This thesis will describe the basic concepts of Energy efficient Retro fit building and discusses the role of HVAC for ensuring high performance sustainable buildings in design and operation along with the application of IOT with weather forecasting data and smart grid technique in HVAC system. At the End, we also provide use of renewable source of energy i e Solar Energy for providing electricity to HVAC system for making the building more energy efficient. Energy is very important part of both growth and development, but as the world’s energy consumption is increasing day by day and expected to increase by 30 to 35 by 2010 2030, which lead to the energy crisis and challenges to the human development in this 21st century. This problem can be overcome by improving efficiency in commercial, residential and industrial sector, leading to high focus in energy efficient building. The building accounts for 40 of the world’s energy consumption, the industrial sector, which consist of building, machines, process and loading accounts for 35 of the world’s energy consumption. Industrial buildings are indicating increasing rates of energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air conditioning HVAC usually constituting over 50 of this consumption. Industrial buildings thus have great potential for reducing both energy requirements and environmental impact, but reducing their energy consumption could also affect cost savings that would play an important role in commercial success. At last with application of the IOT Internate Of Things in schedule activities based on weather forecasting and more in HVAC system, Safety will increase along with the more reduction in cost and energy consumption with clients end to end satisfaction in service and maintenance. This paper will describe the basic concepts of green building and discusses the role of heating, ventilating and air conditioning HVAC for ensuring high performance, energy efficient in design and operation for Retro fit buildings. The design strategies for effective and green HVAC systems are explained and the new emerging HVAC technologies incorporated with IOT for green buildings are described. The use of Solar panel is also provided at the end to have a better and depth understanding of the project in terms of socio economic zone. It is hoped that HVAC designers and other building professionals could develop a better understanding of green buildings and apply effective approaches and techniques for meeting the goal. With an integrated and high effort approach to HVAC and building design, a viable built environment can be achieved and the eco friendly performance of buildings can be improved. Irfan Ali | Rone | Nausad Khan "Analysis of an HVAC System & Operation for Retro-Fit Building with IOT (Internate of Things) & Solar Panel for Energy Efficient Application" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 202
Maximizing energy efficiency in hotel HVAC systems: An energy modelling appro...IRJET Journal
The document presents an analysis comparing the energy efficiency and costs of two HVAC systems - chilled water and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) - for a four-story, 95-room hotel in Bangalore, India over a 20-year period using energy modeling software. It describes the hotel project and HVAC systems considered. Key steps in the energy modeling process are outlined, including defining the building design and loads, HVAC system, and simulating and optimizing the system. The goal is to identify the most efficient and cost-effective HVAC option for the hotel project.
This document discusses a case study analyzing the life cycle of a multi-split Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) HVAC system installed in a building located in A.M.U. Aligarh, India. The building has a total area of 18,327 square feet split between the ground and first floors. The total cooling load was calculated to be 149.5 tons. Electricity consumption and costs were compared between the VRF system and conventional split systems over 10 and 12 year lifecycles. It was found that the VRF system consumed 330,000 units of electricity per year compared to 422,500 units for split systems, resulting in lower operating costs over the lifetime of the equipment.
Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Buildingijtsrd
Earlier the use of air conditioning for comfort purpose was considered to be expensive, but now a day, it has been a necessity for all human beings. Window air conditioners, split air conditioners are used in small buildings, offices etc. But, when the cooling load required is very high such as big buildings, multiplex, multi story buildings, hospitals etc. centralized unit central air conditioners used. The central ACs systems are installed away from building called central plant where water or air is to be cooled. This cooled air not directly supplied to the building rooms. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be cooled, then the ducts are provided. The duct systems carry the cooled air from the air conditioning equipment for the proper distribution to rooms and also carry the return air from the room back to the air conditioning equipment for recirculation. When ducts are not properly designed, then it will lead to problem such as frictional loss, higher installation cost, increased noise and power consumption, uneven cooling in the cooling space. For minimizing this problem, a proper design of duct is needed. Equal friction method is used to design the duct, which is simple method as compared with the other design methods. These work gives the combination of theoretical and software tool to provide a comparative analysis of the duct size. It also gives the comparison between rectangular duct and circular duct. M. Pruthvi Raj | K. Prashanth Reddy | Mussan Shankar Reddy | B. Kranthi Kumar ""Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23319/design-of-an-air-distribution-system-for-a-multi-storey-office-building/m-pruthvi-raj
1. The document discusses an Earth Tube Heat Exchanger system that uses geothermal energy for heating and cooling buildings. It can draw heat from the ground to warm a building in winter and release heat into the ground to cool a building in summer.
2. The system was analyzed using theoretical calculations and CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent software. Key parameters like pipe diameter and air velocity were varied to analyze their effects on the system's coefficient of performance.
3. Modifying parameters like increasing pipe diameter and air velocity were found to have the most significant impact on improving the system's coefficient of performance. The Earth Tube Heat Exchanger provides an efficient alternative to conventional HVAC systems by making use of
IRJET - Variable Refrigerant Volume:- Air Conditioning Part: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of variable refrigerant volume (VRV) air conditioning systems. VRV systems use one outdoor condensing unit connected to multiple indoor fan coil units. They can save 17-73% more energy than traditional rooftop air conditioning systems for cooling and heating. VRV systems allow individual zone control and use variable refrigerant flow to match output to load. Research has shown VRV systems use less energy than variable air volume or fan coil unit systems in different climates. VRV systems provide benefits like easy installation, flexibility, energy efficiency, and individual room control.
Design of HVAC system for commercial buildingjayeshmahajan24
This document summarizes the design of an HVAC system for a commercial building in Aurangabad, India. It includes calculating the building's heat load based on factors like climate conditions, building materials and occupancy usage. A hybrid VRF system is selected that uses both refrigerant and water pipes for efficiency. Indoor air quality is improved through measures like air purifiers, outdoor air treatment and indoor plants. The system aims to achieve IGBC silver certification for benefits like energy efficiency and cost savings. It incorporates innovations like a heat recovery system, solar panels and an electric vehicle charging station.
Intelligent buildings are buildings that are responsive, flexible and adaptive to changing user needs through their design and IT systems. They provide services for occupants, administration and maintenance. Intelligent buildings have sensors and actuators that allow transparent and intelligent behavior with memory to support human and system communication. The objective of intelligent buildings is to maximize energy efficiency and enhance work performance by combining environmental technologies to operate all building systems in the most efficient way. Intelligent buildings better meet user needs through more efficient system management and effective integration of advanced business technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Maximizing energy efficiency in hotel HVAC systems: An energy modelling appro...IRJET Journal
The document presents an analysis comparing the energy efficiency and costs of two HVAC systems - chilled water and Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) - for a four-story, 95-room hotel in Bangalore, India over a 20-year period using energy modeling software. It describes the hotel project and HVAC systems considered. Key steps in the energy modeling process are outlined, including defining the building design and loads, HVAC system, and simulating and optimizing the system. The goal is to identify the most efficient and cost-effective HVAC option for the hotel project.
This document discusses a case study analyzing the life cycle of a multi-split Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) HVAC system installed in a building located in A.M.U. Aligarh, India. The building has a total area of 18,327 square feet split between the ground and first floors. The total cooling load was calculated to be 149.5 tons. Electricity consumption and costs were compared between the VRF system and conventional split systems over 10 and 12 year lifecycles. It was found that the VRF system consumed 330,000 units of electricity per year compared to 422,500 units for split systems, resulting in lower operating costs over the lifetime of the equipment.
Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Buildingijtsrd
Earlier the use of air conditioning for comfort purpose was considered to be expensive, but now a day, it has been a necessity for all human beings. Window air conditioners, split air conditioners are used in small buildings, offices etc. But, when the cooling load required is very high such as big buildings, multiplex, multi story buildings, hospitals etc. centralized unit central air conditioners used. The central ACs systems are installed away from building called central plant where water or air is to be cooled. This cooled air not directly supplied to the building rooms. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be cooled, then the ducts are provided. The duct systems carry the cooled air from the air conditioning equipment for the proper distribution to rooms and also carry the return air from the room back to the air conditioning equipment for recirculation. When ducts are not properly designed, then it will lead to problem such as frictional loss, higher installation cost, increased noise and power consumption, uneven cooling in the cooling space. For minimizing this problem, a proper design of duct is needed. Equal friction method is used to design the duct, which is simple method as compared with the other design methods. These work gives the combination of theoretical and software tool to provide a comparative analysis of the duct size. It also gives the comparison between rectangular duct and circular duct. M. Pruthvi Raj | K. Prashanth Reddy | Mussan Shankar Reddy | B. Kranthi Kumar ""Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23319/design-of-an-air-distribution-system-for-a-multi-storey-office-building/m-pruthvi-raj
1. The document discusses an Earth Tube Heat Exchanger system that uses geothermal energy for heating and cooling buildings. It can draw heat from the ground to warm a building in winter and release heat into the ground to cool a building in summer.
