Presentation by Senator Cristovam Buarque from Brazil on 27 April 2012 at IPC-IG. Cristovam Buarque has been a Senator for two consecutive terms (2003-2019) and a Professor at the University of Brasilia since 1979, where he was also Dean (1985-1989). He graduated in Mechanical Engineering at the Federal University of Pernambuco (1966) and earned a PhD in Economics from Sorbonne (1973). He worked as Advisor for the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) from 1973-1979. He has also presided the UN University for Peace Council and is a member of UNESCO’s Institute of Education, having published over ten books. During his mandate as Governor of the Brazilian Federal District (1995-1998), he was recognized by his commitment with social inclusion and as an administrator able to turn the ideas previously exposed in his books into laws. Among the several creative solutions conceived by the Professor and implemented by the Governor, the most renowned in Brazil and abroad is the Bolsa-Escola, a revolutionary approach for education and against poverty. He was Minister of Education in 2003. At the Senate he was Chairman of the Senate's External Relations Committee (2004), headed the Senate Human Rights Committee (2005-06), and was Chairman of the Education, Sports and Culture Committee (2007). Presently, Senator Buarque is Vice-Chairman of the Senate External Relations Committee and Chairman of the Special Subcommittee for the 2012 Summit Rio+20.
Managing for Social Inclusion: The Risks of Inefficient Public PoliciesUNDP Policy Centre
A presentation delivered by Ms. Leisa Perch, IPC-IG's Team Leader - Rural and Sustainable Development at Brazil's II Public Management National Congress (3-4 April 2012, Brasilia).
This document provides information about social entrepreneurship as the 2011-2013 Common Theme at IUPUI, including:
1) The Common Theme focuses on social entrepreneurship and how ordinary people have applied these principles to address social issues, using David Bornstein's book "How to Change the World" as the campus reader.
2) Social entrepreneurship is defined as using innovative solutions to address social problems like poverty, illness, and human rights issues in order to improve lives at scale.
3) The document encourages faculty to incorporate aspects of social entrepreneurship into their courses through projects, research, and partnerships with campus support units to develop new social entrepreneurship activities.
Habitat for Humanity has had to adapt to increased change over the past decade due to natural disasters and economic crises. They have expanded their mission from only building homes to providing emergency shelters, infrastructure, education, and health programs. Locally, Indian River Habitat for Humanity has increased its home production from 1 house per year to 10 in response to the large number of substandard homes in the community. However, rising land and construction costs, hurricanes, the housing bubble burst, and recession have created new challenges for providing affordable housing.
The document summarizes trends in the Brazilian foundry industry. It notes that Brazil has a large population and economy and is the 7th largest producer of cast metals worldwide. The foundry industry employs over 67,000 people and had exports of $13.3 billion in 2011, primarily to Argentina, the US, and China. However, the industry needs $3.75 billion in investments by 2016 to expand production capacity and meet growing domestic demand, especially from infrastructure projects and the automobile industry. The foundry industry remains an important part of Brazil's industrial base.
Global Talent Shortage Survey Results - Manpower, March 2011Bullhorn Reach
The survey found that 31% of employers worldwide have difficulty filling jobs due to a lack of qualified talent, up slightly from last year. The talent shortage is most acute in Japan (76%), Brazil (64%), and Argentina (53%). The top jobs that are hardest to fill globally are skilled trades, sales representatives, technicians, and engineers. While more job seekers are unemployed, employers say the problem is a mismatch between the available skills and skills they need. Employers are seeking increasingly specialized combinations of skills that are difficult to find in one person.
This document provides an overview of Brazil's geography, demographics, natural resources, and energy sources. Some key points:
- Brazil has a large land area and population of around 188 million people, though population density varies significantly across regions.
- The country has abundant natural resources like iron ore, manganese, bauxite, and gemstones. Offshore oil discoveries have made Brazil energy independent.
- Hydroelectric power is a major energy source, utilizing around 55% of Brazil's large hydroelectric potential as of 2003.
At 179.9 million hectares, India holds the second largest agricultural land in the world. A majority of the Indian population relies on agriculture for employment and livelihood. Steady investments in technology development, irrigation infrastructure, emphasis on modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies are the major factors contributing to agriculture growth.
The country has today emerged as a major player in the global agriculture market. Agriculture accounts for 14 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and about 11 per cent of India’s total exports; it is also an essential link in the supply chain of the manufacturing sector and at the same time constitutes a big market for industrial products. Currently, India is the world's largest rice exporter and second in terms of wheat exports. Horticulture exports have also seen good growth. India's agro exports during 2013–14 touched US$ 45 billion as against US$ 25 billion in 2011–12.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal organisation responsible for development of the agriculture sector in India. The organisation is responsible for formulation and implementation of national policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural growth through optimum utilisation of land, water, soil and plant resources of the country.
