. The skin regulates body temperature through vasodilation and sweating. It also senses touch and pressure through nerve endings. The skin synthesizes vitamin D and excretes wastes. The epidermis and dermis layers contain cells and fibers that give the skin strength and flexibility.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin composed of keratinocytes and other cell types. It forms a protective barrier against pathogens and regulates water loss. The epidermis consists of several layers - the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains structures like hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, blood vessels, nerves. The hypodermis is the lowest layer and stores fat. Together these layers comprise the integumentary system which acts as a protective barrier for the body.
The document discusses the anatomy of skin and its appendages. It describes skin as the outer covering of the body made of two layers - epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium and the dermis is made of connective tissue. Skin contains pigments like melanin, carotene and haemoglobin. It has structures like hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin has functions like protection, regulation of temperature and synthesis of vitamin D. Some clinical conditions associated with skin like bed sores, fungal infections and vitiligo are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its accessory structures. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Within the epidermis it describes the different cell types and layers. In the dermis it outlines the two layers and their components. It also covers hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Finally, it briefly discusses some common skin conditions like skin cancer, burns and pathology.
The document discusses the structure and function of the integumentary system, specifically the skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. It has several layers with different functions. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels and glands. It is made up of papillary and reticular layers. The hypodermis contains fat and connective tissue. Skin color is determined by melanin, hemoglobin and carotene. Hair, nails and glands are important accessory structures of the skin.
Skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and prevents water loss. Its layers include the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers that give skin strength and elasticity. It has two layers - papillary and reticular. Sweat glands and hair follicles are found in the dermis. Sweating is important for thermoregulation as sweat evaporates and cools the body. Eccrine sweat glands cover most of the body while apocrine glands are in armpits and genital regions.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering about 2 square meters and weighing around 5 kg. It consists of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is a thin layer composed mainly of keratinocytes that produce keratin. Melanocytes in the epidermis produce melanin which protects from UV light. The dermis is a thick layer made of connective tissue containing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in temperature regulation through sweat production and blood flow. It also has sensory functions and enables vitamin D synthesis.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ and has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of keratinized epithelial tissue and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis is made of connective tissue. Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands are accessory structures that develop from the epidermis and serve protective and temperature regulating functions. The integumentary system maintains body temperature, protects the internal organs, and detects sensations.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Brief Anatomy of Skin and Skin GraftingRishi Gupta
Brief Anatomy of Skin and Skin Grafting.
Anatomy of Skin
History of skin grafting.
Recent Advances in Skin Grafting.
Dermal Substitutes.
Cell cultures in skin grafting.
The skin is the largest organ of the body that protects us from damage and regulates body temperature. It is made up of three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer and contains keratinocytes that produce keratin, while the dermis lies underneath and contains structures like hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
This document summarizes the structure and function of human skin. It describes the two main layers of skin - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis contains 5 layers including the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, and stratum basale. The dermis lies below the epidermis and contains collagen, blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and glands. The skin acts as a protective barrier, regulates temperature and moisture, senses touch and pain, and plays a role in vitamin D production, acid-base balance, and waste excretion. The document also describes sweat glands and their role in thermoregulation.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ of the body and has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium in multiple layers that acts as a protective barrier. Below this is the dermis, which contains hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, nerves, and supplies the epidermis with nutrients. The deepest layer, the hypodermis, connects the skin to underlying tissue. Together these layers allow the skin to regulate temperature, protect the body, and sense the environment.
The document provides information on the integumentary system, skeletal system, and joints. It includes sections on the structure and functions of skin, as well as the structure of the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, and types of bones. Key points covered are the layers of the skin (epidermis and dermis), structures in the skin (sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands), functions of skin (protection, temperature regulation, sensation), and divisions of the skeletal system into the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton.