2. The system was analyzed using theoretical calculations and CFD simulations in ANSYS Fluent software. Key parameters like pipe diameter and air velocity were varied to analyze their effects on the system's coefficient of performance.
3. Modifying parameters like increasing pipe diameter and air velocity were found to have the most significant impact on improving the system's coefficient of performance. The Earth Tube Heat Exchanger provides an efficient alternative to conventional HVAC systems by making use of
IRJET - Variable Refrigerant Volume:- Air Conditioning Part: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of variable refrigerant volume (VRV) air conditioning systems. VRV systems use one outdoor condensing unit connected to multiple indoor fan coil units. They can save 17-73% more energy than traditional rooftop air conditioning systems for cooling and heating. VRV systems allow individual zone control and use variable refrigerant flow to match output to load. Research has shown VRV systems use less energy than variable air volume or fan coil unit systems in different climates. VRV systems provide benefits like easy installation, flexibility, energy efficiency, and individual room control.
Design of HVAC system for commercial buildingjayeshmahajan24
This document summarizes the design of an HVAC system for a commercial building in Aurangabad, India. It includes calculating the building's heat load based on factors like climate conditions, building materials and occupancy usage. A hybrid VRF system is selected that uses both refrigerant and water pipes for efficiency. Indoor air quality is improved through measures like air purifiers, outdoor air treatment and indoor plants. The system aims to achieve IGBC silver certification for benefits like energy efficiency and cost savings. It incorporates innovations like a heat recovery system, solar panels and an electric vehicle charging station.
Intelligent buildings are buildings that are responsive, flexible and adaptive to changing user needs through their design and IT systems. They provide services for occupants, administration and maintenance. Intelligent buildings have sensors and actuators that allow transparent and intelligent behavior with memory to support human and system communication. The objective of intelligent buildings is to maximize energy efficiency and enhance work performance by combining environmental technologies to operate all building systems in the most efficient way. Intelligent buildings better meet user needs through more efficient system management and effective integration of advanced business technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Air Conditioning Arrangement for Two Floor Shopping Complex by us...ijtsrd
This document analyzes the air conditioning arrangement for a two-floor shopping complex using Revit MEP software. The document first discusses HVAC systems and factors that influence HVAC system selection. It then describes the methodology used, which involves creating floor layouts in Revit, designing duct arrangements, and calculating individual cooling and heating loads. Floor layouts, duct layouts, spacing/zoning arrangements, and load calculation results for the first and second floors are presented. The second floor requires more cooling and heating load than the first floor. The conclusion compares the load requirements and air flows between the two floors.
This document discusses several methods for optimizing energy consumption in air conditioning plant systems, including improving chiller efficiency, fan power, humidity controls, cooling tower efficiency, chilled/condenser water pumps, chiller plant system control, under-floor systems, and energy recovery systems. It provides case studies on topics like chiller plant design concepts, efficient component selection, installation, commissioning, and operation to reduce energy usage by 30-50%.
IRJET - Review Paper on Air Conditioning System for Operation Theatre in Hosp...IRJET Journal
This document reviews computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of air conditioning systems for operation theatres in hospitals. It summarizes several research papers on using CFD to model airflow, temperature distribution, and contaminant transport in operating rooms. The review finds that CFD can accurately predict airflow velocity and temperature patterns inside operating rooms when compared to experimental data. Parametric studies using CFD indicate that ceiling inlets and outlets often provide the best airflow and temperature uniformity. Overall, the document concludes that CFD is a useful tool for designing efficient and effective air conditioning systems for hospital operating rooms.
In this thesis we have proposed an HVAC system, which we have carefully selected and designed for
an IT company, based on the blueprint which was provided. Our approach was to calculate the Heat Load of the
whole floor which was dedicated for the IT company. We tried to closely observe every aspect of the floor or the
company which can have an impact on our heat load calculation. The floor level, windows, number of rooms,
partitions, the specific work has to be done in that compartment, the level of radiation, electronics, gadgets,
sunlight entering from the windows, the time and duration of the outside heat and many more important factors
we took into consideration. Based on our calculation we had to provide the best efficient system which can fulfill
the needs and can assure the better Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and human comfort. The system which we selected
for this particular IT company was VAV. Variable air volume (VAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) system, this VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant temperature.
IRJET- Experimental Model Design and Simulation of Air Conditioning System fo...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on modeling and simulating an air conditioning system to reduce energy consumption. The study designed and tested an air conditioning model using MATLAB simulation. Parameters like room dimensions, material properties, and temperature were used to model heat transfer. Experimental tests were conducted in a room to validate the simulation results. Temperature and energy consumption were monitored and found to match closely between the model and experiment. The study concluded the simulated model results are consistent with experimental measuring device results.
Design and Analysis of Air Conditioning System for An IT Office Buildingvivatechijri
The research is about the design and analysis of air conditioning system for comfort application in
an I.T. Office Building located in Mumbai. The different types of air conditioning systems have been studied
initially. The problem statement is provided by ISHRAE, that is; floor plans of the building. This is a new project,
and so building envelope design is also left to the researchers. Air conditioning or HVAC systems are a major
source of energy consumption in the building. So, it is necessary to design the right system of air conditioning
and install energy efficient equipment. Initially the building envelope has been researched and selected, then
cooling load calculations have been done. Based on the cooling demand a suitable air conditioning system is
being researched, after which the equipment selection is done. Energy calculations and life cycle cost analysis
has been done for the systems, and a suitable system has been selected for energy efficiency. Based on the research
and analysis, VRF system is recommended for air conditioning of this IT office building.
Assessment of the Use of Solar Flat Plate Collectors for Solar Thermal Refrig...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on using solar thermal energy to power a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The system uses evacuated tube solar collectors to heat an ammonia-water solution in a generator tank. This vaporizes the ammonia which is then condensed and expanded to produce cooling in an evaporator. The ammonia vapor is absorbed back into the solution which is pumped to the generator, completing the vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. The system is designed to provide a 1 ton refrigeration capacity with a calculated coefficient of performance of 0.75, making it suitable for applications like air conditioning.
This document discusses guidelines for green buildings and the role of HVAC systems in ensuring high performance sustainable buildings. It emphasizes the importance of whole-building design and an integrated project team to achieve green building goals. Specific HVAC strategies mentioned include energy recovery systems, demand controlled ventilation, high efficiency equipment, use of renewable energy sources, and designing for natural ventilation and daylighting to reduce energy loads. The document concludes that green buildings can lower operating costs while improving indoor air quality and environmental sustainability if HVAC designers apply these various strategies and technologies.
Review of Retrofitting of Academic Building by Energy Efficient TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various energy efficient techniques that can be implemented when retrofitting existing academic buildings, including passive solar techniques like building orientation, trombe wall construction, solar chimneys, and earth air cooling tubes. It also discusses active systems like photovoltaic cells, as well as improvements to the building envelope like double glazed windows, insulation, and shading. Implementing these techniques could potentially save 40-50% of a building's energy usage and reduce costs through lower energy bills and shorter payback periods of 5-8 years for the upgrades. The document provides details on several techniques and cites other literature reviewing green building examples in India incorporating these strategies.
This document discusses the design of an HVAC system for an AC room. It begins by outlining the importance of properly sizing the HVAC system to meet heating and cooling loads while minimizing energy costs. The document then describes the process for HVAC system design, which includes calculating heating and cooling loads, selecting appropriate equipment based on the loads, and evaluating design options. The objectives are to provide an energy efficient and comfortable indoor environment. Key steps in the design process are determining factors that influence loads, selecting a system, calculating loads using software, linking the system file to architectural plans, specifying zones, and evaluating efficiency.