Managing for Social Inclusion: The Risks of Inefficient Public PoliciesUNDP Policy Centre
A presentation delivered by Ms. Leisa Perch, IPC-IG's Team Leader - Rural and Sustainable Development at Brazil's II Public Management National Congress (3-4 April 2012, Brasilia).
This document provides information about social entrepreneurship as the 2011-2013 Common Theme at IUPUI, including:
1) The Common Theme focuses on social entrepreneurship and how ordinary people have applied these principles to address social issues, using David Bornstein's book "How to Change the World" as the campus reader.
2) Social entrepreneurship is defined as using innovative solutions to address social problems like poverty, illness, and human rights issues in order to improve lives at scale.
3) The document encourages faculty to incorporate aspects of social entrepreneurship into their courses through projects, research, and partnerships with campus support units to develop new social entrepreneurship activities.
Habitat for Humanity has had to adapt to increased change over the past decade due to natural disasters and economic crises. They have expanded their mission from only building homes to providing emergency shelters, infrastructure, education, and health programs. Locally, Indian River Habitat for Humanity has increased its home production from 1 house per year to 10 in response to the large number of substandard homes in the community. However, rising land and construction costs, hurricanes, the housing bubble burst, and recession have created new challenges for providing affordable housing.
The document summarizes trends in the Brazilian foundry industry. It notes that Brazil has a large population and economy and is the 7th largest producer of cast metals worldwide. The foundry industry employs over 67,000 people and had exports of $13.3 billion in 2011, primarily to Argentina, the US, and China. However, the industry needs $3.75 billion in investments by 2016 to expand production capacity and meet growing domestic demand, especially from infrastructure projects and the automobile industry. The foundry industry remains an important part of Brazil's industrial base.
Global Talent Shortage Survey Results - Manpower, March 2011Bullhorn Reach
The survey found that 31% of employers worldwide have difficulty filling jobs due to a lack of qualified talent, up slightly from last year. The talent shortage is most acute in Japan (76%), Brazil (64%), and Argentina (53%). The top jobs that are hardest to fill globally are skilled trades, sales representatives, technicians, and engineers. While more job seekers are unemployed, employers say the problem is a mismatch between the available skills and skills they need. Employers are seeking increasingly specialized combinations of skills that are difficult to find in one person.
This document provides an overview of Brazil's geography, demographics, natural resources, and energy sources. Some key points:
- Brazil has a large land area and population of around 188 million people, though population density varies significantly across regions.
- The country has abundant natural resources like iron ore, manganese, bauxite, and gemstones. Offshore oil discoveries have made Brazil energy independent.
- Hydroelectric power is a major energy source, utilizing around 55% of Brazil's large hydroelectric potential as of 2003.
At 179.9 million hectares, India holds the second largest agricultural land in the world. A majority of the Indian population relies on agriculture for employment and livelihood. Steady investments in technology development, irrigation infrastructure, emphasis on modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies are the major factors contributing to agriculture growth.
The country has today emerged as a major player in the global agriculture market. Agriculture accounts for 14 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) and about 11 per cent of India’s total exports; it is also an essential link in the supply chain of the manufacturing sector and at the same time constitutes a big market for industrial products. Currently, India is the world's largest rice exporter and second in terms of wheat exports. Horticulture exports have also seen good growth. India's agro exports during 2013–14 touched US$ 45 billion as against US$ 25 billion in 2011–12.
The Department of Agriculture and Cooperation under the Ministry of Agriculture is the nodal organisation responsible for development of the agriculture sector in India. The organisation is responsible for formulation and implementation of national policies and programmes aimed at achieving rapid agricultural growth through optimum utilisation of land, water, soil and plant resources of the country.
India has done well since independence in Agriculture. But the potential for further growth is immense . By adopting the strategies in the paper , the growth can be taken to 6% p.a.
Poverty and inequality in a changing contextLindsey Cottle
This document outlines poverty, inequality, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It defines poverty in monetary, capability, and participatory terms. It discusses measuring poverty through monetary indicators like consumption, capability indicators like health and education, and inequality indicators like income distribution. It notes most of the world's poor now live in middle-income countries rather than low-income countries. The document then outlines the MDGs on eradicating poverty, improving health, education, gender equality, and the environment. It discusses options for a post-2015 framework, including both macroeconomic approaches like foreign aid and microeconomic approaches like employment creation and public services. It proposes evaluating the MDGs from different perspectives and discourses.
