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The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that refracts light. It is avascular, watch glass-like in structure, and forms the anterior 1/6 of the outer fibrous coat of the eye. The cornea has five layers - epithelium, Bowman's membrane, substantia propria, Dua's layer, and Descemet's membrane - and has an refractive power of +43 to +44 diopters. It receives nourishment from tears and aqueous humour since it lacks blood vessels. The cornea's avascular and dehydrated state, uniform refractive index, and collagen fiber spacing allow it to transmit and focus light while maintaining the globe's structural integrity and protecting the inside of the
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Cornea Anatomy and Physiology
The cornea develops from surface ectoderm, mesenchyme, and neural crest cells during embryogenesis. It has five layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The stroma comprises the majority of the cornea and contains tightly packed collagen fibrils for strength. The endothelium regulates hydration to maintain corneal transparency. Metabolic processes and the avascular nature of the cornea allow it to remain clear by preventing edema. The cornea refracts light, protects the eye, and contains nerves for sensation.
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a vascularized mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball and posterior surface of the eyelids. It combats infection through its vascular and immunological properties. The conjunctiva has three layers - an epithelial layer, substantia propria layer, and goblet cells that secrete mucus. The sclera is the dense outer coat of the eyeball that protects its contents and maintains the globe's shape. It has three layers - episclera, scleral stroma, and lamina fusca. Both structures are supplied by arteries and veins and contain nerves to detect inflammation or eye movement.
Anatomy of sclera
This lecture includes anatomy, Physiology of Sclera, if u like it kindly share it with colleagues and like it. I will share more lectures related to eye anatomy and optometry.
Thank You.
Corneal anatomy and physiology 2
This document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the cornea. It describes the layers of the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, Dua's layer, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It discusses the transparency of the cornea, metabolic processes, drug permeability, wound healing, and the effects of contact lens wear on corneal physiology. The cornea has several specialized functions including refracting light and protecting the interior of the eye.
Corneal transparency
The document discusses factors that affect corneal transparency. The main points are:
1. The cornea's main function is to refract light to form a clear retinal image. Normal transparency results from the cornea's anatomical structure and relative dehydration.
2. Any disruption to the cornea's anatomy or physiology can cause loss of transparency. Key factors are the corneal epithelium, tear film, stromal layer arrangement, vascularization, hydration, and cellular components.
3. The corneal epithelium and tight junctions between cells contribute to transparency and act as a barrier. Disruptions to the epithelium or tear film can compromise transparency.
Embryology of angle of anterior chamber
1. The anterior chamber of the eye develops between the 3rd and 5th month of gestation as the optic cup grows inward from the optic vesicle and separates the lens from the surface ectoderm.
2. By the 4th month, the ciliary body and processes have developed along with the primordium of the chamber angle. Schlemm's canal also appears in the second half of the 4th month.
3. Between the 5th and 8th month, the anterior chamber enlarges as mesodermal tissue in the angle resorbs. This completes the formation of the angle by the 8th month.
Retina
The retinal anatomy document summarizes the layers and structures of the retina. It notes that the retina consists of 10 distinct layers, including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor layer, and ganglion cell layer. It describes landmarks such as the macula lutea, fovea centralis, and optic disc. The document also discusses the blood supply to the retina from the central retinal artery and choroidal capillaries, as well as the neuroglial and neurotransmitter components of the retina.
Cornea
Cornea is the clear front surface of the eye. It lies directly in front of the iris and pupil, and it allows light to enter the eye.
Cornea forms the transparent and anterior 1/6th of the external fibrous coat of the globe of the eyeball.
The cornea is the eye's most powerful structure for focusing light that provides approximately 65 to 75 percent of the focusing power of the eye.
The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive to touch, temperature and chemicals; a touch of the cornea causes an involuntary reflex to close the eyelid.
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Cornea Anatomy and Physiology
The cornea develops from surface ectoderm, mesenchyme, and neural crest cells during embryogenesis. It has five layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The stroma comprises the majority of the cornea and contains tightly packed collagen fibrils for strength. The endothelium regulates hydration to maintain corneal transparency. Metabolic processes and the avascular nature of the cornea allow it to remain clear by preventing edema. The cornea refracts light, protects the eye, and contains nerves for sensation.