Proper ventilation in one of the primary requirements of any domestic or commercial buildings. The conventional method employs usage of air conditioning or air cooling systems which requires high power consumption. The solar driven ventilation systems can be used in buildings which doesn’t require any external power. The current research reviews various researches conducted in improving system of passive ventilation along use of phase change material as energy storage system. Passive design of buildings does not use the electrical and mechanical systems in providing comfortable indoor environment. Prem Shankar Sahu | Praveen Kumar | Ajay Singh Paikra "Review on Solar Chimney Ventilation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42427.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42427/review-on-solar-chimney-ventilation/prem-shankar-sahu
Air Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Buildingijtsrd
This document describes an air-water system design for a residential building using Revit MEP software. Heating and cooling load calculations were performed for the building spaces using Revit MEP. The peak cooling and heating loads were calculated for each space. These values were used to calculate the tonnage of refrigeration needed for each space and for the total building. Duct design was also performed using Revit MEP based on the calculated air flow rates for each space. The results determined that an HVAC system with a capacity of approximately 21.32 tons of refrigeration would be suitable to condition the residential building.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes HVAC systems as systems that regulate and circulate heated and cooled air throughout buildings to control temperature, humidity, and air quality. There are four main types of HVAC systems: split systems, hybrid systems, duct-free systems, and packaged heating and air systems. Hybrid systems alternate between an electric heat pump and gas furnace depending on the season and temperature needs. Ductless systems can heat and cool individual rooms without ducts. Packaged systems have the compressor, coils, and air handler housed together in a single cabinet. The global HVAC market is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 6.3% through 20
IRJET- A Review on Green Technology in HVACIRJET Journal
This document discusses green technologies that can be applied to HVAC systems to improve their energy efficiency. It focuses on solar powered air conditioning and ice powered air conditioning as two examples. Solar powered air conditioning uses photovoltaic panels to generate electricity to power an air conditioning system, avoiding the need for electricity from fossil fuel power plants. Ice powered air conditioning takes advantage of cheaper nighttime electricity to make ice for cooling, which is then melted during the day to provide air conditioning when demand and costs are higher. Both approaches aim to utilize renewable energy sources like solar and off-peak electricity to reduce HVAC energy consumption and costs while maintaining indoor comfort.
A Review on Design and Development of Three in One Air Cooling SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of a proposed three-in-one air cooling system that uses evaporative cooling, desiccant cooling, and a heat and mass exchanger (HMX) to cool air without increasing humidity. The system combines direct and indirect evaporative cooling for higher effectiveness and lower energy consumption compared to vapor compression air conditioning systems. It also uses a desiccant wheel to control humidity. The HMX allows indirect evaporative cooling of a primary air stream through a wet secondary air stream to lower the temperature without increasing moisture content. This innovative three-in-one system could replace vapor compression systems to reduce electrical energy usage and emissions from air conditioning.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Winsum ClimatisationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on a new air conditioning system called WINSUM CLIMATISATION. The system aims to provide comfortable indoor air conditioning while using less electricity than traditional air conditioners. It works by using an evaporating unit to cool air through evaporation and a heat exchanger to transfer the cooling effect. Fans are used to force convection over the heat exchanger pipes to deliver cooled, dehumidified air in summer. A heating element can also be switched on to provide warm air in winter. The experimental setup and procedure are described. Results show the system uses less power than air conditioners and provides moisture-less cooled air in summer and warm air in winter, making it a more affordable
Design and Development of Humidity Controller for Prevention of Microbiologic...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a humidity controller to prevent microbiological spoilage in vegetables. Key points:
- A hot air drying system was developed using an air heater boiler, fans, temperature sensors, and an isolated cabin to dry vegetables. This reduces drying time from 3-4 days conventionally to 7-8 hours.
- The system aims to maintain optimal humidity levels between 45-55% for drying different vegetables like tomatoes and ginger.
- Trials showed the developed system successfully dried vegetables and maintained desired temperatures and humidity levels in different weather conditions.
A Review of Case Study of Room Comfort Analysis if Fan and Exhaust Fan Being ...ijtsrd
Now a days with the changing of climatic condition and rise of temperature globally becoming a challenging phase to human survival and achieving an human comfort at lesser cost is also challenging where world are facing energy crisis also. Comfort related to making up of room air which includes treatment of air temperature by mixing it, humidity and air velocity. Installation of air conditioning or use of such devices are costlier and not possible to have everyone while other devices like fans and exhaust fan are sufficient to make up room air by analyzing thermal study and flow pattern of inlet and outgoing air at cheaper cost. In this work already exiting designed room space is analyzing by considering variables like room size, air flow pattern, wind velocity, room heat load of electric equipment, Almeria and stationary item are included. In this work analysis is done to evaluate the heat transfer co efficient of room air and target is to achieve human comfort by proper selection of ventilated air location and air flow direction. With the development of Numerical simulations using a Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD technique it is possible to investigate thermal comfort and indoor air quality for room space using Ansys for Fluid Fluent. Since the CFD used approximations, it was necessary to validate the CFD program before it was used as a tool of study. Actually this is a case study of HOD cabin during electric load Energy Audit evaluation of entire academic infrastructure at NRI college and intention was to make the entire mechanical engineering department floor comfort space at cheaper cost. It is also a part to validate the urgent requirement of A C to our institutional management to provide given quotation based on evaluated data. Jitendra Kumar | Sunil Kumar Chaturvedi | Abhishek Bhandari "A Review of Case Study of Room Comfort Analysis if Fan & Exhaust Fan Being Used" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43649.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/43649/a-review-of-case-study-of-room-comfort-analysis-if-fan-and-exhaust-fan-being-used/jitendra-kumar
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Analysis of Air Conditioning Arrangement for Two Floor Shopping Complex by us...ijtsrd
This document analyzes the air conditioning arrangement for a two-floor shopping complex using Revit MEP software. The document first discusses HVAC systems and factors that influence HVAC system selection. It then describes the methodology used, which involves creating floor layouts in Revit, designing duct arrangements, and calculating individual cooling and heating loads. Floor layouts, duct layouts, spacing/zoning arrangements, and load calculation results for the first and second floors are presented. The second floor requires more cooling and heating load than the first floor. The conclusion compares the load requirements and air flows between the two floors.
This document discusses several methods for optimizing energy consumption in air conditioning plant systems, including improving chiller efficiency, fan power, humidity controls, cooling tower efficiency, chilled/condenser water pumps, chiller plant system control, under-floor systems, and energy recovery systems. It provides case studies on topics like chiller plant design concepts, efficient component selection, installation, commissioning, and operation to reduce energy usage by 30-50%.
IRJET - Review Paper on Air Conditioning System for Operation Theatre in Hosp...IRJET Journal
This document reviews computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of air conditioning systems for operation theatres in hospitals. It summarizes several research papers on using CFD to model airflow, temperature distribution, and contaminant transport in operating rooms. The review finds that CFD can accurately predict airflow velocity and temperature patterns inside operating rooms when compared to experimental data. Parametric studies using CFD indicate that ceiling inlets and outlets often provide the best airflow and temperature uniformity. Overall, the document concludes that CFD is a useful tool for designing efficient and effective air conditioning systems for hospital operating rooms.
In this thesis we have proposed an HVAC system, which we have carefully selected and designed for
an IT company, based on the blueprint which was provided. Our approach was to calculate the Heat Load of the
whole floor which was dedicated for the IT company. We tried to closely observe every aspect of the floor or the
company which can have an impact on our heat load calculation. The floor level, windows, number of rooms,
partitions, the specific work has to be done in that compartment, the level of radiation, electronics, gadgets,
sunlight entering from the windows, the time and duration of the outside heat and many more important factors
we took into consideration. Based on our calculation we had to provide the best efficient system which can fulfill
the needs and can assure the better Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and human comfort. The system which we selected
for this particular IT company was VAV. Variable air volume (VAV) is a type of heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) system, this VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant temperature.
IRJET- Experimental Model Design and Simulation of Air Conditioning System fo...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on modeling and simulating an air conditioning system to reduce energy consumption. The study designed and tested an air conditioning model using MATLAB simulation. Parameters like room dimensions, material properties, and temperature were used to model heat transfer. Experimental tests were conducted in a room to validate the simulation results. Temperature and energy consumption were monitored and found to match closely between the model and experiment. The study concluded the simulated model results are consistent with experimental measuring device results.
Design and Analysis of Air Conditioning System for An IT Office Buildingvivatechijri
The research is about the design and analysis of air conditioning system for comfort application in
an I.T. Office Building located in Mumbai. The different types of air conditioning systems have been studied
initially. The problem statement is provided by ISHRAE, that is; floor plans of the building. This is a new project,
and so building envelope design is also left to the researchers. Air conditioning or HVAC systems are a major
source of energy consumption in the building. So, it is necessary to design the right system of air conditioning
and install energy efficient equipment. Initially the building envelope has been researched and selected, then
cooling load calculations have been done. Based on the cooling demand a suitable air conditioning system is
being researched, after which the equipment selection is done. Energy calculations and life cycle cost analysis
has been done for the systems, and a suitable system has been selected for energy efficiency. Based on the research
and analysis, VRF system is recommended for air conditioning of this IT office building.