The document defines and discusses different aspects of poverty. It defines absolute and relative poverty, with absolute poverty referring to lack of means to meet basic needs and relative poverty considering social and economic status compared to others. It discusses the poverty line as the minimum income level required to afford life's necessities, and how the World Bank adjusted the international poverty line over time. It provides statistics on global and regional poverty rates. For India, it details how the poverty line was originally calculated and varies between states, with some below 10% and others above 40%. It also discusses inequality, the Gini coefficient measure of inequality, and how India's Gini index and inequality has risen in recent decades.
The document discusses various scenarios for key infrastructure sectors in India by 2030. It outlines best, worst, and average case scenarios for transportation, energy, health, security, and other areas. Transportation could see an advanced, well-connected road network or inadequate growth. Railways may become highly advanced or unable to meet travel demands. Airports may have improved safety and facilities or outdated systems.
A brief study on the measures of income distribution for both analytic and quantitative purposes in terms of size distribution and functional distribution.
The study includes discussion on following concepts-
Lorenz Curve
Gini Coefficient
Absolute Poverty
Foster Greer Thorbecke Measure
Agriculture is the oldest occupation in the world and nearly two-thirds of the world's population depends on it. Agriculture involves cultivating crops and rearing livestock. Agriculture is very important for the Indian economy - it provides employment and livelihood to about 65% of Indians, contributes about 18% to India's GDP, and supplies raw materials to industries. Soil erosion due to factors like floods, winds, deforestation, and overgrazing is a major problem affecting Indian agriculture. Methods to control soil erosion include afforestation, crop rotation, terracing, and building dams.
This document discusses measuring poverty and inequality. It outlines four criteria for measuring inequality: anonymity, population, relative income, and Dalton principles. It also describes the Lorenz curve and five measures of inequality: range, Kuznets ratio, mean absolute deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient. For poverty measurement, it defines the poverty line and discusses headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, income gap ratio, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke class measures.
Agriculture is a major part of India's economy, contributing 25% to GDP. However, agricultural production has stagnated in recent years due to small landholdings, dependence on monsoons, lack of infrastructure and technology. The government has implemented various policies and programs to support the agricultural sector, including providing subsidies, developing new crop varieties, expanding irrigation and credit, and creating support systems like agriculture extension services and crop insurance. The Targeted Public Distribution System aims to ensure food security for poor families across India.
The document discusses various definitions and conceptualizations of poverty. It contrasts narrow definitions focused on subsistence needs with broader definitions incorporating lack of participation, dignity, and power. It also compares definitions based on income and resources versus actual living standards and activities. Finally, it examines the differences between absolute poverty focused on basic physical needs and relative poverty linked to a society's overall living standards.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It measures inequality using data that shows the richest 20% earn about 10 times as much as the poorest 20%. It also examines political philosophies around redistributing income, including utilitarianism supporting it, liberalism allowing for it as social insurance, and libertarianism opposing it. The document also analyzes policies to reduce poverty like minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, noting each have unintended effects on work incentives.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty and the poverty line. It also discusses the different types of poverty and various factors that cause poverty such as the caste system, population pressure, unemployment, illiteracy, and India's past economic policies. The document outlines some of the major effects of poverty on children, women, and education. It then discusses measures that can be taken to reduce poverty through developing rural industries, targeting programs for the poor, and controlling population growth. The outlook for poverty alleviation in India is considered a long-term goal.
Infrastructure in india ,Indian InfrastructureShubham Jain
The document discusses infrastructure in India. It notes that while India is the fourth largest economy, lack of proper infrastructure has slowed GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Key sectors of infrastructure in India include energy, transport, communication, education and health. However, India faces problems developing its infrastructure like issues with land acquisition, funding constraints, and delays in approvals. While India aims to invest $500 billion in infrastructure by 2012, it still lags behind China which spends 11% of its GDP on infrastructure and has been increasing spending by 25% annually. Improving infrastructure is important for India's continued economic growth and development.
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
Inequality, Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
The document discusses inequality, economic growth, and development. It covers several topics: Kuznets and income inequality; real income growth in the USA and top income shares; a global perspective on inequality between 1988-2008 showing rising incomes for the middle class in China and India. It also discusses the root causes of inequality like less progressive tax systems and market failures in education and housing. Strategies to reduce inequality include investing in education, pursuing inclusive pro-poor growth policies, and microfinance. Overall, the document examines inequality from various economic perspectives and proposes approaches to promote shared prosperity across populations.