Anatomy and Histology of Skin(Dermis & Epidermis).pptxMathew Joseph
Deep to the epidermis lies the dermis. It is a thick layer of connective tissue consisting of collagen and elastin which allows for skin's strength and flexibility, respectively. The dermis also contains nerve endings, blood vessels, and adnexal structures such as hair shafts, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
The skin consists of two main layers, the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is a thin layer that provides a protective barrier and is composed of keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells arranged in strata. The dermis lies below the epidermis and is composed of connective tissue that provides strength and harbors structures like hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels. The dermis can be divided into the superficial papillary region and deeper reticular region. The skin performs important functions like protection, regulation, sensation, and metabolism.
This document summarizes the structure and functions of human skin. It discusses that skin is the largest organ, weighs 4 kg and has an area of 2 m2. It then describes the three layers of skin - epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It provides detailed information about the structure and cells within the epidermis and dermis layers. It also discusses the blood supply, lymphatics, nerves and immune system of skin. Finally, it summarizes the different types of immune reactions that can occur in the skin, including immediate, humoral, immune-complex mediated and delayed hypersensitivity reactions.
The document discusses semisolid dosage forms and factors influencing dermal drug penetration. It defines various semisolid dosage forms including ointments, creams, gels and pastes. It then discusses biological, physicochemical and drug-related factors that influence how well drugs penetrate the skin. Key factors mentioned are skin condition, age, temperature, drug properties like solubility and molecular size. The document provides details on how each of these factors can impact dermal absorption of drugs administered via semisolid dosage forms.
The skin has three main layers - the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layer. The epidermis has multiple layers of keratinized cells that help protect the body. The dermis contains collagen, elastin and blood vessels that provide strength and nourishment to the skin. Accessory structures like hair, nails and glands also have important protective and sensory functions. The skin acts as a barrier against pathogens and regulates temperature, while also producing vitamin D and sensing touch.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. It provides protection from injury and infection through physical and chemical barriers. The skin regulates body temperature through vasodilation and sweating. It also senses touch and pressure through nerve endings. The skin synthesizes vitamin D and excretes wastes. The epidermis and dermis layers contain cells and fibers that give the skin strength and flexibility.
The epidermis is the outermost layer of skin composed of keratinocytes and other cell types. It forms a protective barrier against pathogens and regulates water loss. The epidermis consists of several layers - the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains structures like hair follicles, sweat and oil glands, blood vessels, nerves. The hypodermis is the lowest layer and stores fat. Together these layers comprise the integumentary system which acts as a protective barrier for the body.
The document discusses the anatomy of skin and its appendages. It describes skin as the outer covering of the body made of two layers - epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is stratified squamous epithelium and the dermis is made of connective tissue. Skin contains pigments like melanin, carotene and haemoglobin. It has structures like hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands. Skin has functions like protection, regulation of temperature and synthesis of vitamin D. Some clinical conditions associated with skin like bed sores, fungal infections and vitiligo are also mentioned.
This document provides an overview of the integumentary system, including the structure and functions of the skin and its accessory structures. It discusses the three main layers of the skin - epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. Within the epidermis it describes the different cell types and layers. In the dermis it outlines the two layers and their components. It also covers hair, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands. Finally, it briefly discusses some common skin conditions like skin cancer, burns and pathology.
The document discusses the structure and function of the integumentary system, specifically the skin. It describes the three main layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Merkel cells. It has several layers with different functions. The dermis contains collagen, elastic fibers, blood vessels and glands. It is made up of papillary and reticular layers. The hypodermis contains fat and connective tissue. Skin color is determined by melanin, hemoglobin and carotene. Hair, nails and glands are important accessory structures of the skin.
Skin has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of stratified squamous epithelium and prevents water loss. Its layers include the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale. The dermis contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers that give skin strength and elasticity. It has two layers - papillary and reticular. Sweat glands and hair follicles are found in the dermis. Sweating is important for thermoregulation as sweat evaporates and cools the body. Eccrine sweat glands cover most of the body while apocrine glands are in armpits and genital regions.
The skin is the largest organ of the body, covering about 2 square meters and weighing around 5 kg. It consists of two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is a thin layer composed mainly of keratinocytes that produce keratin. Melanocytes in the epidermis produce melanin which protects from UV light. The dermis is a thick layer made of connective tissue containing collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers. The skin acts as a protective barrier and plays a role in temperature regulation through sweat production and blood flow. It also has sensory functions and enables vitamin D synthesis.