Assessment of the Use of Solar Flat Plate Collectors for Solar Thermal Refrig...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on using solar thermal energy to power a vapor absorption refrigeration system. The system uses evacuated tube solar collectors to heat an ammonia-water solution in a generator tank. This vaporizes the ammonia which is then condensed and expanded to produce cooling in an evaporator. The ammonia vapor is absorbed back into the solution which is pumped to the generator, completing the vapor absorption refrigeration cycle. The system is designed to provide a 1 ton refrigeration capacity with a calculated coefficient of performance of 0.75, making it suitable for applications like air conditioning.
This document discusses guidelines for green buildings and the role of HVAC systems in ensuring high performance sustainable buildings. It emphasizes the importance of whole-building design and an integrated project team to achieve green building goals. Specific HVAC strategies mentioned include energy recovery systems, demand controlled ventilation, high efficiency equipment, use of renewable energy sources, and designing for natural ventilation and daylighting to reduce energy loads. The document concludes that green buildings can lower operating costs while improving indoor air quality and environmental sustainability if HVAC designers apply these various strategies and technologies.
Review of Retrofitting of Academic Building by Energy Efficient TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses various energy efficient techniques that can be implemented when retrofitting existing academic buildings, including passive solar techniques like building orientation, trombe wall construction, solar chimneys, and earth air cooling tubes. It also discusses active systems like photovoltaic cells, as well as improvements to the building envelope like double glazed windows, insulation, and shading. Implementing these techniques could potentially save 40-50% of a building's energy usage and reduce costs through lower energy bills and shorter payback periods of 5-8 years for the upgrades. The document provides details on several techniques and cites other literature reviewing green building examples in India incorporating these strategies.
This document discusses the design of an HVAC system for an AC room. It begins by outlining the importance of properly sizing the HVAC system to meet heating and cooling loads while minimizing energy costs. The document then describes the process for HVAC system design, which includes calculating heating and cooling loads, selecting appropriate equipment based on the loads, and evaluating design options. The objectives are to provide an energy efficient and comfortable indoor environment. Key steps in the design process are determining factors that influence loads, selecting a system, calculating loads using software, linking the system file to architectural plans, specifying zones, and evaluating efficiency.
Proper ventilation in one of the primary requirements of any domestic or commercial buildings. The conventional method employs usage of air conditioning or air cooling systems which requires high power consumption. The solar driven ventilation systems can be used in buildings which doesn’t require any external power. The current research reviews various researches conducted in improving system of passive ventilation along use of phase change material as energy storage system. Passive design of buildings does not use the electrical and mechanical systems in providing comfortable indoor environment. Prem Shankar Sahu | Praveen Kumar | Ajay Singh Paikra "Review on Solar Chimney Ventilation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42427.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/42427/review-on-solar-chimney-ventilation/prem-shankar-sahu
Air Water System Design using Revit Mep for a Residential Buildingijtsrd
This document describes an air-water system design for a residential building using Revit MEP software. Heating and cooling load calculations were performed for the building spaces using Revit MEP. The peak cooling and heating loads were calculated for each space. These values were used to calculate the tonnage of refrigeration needed for each space and for the total building. Duct design was also performed using Revit MEP based on the calculated air flow rates for each space. The results determined that an HVAC system with a capacity of approximately 21.32 tons of refrigeration would be suitable to condition the residential building.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
The document discusses heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. It describes HVAC systems as systems that regulate and circulate heated and cooled air throughout buildings to control temperature, humidity, and air quality. There are four main types of HVAC systems: split systems, hybrid systems, duct-free systems, and packaged heating and air systems. Hybrid systems alternate between an electric heat pump and gas furnace depending on the season and temperature needs. Ductless systems can heat and cool individual rooms without ducts. Packaged systems have the compressor, coils, and air handler housed together in a single cabinet. The global HVAC market is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 6.3% through 20
IRJET- A Review on Green Technology in HVACIRJET Journal
This document discusses green technologies that can be applied to HVAC systems to improve their energy efficiency. It focuses on solar powered air conditioning and ice powered air conditioning as two examples. Solar powered air conditioning uses photovoltaic panels to generate electricity to power an air conditioning system, avoiding the need for electricity from fossil fuel power plants. Ice powered air conditioning takes advantage of cheaper nighttime electricity to make ice for cooling, which is then melted during the day to provide air conditioning when demand and costs are higher. Both approaches aim to utilize renewable energy sources like solar and off-peak electricity to reduce HVAC energy consumption and costs while maintaining indoor comfort.
A Review on Design and Development of Three in One Air Cooling SystemIRJET Journal
This document provides a review of a proposed three-in-one air cooling system that uses evaporative cooling, desiccant cooling, and a heat and mass exchanger (HMX) to cool air without increasing humidity. The system combines direct and indirect evaporative cooling for higher effectiveness and lower energy consumption compared to vapor compression air conditioning systems. It also uses a desiccant wheel to control humidity. The HMX allows indirect evaporative cooling of a primary air stream through a wet secondary air stream to lower the temperature without increasing moisture content. This innovative three-in-one system could replace vapor compression systems to reduce electrical energy usage and emissions from air conditioning.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Winsum ClimatisationIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on a new air conditioning system called WINSUM CLIMATISATION. The system aims to provide comfortable indoor air conditioning while using less electricity than traditional air conditioners. It works by using an evaporating unit to cool air through evaporation and a heat exchanger to transfer the cooling effect. Fans are used to force convection over the heat exchanger pipes to deliver cooled, dehumidified air in summer. A heating element can also be switched on to provide warm air in winter. The experimental setup and procedure are described. Results show the system uses less power than air conditioners and provides moisture-less cooled air in summer and warm air in winter, making it a more affordable
Design and Development of Humidity Controller for Prevention of Microbiologic...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a humidity controller to prevent microbiological spoilage in vegetables. Key points:
- A hot air drying system was developed using an air heater boiler, fans, temperature sensors, and an isolated cabin to dry vegetables. This reduces drying time from 3-4 days conventionally to 7-8 hours.
- The system aims to maintain optimal humidity levels between 45-55% for drying different vegetables like tomatoes and ginger.
- Trials showed the developed system successfully dried vegetables and maintained desired temperatures and humidity levels in different weather conditions.
A Review of Case Study of Room Comfort Analysis if Fan and Exhaust Fan Being ...ijtsrd
Now a days with the changing of climatic condition and rise of temperature globally becoming a challenging phase to human survival and achieving an human comfort at lesser cost is also challenging where world are facing energy crisis also. Comfort related to making up of room air which includes treatment of air temperature by mixing it, humidity and air velocity. Installation of air conditioning or use of such devices are costlier and not possible to have everyone while other devices like fans and exhaust fan are sufficient to make up room air by analyzing thermal study and flow pattern of inlet and outgoing air at cheaper cost. In this work already exiting designed room space is analyzing by considering variables like room size, air flow pattern, wind velocity, room heat load of electric equipment, Almeria and stationary item are included. In this work analysis is done to evaluate the heat transfer co efficient of room air and target is to achieve human comfort by proper selection of ventilated air location and air flow direction. With the development of Numerical simulations using a Computational Fluid Dynamics CFD technique it is possible to investigate thermal comfort and indoor air quality for room space using Ansys for Fluid Fluent. Since the CFD used approximations, it was necessary to validate the CFD program before it was used as a tool of study. Actually this is a case study of HOD cabin during electric load Energy Audit evaluation of entire academic infrastructure at NRI college and intention was to make the entire mechanical engineering department floor comfort space at cheaper cost. It is also a part to validate the urgent requirement of A C to our institutional management to provide given quotation based on evaluated data. Jitendra Kumar | Sunil Kumar Chaturvedi | Abhishek Bhandari "A Review of Case Study of Room Comfort Analysis if Fan & Exhaust Fan Being Used" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43649.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/mechanical-engineering/43649/a-review-of-case-study-of-room-comfort-analysis-if-fan-and-exhaust-fan-being-used/jitendra-kumar
Similar to Analysis of an HVAC System and Operation for Retro Fit Building with IOT Internate of Things and Solar Panel for Energy Efficient Application (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
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2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50212 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 839
HVAC systems are making human life healthier and
more productive but various products could also be
produced faster, better, and more economically in an
appropriately controlled environment. Almost each
residential, institutional, commercial, and industrial
building has a year-round controlled environment in
the developed countries of the world.