Conjunctiva
The conjunctiva is a vascularized mucous membrane that covers the anterior surface of the eyeball and posterior surface of the eyelids. It combats infection through its vascular and immunological properties. The conjunctiva has three layers - an epithelial layer, substantia propria layer, and goblet cells that secrete mucus. The sclera is the dense outer coat of the eyeball that protects its contents and maintains the globe's shape. It has three layers - episclera, scleral stroma, and lamina fusca. Both structures are supplied by arteries and veins and contain nerves to detect inflammation or eye movement.
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This document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the cornea. It describes the layers of the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, Dua's layer, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It discusses the transparency of the cornea, metabolic processes, drug permeability, wound healing, and the effects of contact lens wear on corneal physiology. The cornea has several specialized functions including refracting light and protecting the interior of the eye.
Corneal transparency
The document discusses factors that affect corneal transparency. The main points are:
1. The cornea's main function is to refract light to form a clear retinal image. Normal transparency results from the cornea's anatomical structure and relative dehydration.
2. Any disruption to the cornea's anatomy or physiology can cause loss of transparency. Key factors are the corneal epithelium, tear film, stromal layer arrangement, vascularization, hydration, and cellular components.
3. The corneal epithelium and tight junctions between cells contribute to transparency and act as a barrier. Disruptions to the epithelium or tear film can compromise transparency.
Embryology of angle of anterior chamber
1. The anterior chamber of the eye develops between the 3rd and 5th month of gestation as the optic cup grows inward from the optic vesicle and separates the lens from the surface ectoderm.
2. By the 4th month, the ciliary body and processes have developed along with the primordium of the chamber angle. Schlemm's canal also appears in the second half of the 4th month.
3. Between the 5th and 8th month, the anterior chamber enlarges as mesodermal tissue in the angle resorbs. This completes the formation of the angle by the 8th month.
Retina
The retinal anatomy document summarizes the layers and structures of the retina. It notes that the retina consists of 10 distinct layers, including the retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor layer, and ganglion cell layer. It describes landmarks such as the macula lutea, fovea centralis, and optic disc. The document also discusses the blood supply to the retina from the central retinal artery and choroidal capillaries, as well as the neuroglial and neurotransmitter components of the retina.
Cornea
Cornea is the clear front surface of the eye. It lies directly in front of the iris and pupil, and it allows light to enter the eye.
Cornea forms the transparent and anterior 1/6th of the external fibrous coat of the globe of the eyeball.
The cornea is the eye's most powerful structure for focusing light that provides approximately 65 to 75 percent of the focusing power of the eye.
The cornea has unmyelinated nerve endings sensitive to touch, temperature and chemicals; a touch of the cornea causes an involuntary reflex to close the eyelid.
Cornea and ocular surface anatomy and physiology
The document appears to be a slide presentation on cornea and ocular surface anatomy, physiology and immunology given by Dr. Laurie Sullivan in 2013. It includes sections on the structure and function of the cornea including the epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. Additional sections discuss the conjunctiva, limbus, tear film, corneal innervation, and pathology. Slides include diagrams, micrographs, and confocal images to illustrate concepts in ocular anatomy and disease.
Physiology of the cornea
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the cornea including its dimensions, structures, physiology, and nerve supply. The cornea has 5 layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It is avascular and transparent to allow for vision. The epithelium is stratified and squamous, the stroma contains collagen bundles, and the endothelium maintains deturgescence of the stroma. The cornea has important optical and protective functions for the eye.