The integumentary system consists of the skin, hair, nails, and glands. The skin is the largest organ and has two main layers - the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is made of keratinized epithelial tissue and contains keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The dermis is made of connective tissue. Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands are accessory structures that develop from the epidermis and serve protective and temperature regulating functions. The integumentary system maintains body temperature, protects the internal organs, and detects sensations.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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2. Introduction
• Largest organ of the human body
• 15% of TBW (70 kg person skin weighs approximately 13 kg)
• Surface area aprox. 2 m2
• Covers the entire external surface of the body, including
external auditory meatus, lateral aspect of the tympanic
membrane , vestibule of the nose. continuous with the mucosae
of the alimentary , respiratory and urogenital tracts, and fuses
with the conjunctiva at the margins of the eyelids, and with the
lining of the lacrimal canaliculi at the lacrimal puncta.
• Thickness of the skin ranges from 1.5 to 5.0 mm & depends on
its location.
3. Functions
• Protection against microorganisms, dehydration,
ultraviolet light, and mechanical damage; first physical
barrier against the external environment.
• Sensation of pain, temperature, touch, and deep pressure
starts with the skin.
• Mobility: The skin allows smooth movement of the body.
• Endocrine activity: The skin initiates the biochemical
processes involved in Vitamin D production .
4. • Exocrine activity: This occurs by the release of water, urea,
and ammonia. Skin secretes products like sebum, sweat,
and pheromones and exerts important immunologic
functions by secreting bioactive substances such as
cytokines.
• Immunity development against pathogens.
• Regulation of Temperature : conserving or releasing heat
and helps maintain the body’s water and homeostatic
balance.
5. The anatomy of the skin is composed of
A. Three main skin layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Subcutaneous fat
B. Three Skin Appendages
1. Hair
2. Hair follicles
3. Glands
7. Epidermis
• Stratified squamous epithelium
• Derived from ectoderm
• The outermost layer of skin, provides a waterproof barrier and contributes to
skin tone.
8. The epidermis is further divided into five layers on thick skin
1. Stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum corneum
9. Stratum Germinativum (Basal layer)
• Deepest layer of epidermis contain columnar shaped
keratinocytes, melanocytes.
• It is the site of epidermal cellular proliferation.
• Basement membrane zone (BMZ)
• Downward projections of the epidermis(rete pegs)
• Stem cells are found within the basal layer.
10. Stratum Spinosum
• Contains polygonal cells
• Abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm.
• Connected to each other by desmosomes providing tensile
strength and cohesion.
• Cytoplasm - ck1 and ck10
• As the spinous cells migrate superficially and differentiate into
granular cells, they become larger and flatter.
11. Stratum Granulosum
• One to four cells thick
• Keratohyalin granule-histidine-rich, sulphur-poor protein
profilaggrin-modified to filaggrin as the cell reaches the stratum
corneum.
• The lamellar granules release their hydrophobic
glycophospholipid
• Granular layer and the cornified layer-glycophospholipids-
important component of the permeability barrier of the epidermis.
12. Stratum Lucidium
Only present in Glabrous skin
• Ultrastructurally-compact keratin filaments and
resemble the incompletely keratinized cells
• occasionally seen in the innermost part of the cornified
layer of thin skin.
13. Stratum Corneum
• Contains non-viable keratinised cells shed as dead skin.
• It is the final product of epidermal differentiation
• It consists of closely packed layers of flattened polyhedral corneocytes
• Production of epidermal keratinocytes in the basal layer is matched by
the loss of corneocytes from the cornified layer
• Turnover Rate approx. 30 days.
14. KERATINOCYTES
• Columnar to cuboidal in shape, with large nuclei and prominent nucleoli
• Cytoplasm contains melanosomes and keratin filament
• Mostly keratin 5 (K5) and keratin 14 (K14)
15. • Melanin pigment-producing cells derived from the neural crest
Ratio of melanocytes to basal cells ranges from 1 : 4 on the cheek
to 1 : 10 on the limbs.