1.1. Definition of air conditioning
An air conditioner is a system or a machine that treats
air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a
refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and
replaced with cooler and more humid air.
An air conditioner can change the temperature,
humidity or general quality of the air. More
specifically, an air conditioner makes your home
cooler, by drawing heat energy out of the house and
transferring that heat to the outdoors, then replacing
the air inside your home with cooler air.
The air conditioner in a central heating and cooling
system provides cool air through ductwork inside
your home, by providing a process that draws out the
warm air inside, removing its heat.
The awareness of the importance of living place and
indoor air quality has increased for both health and
comfort. The growing requirements for closely
controlled working environments in laboratories,
hospitals, and industrial facilities have rapidly
increased overall energy demands. Therefore, the
HVAC systems designers are challenged as never
before to come up with the most energy efficient
systems. One way of addressing the challenge is by
optimizing conventional setups and introducing
efficient innovative systems utilizing renewable
energy resources [1].
1.2. What is Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)
Systems?
Variable refrigerant flow (VRF) is an air-condition
system configuration where there is one outdoor
condensing unit and multiple indoor units. The term
variable refrigerant flow refers to the ability of the
system to control the amount of refrigerant flowing to
the multiple evaporators (indoor units), enabling the
use of many evaporators of differing capacities and
configurations connected to a single condensing unit.
The arrangement provides an individualized comfort
control, and simultaneous heating and cooling in
different zones.
Fig-1 VRF System Model
VRF systems are similar to the multi-split systems
which connect one outdoor section to several
evaporators. However, multi-split systems turn OFF
or ON completely in response to one master
controller, whereas VRF systems continually adjust
the flow of refrigerant to each indoor evaporator. The
control is achieved by continually varying the flow of
refrigerant through a pulse modulating valve (PMV)
whose opening is determined by the microprocessor
receiving information from the thermostat sensors in
each indoor unit. The indoor units are linked by a
control wire to the outdoor unit which responds to the
demand from the indoor units by varying its
compressor speed to match the total cooling and/or
heating requirements.
VRF systems promise a more energy-efficient
strategy (estimates range from 11% to 17% less
energy compared to conventional units) at a
somewhat higher cost.
Note the term VRF systems should not be confused
with the centralized VAV (variable air volume)
systems, which work by varying the air flow to the
conditioned space based on variation in room loads.
Fig-2: VRF Arrangement
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50212 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 840
Fig-3: A View of Refrigeration cycle
1.3. How Does VRF Work?
Multi-splits include multiple indoor units connected
to a single outdoor unit. Ductless products are
fundamentally different from ducted systems in that
heat is transferred to or from the space directly by
circulating refrigerant to indoor units (evaporators or
condensers) located near or within the conditioned
space. (When the indoor units are in the cooling mode
they act as evaporators and when they are in the
heating mode they act as condensers.) In contrast,
conventional ducted systems transfer heat from the
space to the refrigerant by circulating air (in ducted
systems) or water (in chillers) throughout the
building. VRF systems are enhanced versions of
ductless multi-split systems, permitting more indoor
units to be connected to each outdoor unit and
providing additional features such as simultaneous
heating and cooling and heat recovery. VRF heat
pump systems permit heating in all of the indoor
units, or cooling of the all the units, not simultaneous
heating and cooling. Heat recovery systems provide
simultaneous heating and cooling as well as heat
recovery to reduce energy use during the heating
season.
Over the past 15 years the technology has
advanced in a number of areas:
Standard compressors to variable speed and
capacity modulated scroll compressors.
Direct driven outdoor fans to variable frequency
drive, inverter-driven fans.
Direct driven indoor coil motors to direct current
or ECM-type motors.
Variable capacity indoor units.
Better heat exchanger surfaces with multi-
segmented coils.
Improved controls and diagnostics.
R-22 to R-410A.
Better refrigerant charge and oil management.
Other features include the addition of concealed
ducted units and ceiling cassette configurations to the
traditional wall-mounted units. Refrigerant piping
runs of more than 200 feet are possible and outdoor
units are available in sizes up to 240,000 Btu/ hr.
The term “variable refrigerant flow” refers to the
ability of the system to control the amount of
refrigerant flowing to each of the evaporators,
enabling the use of many evaporators of differing
capacities and configurations, individualized comfort
control, simultaneous heating and cooling in different
zones, and heat recovery from one zone to another.
Most VRF condensers use variable frequency drives
to control the flow of refrigerant to the evaporators.
Refrigerant flow control lies at the heart of VRF
systems and is the major technical challenge as well
as the source of many of the system’s advantages
(Goetzler, 2007). In most cases, two-pipe systems can
be used effectively (in VRF heat pump systems) when
all the zones in the facility require cooling or all
require heating during the same operating period.
Three-pipe (a heating pipe, a cooling pipe and a
return pipe) systems work best when there is a need
for some of the spaces to be cooled and some of them
to be heated during the same period. (This often
occurs in the winter in medium-sized to large-sized
buildings with a substantial core.) One manufacturer
has a two-pipe system than can be used to provide
simultaneous heating and cooling as well as heat
recovery operations.
Fig- 4: Major Components of A VRF System
Including the Range of Possible Indoor Unit
Configurations and A Typical Outdoor Unit.
Heat recovery can be accomplished by transferring
heat between the pipes providing refrigerant to the
cooling and heating units. One way is to use heat
exchangers to extract the superheat from the units in
the cooling mode and route it into refrigerant entering
a heated zone. One manufacturer sends the refrigerant
first to the units that require heating, allows the
refrigerant to condense, collects it at a central point
and then sends it to the indoor evaporators to do
cooling. Most manufacturers have a proprietary
design for the heat recovery plumbing and operation
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50212 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 841
with special valving arrangements, heat exchangers,
controls, receivers and distribution boxes.
1.4. What is IOT (Internate of things)?
Industrial buildings are indicating increasing rates of
energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) usually constituting over 50%
of this consumption. However, these energy
requirements are heavily subjective by weather
conditions based on the season, the time of day, and
different in-building activities. These activities take
place in industrial setup over 24 h and have different
HVAC energy requirements. By the application of
IOT in integer linear programming approach to
efficiently schedule activities based on weather
forecasting, thus minimizing the energy required by
HVAC. Experimental results show that energy
consumption can be reduced by up to 20-30%.
Smart grid is one of the main applications of the
Internate of Things (IoT) model. Within this context,
the IOT application addresses the efficient energy
consumption management of heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC) systems in smart grids with
variable energy price. First, we propose an energy
scheduling method that minimizes the energy
consumption cost for a particular time interval, taking
into account the energy price and a set of comfort
constraints, that is, a range of temperatures according
to user’s preferences for a given room. Then, we
propose an energy scheduler where the user may
select to relax the temperature constraints to save
more energy. Moreover, with the IoT model, the user
may interact remotely with the HVAC control system.
In particular, the user may decide remotely the
temperature of comfort, while the temperature and
energy consumption information is sent through
Internet and displayed at the end user’s device, thus
highlighting the potential gains that can be achieved
in terms of both energy and cost.
Fig- 5: Energy Comparison Hot Day.
Fig- 6: Energy Comparison Cold Day
Fig- 7: Energy Comparison Moderate Day
1.5. Renewable Sources
The high energy demand on buildings requires
efficient installations and the integration of renewable
energy to achieve the goal of reducing energy
consumption using traditional energy sources.
Usually, solar energy generation and heating loads
have different profiles along a day and their
maximums take place at different moments. In
addition, in months in which solar production is
higher, the heating demands are the minimum (hot
water is consumed only domestically in summer).
Cooling machines (absorption and adsorption) allow
using thermal energy to chill a fluid. This heat flow
rate could be recovered from solar collectors or any
other heat source. The aim of this study is to integrate
different typologies of solar hybrid (photovoltaic and
thermal) collectors with cooling machines getting
solar regeneration and concluding the optimal
combination for building applications. The heat
recovered from the photovoltaic module is used to
provide energy to these cooling machines getting a
double effect: to get a better efficiency on PV
modules and to cool the building.
The structure of the modern society has been built
based on the technological developments where
energy is one of the vital demands of this system.