Limbus
LIMBUS… • The limbus forms the border between the transparent cornea and opaque sclera, contains the pathways of aqueous humour outflow, and is the site of surgical incisions for cataract and glaucoma
2. Anatomical Limbus: Circumcorneal transitional zone of the conjunctivocorneal & corneoscleral junction Conjunctivo-corneal junction: • Bulbar conjunctiva is firmly adherent to underlying structures • Substantia propria of the conjunctiva stops here but its epithelium continues with that of the cornea. Sclero-corneal junction: • Transparent corneal lamellae become continuous • With the oblique, circular and opaque fibres of sclera
3. CONTINUE…. • In the area near limbus, the conjunctiva, tenon’s capsule & the episcleral tissue are fused into a dense tissue which is strongly adherent to corneo scleral junction.It is preferred site for obtaining a firm hold of the eyeball during ocular surgery. • The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. • The Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridge known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population. The palisades of Vogt are more common in the superior and inferior quadrants around the eye
Wound healing of cornea
1. Corneal wound healing involves an epithelial phase, stromal phase, and endothelial phase. The epithelial phase begins within 12-48 hours as the surface epithelium slides and replicates to form a plug. The stromal phase lasts several weeks as keratocytes transform and synthesize new collagen to bridge the wound. The endothelial phase can take up to 30 days as the monolayer remodels to form a functional barrier.
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The document discusses the anatomy and surgical applications of the limbus. It defines the limbus as the transitional zone between the cornea and sclera, containing the pathways for aqueous humor outflow. Histologically, it describes how the layers of the cornea and conjunctiva become continuous at the limbus. Surgically, it notes the anterior limbal border, blue limbal zone, mid-limbal line, posterior limbal border, and white limbal zone. The best site for cataract incisions is the mid-limbal line, while anterior or posterior incisions risk damage to underlying structures. The limbus contains stem cells that renew the corneal epithelium.
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brief anatomy of sclera is explained here. its helpfull for understanding the basic structure of eye. it just try with minimum knowledge
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This document summarizes the development and structure of the vitreous humor in the eye. It discusses how the vitreous develops in three stages - primitive, secondary, and tertiary vitreous - beginning in the first month of gestation. It describes the layers and parts of the vitreous, including the hyaloid layer, cortical vitreous, and central vitreous. It also outlines the attachments and zones of the vitreous within the eye.
#ANATOMY OF UVEA (IRIS, CILLIARY BODY, CHOROID)
UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
Anatomy of Retina
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye. It contains 10 layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, rods and cones, bipolar and ganglion cells. The retina is thinnest near the center and thickens toward the periphery. Key structures include the optic disc, macula with fovea for sharp central vision, and ora serrata marking the edge. The retina contains over 120 million light receptors and ganglion cells whose axons converge at the optic disc to form the optic nerve.
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anatomy of eyes , ocular structure , sclera , choroid , retina ,eyeball, parts of eyes ,ocular anatomy, ocular physiology
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The cornea has 5 layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It maintains transparency through tightly packed collagen fibrils, tight cell junctions, and avascularity. The epithelium acts as a barrier and regulates hydration. The endothelium actively transports fluid using ion pumps such as Na+/K+ ATPase to prevent stromal swelling and maintain deturgescence. Any disruption to these layers or processes can compromise the cornea's transparency.
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Anatomy Of Sclera
Anatomy of sclera Uploaded By Asad Iqbal Optometry Student Of Second Year at Isra School Of Optometry Karachi
Cornea anatomy
The cornea has 5 layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It is avascular and receives nutrients from peri-limbal blood vessels, aqueous humor, and oxygen from the air. The pre-corneal tear film maintains moisture and transparency. The cornea remains transparent due to the endothelial pump regulating fluid levels. Damage to layers can cause opacity as repair tissue is irregularly arranged.
Anatomy of cornea & corneal tranparency dr.ysr
The document summarizes key details about the anatomy and physiology of the cornea. It describes the cornea's layers, thickness, curvature, cell types, refractive power, transparency mechanisms, metabolism, innervation, and role in maintaining hydration. A new potential layer called Dua's layer is also mentioned. The summary is as follows:
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, including its layers, cells, curvature, thickness, refractive power, and mechanisms of transparency and hydration. A potential new layer called Dua's layer is also discussed.