Epidermis and its appendages, oral epithelium, some mucous
membranes, uveal tract(choroid coat) of the eyeball, parts of
the middle and internal ear, and in the pial and arachnoid
meninges, principally over the ventrolateral surfaces of the
medulla oblongata
Single melanocyte may be in functional contact via its dendritic
processes with up to 30 keratinocytes.
MELANOCYTES
16. This partly explains why people with less pigmentation are at greater risk
for development of cutaneous malignant neoplasms, such as basal cell
carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma.
Melanocytes in basal layer (arrows) project stellate,
dendritic processes to surrounding keratinocytes in
basal and spinous layers (epidermal melanin unit).
Note umbrella-like distribution of melanin pigment
over keratinocyte nuclei.
17. Merkel cells
• Neuroendocrine sensory receptors
• Neural crest Mechanoreceptors
• Derived from ectoderm
• It undergo malignant transformation
18. Langerhans Cells
• APCS for the immune system suprabasal
• Bone marrow derived.
• Langerhans cells are characterized by dendritic processes
• Electron microscopy, contains small racket-shaped structures
known as Birbeck or Langerhans cell granules
• The number of Langerhans cells decreases after ultraviolet
irradiation.
• This results in a diminished capacity for immune surveillance, which may play a role in cutaneous carcinogenesis. The number of Langerhans cells also decreases with age.8
19. DERMIS
• Makes most of skin thickness.
• Derived from mesoderm
• Contains connective tissue, hair follicles, blood vessels,
lymphatic vessels, and sweat glands.
• There are two layers in the dermis.
• Papillary dermis: superficial, fine collagen fibres, type III
collagen.
• Reticular dermis: deeper, coarser collagen fibres, type I collagen.
20.
21. The structures within the dermis are most commonly produced and secreted by
fibroblasts.
These include:
• Collagen: standard ratio of type 1: type 3 is 5:1. There are 5 different types
of collagen. There is increased collagen III in ageing skin.
• Elastin: as the name suggests, it provides skin elasticity.
• "Ground Substance"/Glycosaminoglycans: hyaluronic acid, dermatan
sulphate, chondroitin sulphate.
• Other cells include fibroblasts and mast cells.
22. Papillary Dermis
• It provides mechanical anchorage
• Metabolic support and trophic maintenance
• Sensory nerve endings and blood vessels
• Superficial surface of the dermis -rete ridges-rete pegs- dermal–epidermal junction
23. Reticular layer
• Collagen fibres are thicker than those in the papillary layer
• They form a strong but deformable three-dimensional lattice with
variable number of elastic fibres.
• Skin lines- owing to local mechanical forces on dermis due to
predominant parallel orientation of the collagen fibres.
24. Skin Appendages
Their name originates from the fact that they develop as ingrowths of
the epidermis into the dermis.
Hair Follicles
• Arises from the epidermis and dermis of the skin.
• Drainage from sebaceous glands via the contraction of arrector pili
muscles.
• It contains an inner root (from epidermis) and an outer root (from
dermis).
25. • Hair is composed of medulla, cortex and outer cuticle.
• 2 types of hair: fine vellus and coarse terminal hairs.
• They undergo a growth (anagen - most common), regressing
(catagen - least common) and resting (telogen) phase.
26. • There are three main glands in the skin: eccrine, apocrine and
sebaceous
• Eccrine: odourless sweat glands in most locations in the body
• Apocrine: odour sweat glands, mainly found in the axilla and groin.
• Sebaceous: sebum-producing holocrine glands that drain in
pilosebaceous units in hair-bearing skin and directly onto the skin
in labia minor and penis
• Appendages include Meissner's corpuscle (light touch), Pacinian
corpuscle (vibration, deep pressure), Bulb of Krause (cold
temperature), Ruffini ending (hot temperature).
Glands
27.
28. • Deep Vessels: arteries such as the aorta or common carotids etc
• Fasciocutaneous vessels: travel across the fascia directly to the
skin
• Musculocutaneous vessels: travel in the muscle and indirectly
provided perforators to the skin.