Without using available energy in the world, the
comfort and convenience provided by the growing
technology would not be realized. Thus, vast amount
of research has been done and money have been spent
to resolve energy problems. Total energy requirement
to maintain today’s modern life have been primarily
met by the use of fossil fuels but this leads to serious
environmental problems (IEA, 2016b). World
attention was turned to renewable energy resources
over the years due to high oil prices and increase in
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pollution. Recently, governments agree that
renewable sources should be utilized at maximum
level. Today, these sources can approximately meet
14% of the world’s total energy demand, however,
their future potential is gradually increase (IEA, 2017.
Fig- 8: Components of Photovoltaic/Thermal
(PV/T) systems
1.6. What is a Retro-fit Existing Building?
Renovation, retrofit, and refurbishment of existing
buildings represent an opportunity to upgrade the
energy performance of commercial building assets for
their ongoing life. Often retrofit involves
modifications to existing commercial buildings that
may improve energy efficiency or decrease energy
demand. In addition, retrofits are often used as
opportune time to install distributed generation to a
building. Energy-efficiency retrofits can reduce the
operational costs, particularly in older buildings, as
well as help to attract tenants and gain a market edge.
The Building Technologies Office provides resources
that allow planners, designers, and owners to focus on
energy-use goals from the first planning stages
through post-retrofit monitoring. The Advanced
Energy Retrofit Guides outline how to conduct an
energy-efficient retrofit. Energy Modelling Software
helps identify the most impactful measures through
simulations. And the Technology Portal can be
accessed to make fact-based procurement decisions
during a retrofit.
Fig 9 Pic of Vikash Minar for Retro-fit Building
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Kartik Patel et al studied that Energy requirement of
India particularly heating & cooling in space is likely
to increase by for fold within the span of 20 years. So
energy efficiency has been prime importance in
HVAC system. There are various other options
available for energy saving in HVAC systems and
Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF) technologyis one of
them. In heating/cooling space VRF technology is
having considerable potential for energy saving (10%
to 40%). Ammi Amarnath et al reviewed that the
attributes of an emerging space conditioning
technology. variable refrigerant flow (VRF) systems.
Material presented in this paper was synthesized from
the open literature, private interviews with industry
experts and data (sometimes proprietary data)
obtained from manufacturers. VRF systems are
enhanced versions of ductless multi-split systems,
permitting more indoor units to be connected to each
outdoor unit and providing additional features such as
simultaneous heating and cooling and heat recovery.
VRF technology uses smart integrated controls,
variable speed drives, refrigerant piping, and heat
recovery to provide products with attributes that
include high energy efficiency, flexible operation,
ease of installation, low noise, zone control, and
comfort using all-electric technology. VRF systems
are very popular in Asia and Europe and, with an
increasing support available from major U.S. and
Asian manufacturers are worth considering for multi-
zone commercial building applications in the U.S.
This paper provides an overview of variable
refrigerant flow system technology, including the
market situation, advantages and disadvantages for the
customer, possible impact on the electric utility,
applications recommendations, and technology
attributes. Also addressed are what is holding back the
technology, including lack of verified third party field
data; codes and standards issues; technology
improvements needed; and market actions needed to
increase penetration of these systems.
Based on today’s practical technology for cooling, the
major components of a chiller plant are (1)
compressors, (2) cooling towers, (3) pumps (chilled
and cooling water) and (4) fans in air handling units.
They all consume mainly electricity to operate. When
specifying the kW/R ton of a plant, there are two
levels of monitoring cooling efficiency: (1) at the
efficiency of the chiller machines or the compressors
which consume a major amount of electricity; and (2)
at the overall efficiency of cooling plants which
include the cooling towers, pumps for moving coolant
(chilled and cooling water) to all air-handling units.
Pragmatically, a holistic approach is necessary
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towards achieving a low energy input per cooling
achieved such as 0.6 kW/R ton cooling or lower by
considering all aspects of the cooling plant.
In this paper, we present a review of recent innovative
cooling technology and strategies that could
potentially lower the kW/R ton of cooling systems –
from the existing mean of 0.9 kW/R ton towards 0.6
kW/R ton or lower. The paper, broadly divided into
three key sections (see Fig. 2), begins with a review of
the recent novel devices that enhances the energy
efficiency of cooling systems at the component level.
This is followed by a review of innovative cooling
systems designs that reduces energy use for air
conditioning. Lastly, the paper presents recent
developments in intelligent air-control strategies and
smart chiller sequencing methodologies that reduce
the primary energy utilization for cooling.
The energy efficient cooling technology, innovative
systems designs, and intelligent control strategies
described in the paper have been recently researched
or are on-going studies. Several have been
implemented on a larger scale and, therefore, are
examples of practical solutions that can be readily
applied to suit specific needs.
Liujia Dong et al discussed that proposes extremism
seeking control (ESC) schemes for different
operational modes of a Multi-functional Variable
Refrigerant Flow (MFVRF) system as well as a mode
switching scheme, in order to optimize energy
efficiency in real time without using detailed plant
models. Five operational modes are considered:
Cooling Only, Heating Only, Cooling Dominated,
Heating Dominated, and Heat Recovery. The zone
temperature set point is achieved by controlling the
respective indoor unit (IDU) fan speed, and the
feedback required is the total power consumption of
the compressor motor, outdoor unit (ODU) condenser
fan and IDU evaporator fans. For different operational
modes, the ESC inputs are chosen to be different
combinations of compressor suction pressure set
point, ODU fan speed, bypass flow valve opening,
superheat set points for IDU's and ODU. Also, a set of
switching logic has been developed for changing the
operation modes of ODU and IDU, along with bump
less transfer schemes. To evaluate the proposed
control and mode-switching strategies, a Modelica
based dynamic simulation model is developed for the
MFVRF system. Simulation results demonstrate the
capability for the ESC to achieve the optimal
operation in model-free fashion, as well as the
effectiveness of the proposed mode switching scheme.
Jordi Serra et al studied that Smart grid is one of the
main applications of the Internate Of Things (IoT)
paradigm. Within this context, this paper addresses the
efficient energy consumption management of heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in
smart grids with variable energy price. To that end,
first, we propose an energy scheduling method that
minimizes the energy consumption cost for a
particular time interval, taking into account the energy
price and a set of comfort constraints, that is, a range
of temperatures according to user’s preferences for a
given room. Then, we propose an energy scheduler
where the user may select to relax the temperature
constraints to save more energy. Moreover, thanks to
the IoT paradigm, the user may interact remotely with
the HVAC control system. In particular, the user may
decide remotely the temperature of comfort, while the
temperature and energy consumption information is
sent through Internet and displayed at the end user’s
device. The proposed algorithms have been
implemented in a real testbed, highlighting the
potential gains that can be achieved in terms of both
energy and cost.
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. Analytical approach to existing system &
Proposed system.
3.1.1. Heating ventilation and air conditioning
system
3.1.1.1. Preamble
The section outlines HVAC system design
parameters, system selections and extent of
provisions for the project.
The ventilation system for the development should
be able to maintain the desired air quality.
The Basement ventilation system will be designed
and developed according to contaminant removal
requirements of the parking spaces.
The air conditioning will be designed to maintain
specified temperature, humidity and supply of
outdoor air within occupied spaces. Individual’s
temperature controls for each area.
This will include staircase, lift well, lift lobby
pressurization system to limit smoke movement in
case of fire emergency.
Toilet ventilation will be designed as per relevant
standard National Building Code (NBC-2016).
All Ventilations and air conditioning systems
shall be in conformity with the NBC-2016.
3.1.1.2. Design Intent
To create a comfortable and safe HVAC
environment for the development Prime objective
To maintain good indoor environment in terms of
temperature, humidity and air movement.
To create a relatively quiet and low vibration
control AC system.
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To make the HVAC system energy efficient eco-
friendly & easily maintainable.
3.1.1.3. Scope of Works
Scope of works will include the following:
Design the complete system that is making layout
and dwg. Of each floor I:e GF + 21st Floor.
Heat load calculation and Electrical Load
Calculation of each Floor & Section.
Calculation of Tonnage /HP of Outdoor Unit and
Indoor Unit & Type of Indoor system (unitary or
Duct Based).
Location and Identification of Outdoor Unit.
Design the No. of Outdoor and Indoor Unit of
Each Floor & section.
Design the VRV/VRF Copper Pipe, Drainpipe,
Control Cable, Power Cable, Route circuit for
Indoor Unit and Outdoor Connectivity.
Ventilation Scheme for toilet, Pantry and
Basement, Lift & Staircase with necessary Air
changes as per mandatory Govt. Norms.
3.1.2. General
This report outlines the design features, basis of
design etc. of the HVAC system.
