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01-Anatomical Positions 2017.ppt
- 1. Body Planes & Positions ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY – HONORS TURNER COLLEGE & CAREER HIGH SCHOOL 2015
- 2. Anatomical Position Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described
- 4. Anatomical Planes Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views
- 5. Anatomical Planes Sagittal plane The plane dividing the body into right and left portions Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves
- 6. Anatomical Planes Frontal/Coronal plane The plane dividing the body into front and back portions
- 7. Anatomical Planes Transverse plane The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions Also called the Horizontal plane.
- 8. Positions and Directions Terms of position and direction describe the position of one body part relative to another, usually along one of the three major body planes
- 9. Positions and Directions Anterior Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the body Posterior Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the body
- 10. Positions and Directions Superior Refers to a structure being closer to the head or higher than another structure in the body Inferior Refers to a structure being closer to the feet or lower than another structure in the body
- 11. Positions and Directions Medial Refers to a structure being closer to the midline or median plane of the body than another structure of the body Lateral Refers to a structure being farther away from the midline than another structure of the body
- 12. Positions and Directions (Reference to the extremities only) Distal Refers to a structure being further away from the root of the limb than another structure in the limb Proximal Refers to a structure being closer to the root of the limb than another structure in that limb
- 13. Distal / Proximal When you divide the skeleton into Axial (Blue) and Appendicular (Yellow) you can better understand the extremities and their roots.
- 14. Positions and Directions Cranial/Cephalic: towards the head Caudal: towards the tail
- 15. Positions and Directions Superficial Refers to a structure being closer to the surface of the body than another structure Deep Refers to a structure being closer to the core of the body than another structure
- 16. Positions and Directions Ventral Towards the front or belly Dorsal Towards the back
- 19. Body Cavities and Membranes Dorsal body cavity Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. Cranial cavity houses the brain. Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord
- 20. Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity – subdivided into: Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
- 21. Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
- 22. Body Cavities and Membranes Serous cavities – a slit-like space lined by a serous membrane Pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum Parietal serosa – outer wall of the cavity Visceral serosa covers the visceral organs
- 24. Other Body Cavities Oral cavity Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities
- 25. Regions of the Body In anatomy, some regions of the body are described differently Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Orbital (eye) Nasal (nose) Buccal (cheek) Oral (mouth) Mental (chin) Cervical (neck) Trunk Thoracic (chest) Abdominal (belly) Inguinal (groin) Genital (pubic) Coxal (hip) Upper limb Axillary (armpit Brachial (arm) Cubital (elbow) Manual (hand) Lower limb Femoral (thigh) Patellar (kneecap) Crural (leg) Tarsal (knee) Digital (toe)
- 26. Abdominal Regions and Quadrants Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
- 27. Abdominal Quadrants Abdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants Right upper and left upper quadrants Right lower and left lower quadrants
Editor's Notes
- Anatomical terminologies. However, the purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision and reduce medical errors. By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. Anatomical terms derive from ancient Greek and Latin words.
- To further increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. The standard anatomical position of the human body is facing towards the observer, legs hip-width apart, feet facing forward, arms out slightly at either side with palms facing forward. When determining a structure’s relative position, be sure to use this frame of reference.
- The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The dorsal (posterior) cavity and the ventral (anterior) cavity are the largest body compartments (Figure 1.15). These cavities contain and protect delicate internal organs, and the ventral cavity allows for significant changes in the size and shape of the organs as they perform their functions. The lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines, for example, can expand and contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activity of nearby organs.
- To promote clear communication, for instance about the location of a patient’s abdominal pain or a suspicious mass, health care providers typically divide up the cavity into either nine regions or four quadrants (