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Anatomy of the cornea
The cornea consists of 5 layers:
1. Epithelium - acts as a barrier and is regenerated every 7 days through cell migration.
2. Bowman's layer - acellular layer that provides strength.
3. Stroma - thick collagenous layer that gives the cornea its strength and transparency.
4. Descemet's membrane - basement membrane secreted by the endothelium that increases in thickness with age.
5. Endothelium - single cell layer that regulates hydration of the stroma and maintains corneal transparency.
Anatomy & physiology of cornea
The cornea has five layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The stroma makes up around 90% of the cornea thickness and contains collagen fibrils and keratocytes. The stroma's collagen is arranged in tightly packed, regularly spaced lamellae that run parallel to the corneal surface. Keratocytes maintain the stroma by synthesizing collagen and proteoglycans. The epithelium is stratified and squamous, consisting of basal, wing, and surface cells. It regenerates through cell migration from the limbus. Injury repair involves cell migration, proliferation, and remodeling.
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Cornea and ocular surface anatomy and physiology
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Limbus
LIMBUS… • The limbus forms the border between the transparent cornea and opaque sclera, contains the pathways of aqueous humour outflow, and is the site of surgical incisions for cataract and glaucoma
2. Anatomical Limbus: Circumcorneal transitional zone of the conjunctivocorneal & corneoscleral junction Conjunctivo-corneal junction: • Bulbar conjunctiva is firmly adherent to underlying structures • Substantia propria of the conjunctiva stops here but its epithelium continues with that of the cornea. Sclero-corneal junction: • Transparent corneal lamellae become continuous • With the oblique, circular and opaque fibres of sclera
3. CONTINUE…. • In the area near limbus, the conjunctiva, tenon’s capsule & the episcleral tissue are fused into a dense tissue which is strongly adherent to corneo scleral junction.It is preferred site for obtaining a firm hold of the eyeball during ocular surgery. • The limbus is a common site for the occurrence of corneal epithelial neoplasm. • The Limbus contains radially oriented fibrovascular ridge known as the palisades of Vogt that may harbour a stem cell population. The palisades of Vogt are more common in the superior and inferior quadrants around the eye
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1. Corneal wound healing involves an epithelial phase, stromal phase, and endothelial phase. The epithelial phase begins within 12-48 hours as the surface epithelium slides and replicates to form a plug. The stromal phase lasts several weeks as keratocytes transform and synthesize new collagen to bridge the wound. The endothelial phase can take up to 30 days as the monolayer remodels to form a functional barrier.
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The document discusses the anatomy and surgical applications of the limbus. It defines the limbus as the transitional zone between the cornea and sclera, containing the pathways for aqueous humor outflow. Histologically, it describes how the layers of the cornea and conjunctiva become continuous at the limbus. Surgically, it notes the anterior limbal border, blue limbal zone, mid-limbal line, posterior limbal border, and white limbal zone. The best site for cataract incisions is the mid-limbal line, while anterior or posterior incisions risk damage to underlying structures. The limbus contains stem cells that renew the corneal epithelium.
anatomy of sclera
brief anatomy of sclera is explained here. its helpfull for understanding the basic structure of eye. it just try with minimum knowledge
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This document summarizes the development and structure of the vitreous humor in the eye. It discusses how the vitreous develops in three stages - primitive, secondary, and tertiary vitreous - beginning in the first month of gestation. It describes the layers and parts of the vitreous, including the hyaloid layer, cortical vitreous, and central vitreous. It also outlines the attachments and zones of the vitreous within the eye.
#ANATOMY OF UVEA (IRIS, CILLIARY BODY, CHOROID)
UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
Anatomy of Retina
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue lining the back of the eye. It contains 10 layers including the retinal pigment epithelium, rods and cones, bipolar and ganglion cells. The retina is thinnest near the center and thickens toward the periphery. Key structures include the optic disc, macula with fovea for sharp central vision, and ora serrata marking the edge. The retina contains over 120 million light receptors and ganglion cells whose axons converge at the optic disc to form the optic nerve.