The system requirement, basis of design and
general outline of the Ventilation system are also
given.
This report is based on details of the three type of
cooling system I, e, Option-1:- VRF system with
Cassette unit, Option-2:- VRF system with Duct
able unit and Option-3:- VRF system with AHU.
The detail design scheme is given later.
3.1.3.1. Design Considerations
It is often a practice to design an Air-conditioning
system for peak load conditions. However, the
average usage of an Air-conditioning system during a
year is between 70% to 90%. Therefore, an
appropriate system must be capable of operating
efficiently without wastage of energy from an Air-
conditioning load as little as 30% to a maximum of
90% (Note: The 100% conditions occurs for a very
short duration and needs to be discounted).
Hence, the option proposed to be adopted for this
project, will be planned and selected for:
Modern Technology
Energy efficient throughout the varying load
patterns.
Providing required Indoor air quality (IAQ) with
reduced operating cost.
Maximum flexibility of operation.
3.1.3. Modern Technology
The selection of equipment is designed to achieve
energy efficient modern technology.
The choice of equipment and specifications will
provide the best possible system at a reasonable
price.
3.1.4. Energy Efficient
Hence, the selection proposed is such that the
overall power requirement remains consistent
with the demand, avoiding all possible waste.
The outdoor units are located in two part I:e on
Ground and Terrace to avoid the Max. Vertical
distance, so that the system will go through min.
Duration.
The Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) will be
proposed where-ever required, resulting in very
high reduction in power consumption.
3.1.5. Indoor Air Quality
ASHRAE (USA) standard call for maintaining a
desirable Indoor Air quality (IAQ) in a tightly
sealed building.
This is to prevent sickness syndrome in people
who occupy these buildings for a long period.
This will also help to control the concentration of
harmful bacteria to provide a comfortable
environment, to save energy, to prevent
exhilaration / infiltration of pathogens etc.
There will be bi-polar air ionization system
proposed in Indoor Unit to control the indoor air
quality and minimize the requirement of fresh air
that will also result in energy efficient system.
3.1.6. Flexibility
There will be individual Outdoor unit for each
floor.
In addition, each floor will have independent
Indoor Units.
This will ensure that the equipment in operations
is as per demand without any wastage of power.
3.2. System Design
Car Park Ventilation (Emergency / Normal)
EXISTING SYSTEM: There are 4 nos. of Axial
Flow Fan are available for basement ventilation
having capacity of 10200 cfm Each. The air is
uniformly getting exhausted through the duct
connected to these 4 fans. The Provision for fresh
air is taken from the 3 existing Ramps.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: These existing Fans (4
nos.) are sufficient for basement ventilation with
some technical alteration & modification along
with the duct size and route, after considering the
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following basis of design for car parking
ventilation system.
The entire car park shall be ventilated in one
zone.
Each Zone has its independent fresh air & exhaust
system. The car park zone area should not exceed
3000 sq. m. as per National Building Code-2016.
The entire cark park ventilation shall be carried
out by using axial fans for each zone.
There shall be 6 ACPH exhaust (Normal) and
additional 6 ACPH exhaust (Emergency) with
Equal capacity of fresh air. The exhaust fans for
all basements are split in the following
configuration:
1 No’s x 6 ACPH Capacity Each totaling 6 ACPH
(Ducted)
1 No’s x 6 ACPH Capacity Each totaling 6 ACPH
(Ducted)
The fresh air for basement is taken from the 3
Ramps.
The axial fan shall be suitably selected for best
efficiency, low noise, optimum operating
Speed and lowest possible power consumption.
The axial fan shall have back draft dampers and
all protective coverings (like inlet wire mesh Etc.)
so that any possible mis happening may be
avoided.
3.3. D.G ROOM VENTILATION
EXISTING SYSTEM: There is an Exhaust Fan In
DG Room which discharge the D.G exhaust in
Plant Room with insufficient amount of exhaust
air and ducting, which is not feasible and
successful.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new proposed
system will be proposed on the basis of following
parameters-
The DG Room shall be ventilated by using Air
washers for fresh air and Axial Fans for exhaust.
The design shall be based on minimum 28 CFM/
KVA Exhaust of the DG capacity.
Final exhaust requirement will be as per DG
vendor requirement.
The fresh air shall be delivered at minimum 30
CFM/KVA. This will keep the DG Room
Slightly under positive pressure. Final fresh air
requirement will be as per DG vendor
requirement.
The Fresh air in the DG Room shall be ducted.
The air shall perfectly be discharged at
Floor level by using suitable dropper (wherever
possible).
However, the exhaust shall preferably be direct /
ducted as required for the betterment of the
project.
3.4. LT, HT& Transformer Rooms Ventilation
EXISTING SYSTEM: There is no any provision
for LT, HT & Transformer room ventilation.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new system will be
proposed on the basis of following parameters-
3.3.1 LT, HT & Transformer room is
ventilated as per NBC-2016 i:e 6-8 ACPH.
3.5. Toilet Ventilation
EXISTING SYSTEM: There are two toilets in the
building.
Male Toilet: An exhaust fan is proposed on
terrace for male toilet ventilation. The fan is
connected to the toilet directly through the
masonry shaft not through the duct which
resulting the improper ventilation and odor/toilet
smell are spread on ground and other floors.
Female Toilet: The same system is proposed in
female toilet as proposed in male toilet.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new system will be
proposed on the basis of following parameters-
Toilets ventilation are as per NBC-2016 i.e. 10
ACPH.
There will be two fan section for male and female
toilet placed on terrace.
The ventilation of toilet will be ducted through
the shaft.
3.6. Pump & Fire Room Ventilation
EXISTING SYSTEM: There is no provision for
the Pump & Fire Room Ventilation.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new system will be
proposed on the basis of following parameters-
It is proposed to provide exhaust in pump room at
20 ACPH by using axial fans. There Shall be 01
No Axial Fans for exhaust. The exhaust shall be
discharged through anear by available exhaust
shaft up to ground level.
To compensate the exhaust air quantity, it is
proposed to provide fresh air by using Axial fan
of suitable capacity.
Proper ductwork shall be done to ensure uniform
supply of fresh air and exhaust from the plant
room.
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3.7. Lift well Pressurization
EXISTING SYSTEM: There is no provision for
the Lift well Pressurization.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new system will be
proposed on the basis of following parameters-
All Lift wells shall be pressurized at terrace level.
The pressurization shall be done to achieve a 50
Pascal Pressure Differential in the lift shaft as per
NBC. This ensures that in case of fire in the
building, the persons in the lift are able to get
down to ground floor level without being affected
by the smoke from the fire at any floor.
The calculation shall be based on leakage through
doors at all floor and one open door at ground
level. The lift well pressurization shall be carried
out by using axial fans placed at terrace level.
3.8. Staircase Pressurization
EXISTING SYSTEM: There is no provision for
the Staircase Pressurization except at Ground and
top Floor.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new system will be
proposed on the basis of following parameters-
All the staircases shall be enclosed and
pressurized. The pressurization shall be done to
achieve a 50 Pascal Pressure Differential in the
staircase as per NBC.
Suitable shaft shall be made adjacent to staircase
and axial fan placed at
Terrace/basement shall be used to pressurize the
staircase.
There shall be openings at every landing and air
which is brought down through a
duct shall be discharged at each landing through
suitable size grills.
3.9. Lift Lobby Pressurization
EXISTING SYSTEM: There is no provision for
the Lift lobby Pressurization.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new system will be
proposed on the basis of following parameters-
The lift lobbies in the basement and on the floors
shall be enclosed type. Therefore, it is mandatory
to pressurize the lift lobbies. There shall be a
common fan placed at terrace to pressurize the lift
lobby. In the eventuality of Fire, the lift lobby of
the affected floor, one floor above and one floor
below shall be pressurized. There shall be a
common duct connecting all loft lobbies (through
a shaft) . On all floors, there shall be Motorized
ON/ OFF Dampers (Normally Closed) . In case of
Fire, on receiving signal from the fire panel, only
three dampers will open (affected floor, one floor
above and one floor below).
3.10. Co Sensors:
EXISTING SYSTEM: There are 4 co-sensors at
basement connected to a Panel.
PROPOSED SYSTEM: The new system will be
proposed on the basis of following parameters-
CO Sensors shall be installed for car park
ventilation area zone wise.
They shall sense the level of CO in a particular
zone and shall trigger the Exhaust/fresh air fan
accordingly.