• Plexuses: there are a series of fascial, subcutaneous and dermal
plexuses.
29. Lymphatics
• An extensive lymphatic framework runs alongside many of the skin’s blood
vessels
• Particularly those attached to the venous end of the capillary networks
30. Nerves
• Meissner receptors detect light touch.
• Pacinian corpuscles perceive deep pressure and vibrational changes.
• Ruffini endings detect deep pressure and stretching of the skin’s
collagen fibers.
• Free nerve endings located in the epidermis respond to pain, light
touch, and temperature variations.
• Merkel receptors associated with the Merkel cell respond to
sustained light touch induction over the skin
31. • Dermatomes are areas of skin mainly supplied by a single
spinal nerve
• Eight cervical nerves contribute to the dermatomes (except for
C1),
• 12 thoracic nerves, five lumbar nerves, and five sacral nerves.
• Each of these nerves relays sensation (including pain) from a
particular region of the skin to the brain.
32. Muscles
• Arrector pili muscles, the smallest skeletal muscles of the body,
are found in all areas of the skin that contain hair follicles.
• Tiny muscular structures control the positioning of hairs and the
activity of sebaceous glands in response to environmental
induction, such as heat and abrasion.
• The arrector pili muscles contract and raise the hairs under
conditions of stress when the sympathetic nervous system is
activated
• They also perform this action in response to cold, "goosebumps."
33. Physiological variants
• Thick skin is present on the palms and soles, where there is
marked keratinization and the stratum lucidum layer.
• Thinner skin is present on eyelids, axillae, genitals, and the
mucosal surfaces exposed to the external environment, such
as oral mucosa, vaginal canal, and other selected internal body
surfaces.
35. Pointers during Skin examination
• Individuals with fair skin, light hair, and blue eyes may develop
postoperative scars that remain pink for an extended period.
• Persons with dark skin, hair, and eyes may develop scars that remain
pigmented for a prolonged period after surgery.
• An assessment of previous scars and keloids should be made.
• Individuals with hyperelastic skin features are characterized by
hyperextensibility of the joints (elbows, wrists, and knees), anterior
hooding of the navel, and lax skin.
36. • Higher risk for development of wide scars, permanent railroad tracking
suture marks, hypertrophic scars, and prolonged erythema of the scars
lasting up to 1 year, eventually resulting in a porcelain-colored white scar
• Patients with common skin conditions, such as atopic dermatitis,
psoriasis, and unusually dry skin, may have high counts of staphylococcal
organisms on their skin and thereby increased risk of wound infections
37. Surgical considerations
Surgical incisions are usually made along the relaxed skin tension lines to improve
healing and reduce scarring, especially in cosmetic surgical procedures
They closely match the alignment of bundles of collagen fibers within the dermis.
surface of the skin and its deeper structures show various linear markings, seen as
grooves, raised areas and preferred directions of stretching
1. Surface pattern lines, tension lines and skin creases
2. Wrinkle lines
3. Flexure joint lines
4. Papillary ridges
5. Relaxed skin tension lines
6. Lines of langer and kraissl
7. Blaschkos lines
38. • Department web library- presentation by Dr. R.K sir
• Anatomy of skin plastic surgery key Marcus L. Frohm, Alison B. Durham, Christopher K. Bichakjian and
Timothy M. Johnson
• Anatomy, Skin (Integument) Lopez -Ojeda W, Pandey A, Alhajj M, et al.
• Maranduca MA, Branisteanu D, Serban DN, Branisteanu DC, Stoleriu G, Manolache N, Serban IL.
Synthesis and physiological implications of melanic pigments. Oncol Lett. 2019 May;17(5):4183-4187.
[PMC free article] [PubMed)
• Parikh UM, Mentz J, Collier I, Davis MJ, Abu-Ghname A, Colchado D, Short WD, King A, Buchanan EP,
Balaji S. Strategies to Minimize Surgical Scarring: Translation of Lessons Learned from Bedside to Bench
and Back. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2022 Jun;11(6):311-329. [PubMed]
References
39. Ageing is a fact of life.
Looking your age is not.
- Dr. Howard Murad.
Thank You!