Sclera
anatomy of eyes , ocular structure , sclera , choroid , retina ,eyeball, parts of eyes ,ocular anatomy, ocular physiology
Cornea anatomy & physiology
The cornea has 5 layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It maintains transparency through tightly packed collagen fibrils, tight cell junctions, and avascularity. The epithelium acts as a barrier and regulates hydration. The endothelium actively transports fluid using ion pumps such as Na+/K+ ATPase to prevent stromal swelling and maintain deturgescence. Any disruption to these layers or processes can compromise the cornea's transparency.
Eyelid
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelid. It describes the eyelid's gross anatomy including its extent, folds, margins, lashes and palpebral aperture. It details the layers that make up the eyelid including skin, muscles such as the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris, and glands like the meibomian and moll glands. The arterial blood supply and lymphatic and nerve drainage of the eyelid are also summarized.
Anatomy Of Sclera
Anatomy of sclera Uploaded By Asad Iqbal Optometry Student Of Second Year at Isra School Of Optometry Karachi
Cornea anatomy
The cornea has 5 layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It is avascular and receives nutrients from peri-limbal blood vessels, aqueous humor, and oxygen from the air. The pre-corneal tear film maintains moisture and transparency. The cornea remains transparent due to the endothelial pump regulating fluid levels. Damage to layers can cause opacity as repair tissue is irregularly arranged.
Anatomy of cornea & corneal tranparency dr.ysr
The document summarizes key details about the anatomy and physiology of the cornea. It describes the cornea's layers, thickness, curvature, cell types, refractive power, transparency mechanisms, metabolism, innervation, and role in maintaining hydration. A new potential layer called Dua's layer is also mentioned. The summary is as follows:
The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the cornea, including its layers, cells, curvature, thickness, refractive power, and mechanisms of transparency and hydration. A potential new layer called Dua's layer is also discussed.
ANATOMY OF THE SCLERA
The document discusses the anatomy and structure of the sclera. It describes the sclera as the white outer fibrous tunic of the eyeball that forms the posterior five-sixths of the external coat. The sclera consists of three layers - the episclera, scleral stroma, and lamina fusca. It discusses the composition and features of each layer, including blood supply and thickness. The sclera provides protection, strength and shape to the eyeball and serves as an insertion site for the extraocular muscles.
Anatomy and Applied aspects of Uvea
The document provides information on the anatomy and embryology of the uvea, which includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It discusses the layers, blood supply, and applied aspects of each structure. The iris is the anterior-most part of the uvea and has sphincter and dilator muscles that control the pupil. The ciliary body lies between the iris and choroid and produces aqueous humor. It contains ciliary processes and muscle. The choroid is the highly vascular posterior layer that nourishes the outer retina. Common conditions like coloboma, aniridia, and heterochromia that involve the uvea are also mentioned.
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Anatomy of the cornea
The cornea consists of 5 layers:
1. Epithelium - acts as a barrier and is regenerated every 7 days through cell migration.
2. Bowman's layer - acellular layer that provides strength.
3. Stroma - thick collagenous layer that gives the cornea its strength and transparency.
4. Descemet's membrane - basement membrane secreted by the endothelium that increases in thickness with age.
5. Endothelium - single cell layer that regulates hydration of the stroma and maintains corneal transparency.
Anatomy & physiology of cornea
The cornea has five layers - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The stroma makes up around 90% of the cornea thickness and contains collagen fibrils and keratocytes. The stroma's collagen is arranged in tightly packed, regularly spaced lamellae that run parallel to the corneal surface. Keratocytes maintain the stroma by synthesizing collagen and proteoglycans. The epithelium is stratified and squamous, consisting of basal, wing, and surface cells. It regenerates through cell migration from the limbus. Injury repair involves cell migration, proliferation, and remodeling.
Anatomy Of Cornea
The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that allows light to enter. It has 6 layers - an epithelial layer, Bowman's membrane, a thick stromal layer, Duas layer, Descemet's membrane, and an endothelial layer. The stroma makes up around 90% of the cornea's thickness and contains collagen fibrils that give it strength and transparency. The cornea has no blood vessels and receives nutrients from vessels in the surrounding tissues. It has a rich nerve supply that provides its high sensitivity. The cornea refracts and helps focus light entering the eye and is essential for vision.