The basis of triggering can be obeyed as
CO level < 30 ppm – All fan off
30 ppm< CO level <100 ppm – Normal Exhaust
and fresh air fan
CO level > 100 ppm – Both Normal and
Emergency Exhaust/Fresh Air fans are on.
3.11. Basis of Design
Design Parameters
Outside Conditions Summer: 110°F DB; 75°F WB
Monsoon: 95.0°F DB; 83°F WB
Inside Conditions: 74°F ± 2°F DB
(Summer): (RH not exceeding 60% in all areas.)
Lighting Load : 1.2 Watt/Sqft Or As per ASHRAE
Standard 90.1-2010.
(Fresh Air): As per ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2010.
Occupancy: As per seating Plan.
General Ventilation
Toilet Exhaust: 10 ACPH
Hours of Operation: 10 hours per day
3.12. References for Design Parameters:
Table -1 Design Parameters and reference
S.
No.
Design Parameters References
1 Outside Conditions ISHRAE-2007
2 Fresh Air/Occupancy
ASHRAE-62.1-
2007
3
Ventilation Rate
(ACPH)
NBC-2005
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3.13. System Requirement
Table-2 Based on the above requirements, A.C. loads are as follows:
Heat load summary
GROUND FLOOR
S.NO. Building Floor area (in Sqft) Summer (TR) Monsoon (TR)
1 Reception 532.8 5.73 5.24
2 SECURITY 231.5 4.37 3.92
3 OFFICE 877.3 9.2 8
TOTAL 1641.6 19.3 17.2
Table- 3: 1-4 & 6th floor measurement
Heat load summary
First to fourth & sixth FLOOR. (1-4 & 6th
floor)
S. No Building Floor area (in Sqft) Summer (TR) Monsoon (TR)
1 Reception (1) 228 1.2 1.09
2 M-6(1) 86 0.87 0.85
3 DIR (F & H) 108 1 0.9
4 OFFICE CUBICALS-1 855 4.4 4
5 RECEPTION-2 166.8 1.1 1
6 M-6(2) 88.3 1.3 1.1
7 DIR.(AP-II) 95.8 1.6 1.2
8 OFFICE CUBICAL-2 955 5.3 4.6
9 REPROGRAPHY 273.4 1.7 1.4
10 AC-3(2) 108 1.8 1.7
11 M-6(3) 88.3 1.6 1.5
12 RECEPTION-3 167 1.8 1.7
13 DIR(AP-III) 95.8 1.9 1.7
14 M-6(4) 86 1 0.9
15 OFFICE CUBICALS(4) 874 4.9 4.2
16 RECETION(4) 228 1.4 1.2
TOTAL 4503.4 33 28.9
SUB-TOTAL( 5 FLOORS) 22517 165 144.5
Table-4: Seventh and 13th floor measurement
Heat load summary
SEVENTH & THIRTEENTH FLOOR (7TH
& 13TH
FLOOR)
S.NO. Building Floor area (in Sqft) Summer (TR) Monsoon (TR)
1 GYM 1123 6.28 5.96
2 LIBRARY 1123 5.78 5.27
3 N-E CABIN 323 2.1 1.7
4 S-E CABIN 323 2.1 1.7
5 N-W CABIN 323 3.9 3.5
6 S-W CABIN 323 4.2 3.7
7 OFF. CUBICAL (WEST) 796.5 8.3 7.5
8 OFFICE CUBICAL(EAST) 796.5 4.7 3.9
TOTAL 5131 37.3 33.3
SUB-TOTAL(2 FLOORS) 10262 74.6 66.6
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4. CONCLUSIONS
In the current work, a systematic simulation-based
optimization approach is proposed for the automated
optimal selection of HVAC system configurations at
the initial design stage. The particular conclusions for
each chapter are provided in the closing remarks.
However, in present chapter the key outcomes are
compiled to give an overview of the research work.
The overall world ‘s energy demands are increased
remarkably in last few decades and projected to
ascend by almost 50% from 2009 to 2035. In the total
energy consumption, the share of buildings is
significant that accounted about 21% of total energy
requirements at the world level. In the developed
countries and regions, such as USA and EU the
buildings energy demands are around 41% and 40%
of the total energy consumption, respectively. While,
in the underdeveloped countries like India, Pakistan,
buildings share is about 44%. In the buildings energy
demands, the key contribution is from HVAC systems
that maintain the desired comfort conditions.
Therefore, optimization of HVAC systems has great
potential for energy savings in the buildings sector.
VRF technology is relatively new in India and gained
the momentum after 2007. So, this has been relatively
new and efficient way to design HVAC system with
VRF technology. VRF technology uses smart
integrated controls, variable speed drives, refrigerant
piping, and heat recovery to provide products with
attributes that include high energy efficiency, flexible
operation, ease of installation, low noise, zone
control, and comfort using all-electric technology.
Still efficiency and energy saving depend on many
variables which controls heat load of the building. So,
energy saving from VRF technology may vary from
10% to 40%.
Other applications well suited to VRF systems
include any case in which there is an advantage to
delivering personalized, compartmentalized comfort
conditioning, such as: office buildings, strip malls,
hotels and motels, hospitals and nursing homes, banks
and schools. Offices and strip malls have occupants
with different space conditioning requirements,
making the zoning opportunities of VRF attractive for
these applications. Hospitals and nursing homes can
be good candidates since the VRF system makes it
easy to avoid zone to zone air mixing. Banks have
favored the system for security because the egress
paths into the bank are minimized due to the minimal
smaller diameter ductwork. Even in schools, which
because of high occupancy often have a 100% outside
air requirement, VRF units can be used (often with
heat recovery ventilators) to meet the load.
Industrial buildings are indicating increasing rates of
energy consumption, with heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning (HVAC) usually constituting over 50%
of this consumption. However, these energy
requirements are heavily subjective by weather
conditions based on the season, the time of day, and
different in-building activities. These activities take
place in industrial setup over 24 h and have different
HVAC energy requirements. By the application of
IOT in integer linear programming approach to
efficiently schedule activities based on weather
forecasting, thus minimizing the energy required by
HVAC. Experimental results show that energy
consumption can be reduced by up to 20-30%.
Smart grid is one of the main applications of the
Internate of Things (IoT) model. Within this context,
the IOT application addresses the efficient energy
consumption management of heating, ventilation, and
air conditioning (HVAC) systems in smart grids with
variable energy price. First, we propose an energy
scheduling method that minimizes the energy
consumption cost for a particular time interval, taking
into account the energy price and a set of comfort
constraints, that is, a range of temperatures according
to user’s preferences for a given room. Then, we
propose an energy scheduler where the user may
select to relax the temperature constraints to save
more energy. Moreover, with the IoT model, the user
may interact remotely with the HVAC control system.
In particular, the user may decide remotely the
temperature of comfort, while the temperature and
energy consumption information is sent through
Internet and displayed at the end user’s device, thus
highlighting the potential gains that can be achieved
in terms of both energy and cost.
The energy consumption management of HVACs, for
a given smart pricing tariff and users’ comfort
constraints. Moreover, the integration within the IoT
framework has been studied. To that end, we
developed a real testbed consisting of (i) heaters, (ii)
sensor nodes that measure the temperature, and (iii) a
gateway, which provides connection to the Internet
and includes a web application that permits the
interaction with the user through Internet. Moreover,
the gateway implements the algorithms that control
the energy consumption. Regarding the proposed
methods, first, we devised an energy scheduler that
optimizes the energy cost in a time interval basis, for
a given energy price tariff and for a given set of
temperature of comfort constraints that are associated
with different locations inside a room. Then, we
proposed a more flexible energy scheduler, which
relaxes the temperature constraints to further reduce
the energy consumption. Namely, a new objective
12. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50212 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 849
function has been considered, which consists of a
convex combination of the energy cost and a penalty
term that reflects the comfort. This permits to
consider both the case where the user is very
concerned with the comfort and the case where he
allows relaxing the comfort constraint to further
reduce the energy consumption.
The overall performance of the HPV/T unit is always
higher than that of the single PV or solar thermal unit.
However, the differences in overall performances of
these systems are strongly affected by the
environmental conditions such as ambient
temperature, humidity and altitude. In most cases,
solar thermal unit produces more thermal energythan
HPV/T system. The electrical efficiency of the solar
PV system or HPV/T system is observed in the range
of 8-14% and it is not highly affected by the ambient
conditions. But, for concentrating systems, the value
of the instantaneous electrical efficiency can reach up
to 30% level or even more. On the other hand,
thermal efficiency is a function of ambient parameters
and instantaneous values can show significantly
fluctuations.
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