Anatomy of cornea
The document summarizes the anatomy of the cornea. It discusses the five layers of the cornea - epithelium, Bowman's membrane, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. It provides details on the composition, thickness, cell types, and functions of each layer. For example, it notes that the stroma is the thickest layer, comprising 78% of the cornea's thickness, and is made up of collagen fibers that give it strength. The endothelium is responsible for corneal transparency by pumping fluid out of the stroma.
Anatomy and physiology of cornea
The document provides information on the anatomy and physiology of the cornea. It discusses the gross anatomy including the layers of the cornea - epithelium, Bowman's layer, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and endothelium. The microanatomy and ultrastructure of each layer is described. Key points include the lamellar structure of the stroma providing transparency, regeneration of the epithelium from basal stem cells, and the theories behind corneal transparency relating to the structure of the stromal collagen fibers.
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The document provides information on the anatomy, physiology, symptomatology, and classification of the conjunctiva. It discusses the three layers of the conjunctiva - palpebral, forniceal, and bulbar. The palpebral conjunctiva covers the inner surface of the eyelids and is firmly attached. The bulbar conjunctiva loosely covers the eyeball except at the limbus. Symptoms include redness, irritation, discharge, and photophobia. Signs include type of discharge, presence of follicles or papillae, pseudomembranes, and lymphadenopathy. Laboratory tests can identify viral and bacterial causes of conjunctivitis.
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The respiratory system consists of an upper respiratory tract that conducts air and a lower respiratory tract responsible for gas exchange. The upper tract includes the nose, pharynx and larynx. The lower tract begins with the trachea, which branches into bronchi and progressively smaller bronchioles that terminate in alveoli in the lungs. The alveoli are the sites of gas exchange, containing a thin membrane that allows diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air in the alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries.
Medula oblongata anatomy.
Brainstem
Last part of brain
The medulla oblongata or simply medulla is a long stem-like structure which makes up the lower part of the brainstem.[1] It is anterior and partially inferior to the cerebellum. It is a cone-shaped neuronal mass responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions, ranging from vomiting to sneezing.[2] The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers, and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure as well as the sleep wake cycle.
During embryonic development, the medulla oblongata develops from the myelencephalon. The myelencephalon is a secondary vesicle which forms during the maturation of the rhombencephalon, also referred to as the hindbrain.
The bulb is an archaic term for the medulla oblongata.[1] In modern clinical usage, the word bulbar (as in bulbar palsy) is retained for terms that relate to the medulla oblongata, particularly in reference to medical conditions. The word bulbar can refer to the nerves and tracts connected to the medulla, and also by association to those muscles innervated, such as those of the tongue, pharynx and larynx.
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2 ушулМышцы головы и шеи .pdf
This document provides information on the muscles of the head and neck. It begins with an introduction to muscle tissue and classification of muscles. It then describes the specific muscle groups of the head and neck region, including facial muscles, masticatory muscles, and neck muscles. For each group, the individual muscles are defined with their origins, insertions, nerve supply, blood supply, and actions. Applied clinical anatomy is also discussed. In summary, this document categorizes and defines the important muscles of the head and neck region through detailed descriptions of muscle groups, locations and functions.
Muscles of Head & Neck
brief about muscles of head and neck, triangles of neck and its applied anatomy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery.
ANATOMY OF NOSE
The nose has an external triangular pyramid shape directed downward with two nostrils separated by a septum. Internally, the nasal cavity is lined by ciliated epithelium and contains three turbinates and paranasal sinuses. The nasal septum separates the two nasal cavities and has attachments to the maxilla, frontal bone, and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. Arterial blood supply comes from the maxillary and sphenopalatine arteries while nerve supply is from the trigeminal and vidian nerves. The paranasal sinuses include the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid sinuses.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OVERVIEW
This document provides an overview of the respiratory system, including its functional anatomy, components, and processes. It describes the intake of oxygen and expiration of carbon dioxide. Key parts of the respiratory system discussed include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleura, and the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli that make up the respiratory units. Defense mechanisms, gas exchange, and protective reflexes like coughing, sneezing, and swallowing are also summarized.
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Anatomy of oral cavity and oropharynx
This document provides an anatomical overview of the oral cavity and oropharynx. It describes the key structures within these regions, including the lips, tongue, floor of mouth, hard palate, retromolar trigone, buccal mucosa, and alveolar ridge within the oral cavity. For the oropharynx, it outlines the palatine tonsils, base of tongue, and soft palate. For each structure, it discusses boundaries, muscles, blood supply, nerve supply, and lymphatic drainage. The purpose is to provide residents with a comprehensive review of the anatomy of these important head and neck regions.
THYROID.pptx
The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located in the neck. It regulates metabolism and plays an important role in calcium homeostasis. The gland has two lobes joined by an isthmus and is located anterior to the trachea. It receives blood supply from the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid arteries and drains into internal jugular veins. The recurrent laryngeal nerves are at risk of injury during thyroid surgery as they pass back into the larynx.
Anatomy of eyelid and eyelid reconstruction
The document provides an overview of eyelid anatomy and techniques for eyelid reconstruction. It describes the layers, muscles, nerves and blood supply of the eyelid. Functions include spreading secretions, tears and blinking. Reconstruction methods are classified by defect size and include direct closure, lateral cantholysis, semicircular flaps, lid switch flaps, Cutler-Beard procedure, forehead flaps, Tripier flaps, Hughes flaps and cheek rotation flaps to reconstruct the anterior or posterior lamella. The goal is to reestablish eyelid function and protection of the eye while achieving reasonable cosmesis.
cardiovascular system disease there Gross appearances and morphological chang...
This presentation provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, including its components, functions, and common diseases. It discusses the gross and microscopic appearance of normal cardiovascular structures as well as changes seen in various diseases. Examples of diseases covered include myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, infective endocarditis, and cardiomyopathy. The presentation also describes the procedure for endomyocardial biopsy of the heart, including tissue sampling, fixation in formalin or glutaraldehyde, and staining for microscopic evaluation.
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PHYSIOLOGY OF CARTILAGE, COLLAGEN, TENDON, MUSCLE.pdf
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Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
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Anatomy of cornea copy
- 1. Sudarsan
- 3. •TRANSPARENT •AVASCULAR •WATCH GLASS LIKE STRUCTURE •FORMS ANTERIOR 1/6 TH OF OUTER FIBROUS COAT •REFRACTIVE POWER +43 TO +44 dioptres
- 5. CORNEAL EPITHELIUM- SURFACE ECTODERM OTHER LAYERS- FIBROUS LAYER OF MESENCHYME LYING ANTERIOR TO THE OPTIC DISC
- 8. EPITHELIUM BOWMAN’S MEMBRANE SUBSTANTIA PROPRIA DUA’S LAYER DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE ENDOTHELIUM CORNEAL ABRATION CORNEAL SCARRING
- 9. AVASCULAR NOURISHMENT: TEARS AQUEOUS HUMOUR LIMBAL CAPILLARIES OXYGEN GRADIENT: FROM TEARS TO AQUEOUS METABOLISM: AEROBIC : MAJOR ANAEROBIC : MINOR
- 12. IT’S DEVOID OF LYMPHATICS
- 13. DEHYDRATED STATE ABSENCE OF BLOOD VESSELS AND PIGMENTS UNIFORM REFRACTIVE INDEX UNIFORM SPACING OF COLLAGEN FIBRES
- 14. ALLOWING TRANSMISSION OF LIGHT FOCUS THE LIGHT MAINTAINS STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF GLOBE PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION, UV, NOXIOUS AGENT
- 15. CORNEAL OEDEMA MEGALOCORNEA (>13mm) MICROCORNEA (<9mm) CORNEAL ULCER ARCUS SENILIS - DEGENERATIVE KAYSER FLEISCHER RING
- 16. THANK U SPECIAL THANKS TO: N.SUDARSAN