The document discusses income inequality, which is the gap between rich and poor in terms of wealth and income distribution. It provides data on income inequality ratios between the richest and poorest 10% of populations in various countries. Income inequality varies between societies, economic systems, and over time. There are various ways to measure economic inequality numerically, including Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. The document then discusses some of the key causes of income inequality like changes in labor markets, globalization, technology, and tax policies. It also discusses some of the impacts and trade-offs of income inequality.
The document discusses infrastructure development in India. It covers sectors like power, roadways, railways, oil and gas, and telecommunications. Some key points:
1. India plans major investments to expand infrastructure like doubling spending on infrastructure to $1 trillion under the 12th Five-Year Plan.
2. The power sector faces a large demand-supply gap and needs over 150,000 MW of additional generation capacity. Reforms are expected to boost growth across generation, transmission and distribution.
3. Road and rail projects include expanding national highways, building the Golden Quadrilateral network, developing high speed rail, and the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project.
4. Oil and
This document discusses poverty, including its various definitions, types, and measurements. It defines poverty as a lack of basic human needs like food, shelter, and clothing. There are two main types of poverty - absolute and relative. Poverty is commonly measured using indicators like the headcount ratio, poverty gap index, and squared poverty gap index. The document also outlines some characteristics and impacts of poverty like effects on health, hunger, education, housing, and violence. It provides statistics on global poverty and discusses strategies for reducing poverty.
Indian agriculture is one of the strong sectors of the Indian economy, contributing 14% to GDP and employing 58% of the population. Major crops include rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, and tea. The Green Revolution in the 1960s increased agricultural production and exports through high-yielding varieties and increased fertilizer and irrigation. However, average yields remain low due to inadequate irrigation, illiteracy, and lack of technical development compared to other countries.
National Income of India is estimated and published annually by the Central Statistical Organization of India. It refers to the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year. National income estimates in India have evolved over time from non-scientific personal estimates pre-independence to regular annual estimates by CSO post-independence using scientific methods like product method and income method. There are significant inter-state variations in per capita income across Indian states, with developed states like Goa, Haryana and Maharashtra having much higher per capita incomes than less developed states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Assam.
The document discusses reducing poverty through the Millennium Development Goals and breaking the poverty vicious circle. It outlines the eight Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by 191 UN member states, including eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. It then defines poverty and lists its various types. Key factors of poverty include economic, social, political, cultural and environmental factors. The poverty vicious circle is described as a continuous cycle where poverty leads to an inability to meet basic needs, low productivity, financial exclusion, and loss of assets. Breaking this cycle requires obtaining productive assets such as through savings or loans, as well as education to increase income and better manage resources.
Extreme poverty remains a challenge in Bangladesh despite reductions in overall poverty. The extreme poor have eroded assets, malnutrition, health issues, and exclusion from services. Standard poverty reduction strategies do not work for them due to assumptions about capacity and opportunities that do not apply. A new approach is needed that combines subsistence support, safety nets, health care, education to break intergenerational poverty cycles. Social protection including unconditional transfers is imperative for the most vulnerable. A pro-poor political settlement is needed to fund prevention, protection and promotion through expanded taxation.
India has done well since independence in Agriculture. But the potential for further growth is immense . By adopting the strategies in the paper , the growth can be taken to 6% p.a.
Poverty and inequality in a changing contextLindsey Cottle
This document outlines poverty, inequality, and the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). It defines poverty in monetary, capability, and participatory terms. It discusses measuring poverty through monetary indicators like consumption, capability indicators like health and education, and inequality indicators like income distribution. It notes most of the world's poor now live in middle-income countries rather than low-income countries. The document then outlines the MDGs on eradicating poverty, improving health, education, gender equality, and the environment. It discusses options for a post-2015 framework, including both macroeconomic approaches like foreign aid and microeconomic approaches like employment creation and public services. It proposes evaluating the MDGs from different perspectives and discourses.
The document defines and discusses different aspects of poverty. It defines absolute and relative poverty, with absolute poverty referring to lack of means to meet basic needs and relative poverty considering social and economic status compared to others. It discusses the poverty line as the minimum income level required to afford life's necessities, and how the World Bank adjusted the international poverty line over time. It provides statistics on global and regional poverty rates. For India, it details how the poverty line was originally calculated and varies between states, with some below 10% and others above 40%. It also discusses inequality, the Gini coefficient measure of inequality, and how India's Gini index and inequality has risen in recent decades.
The document discusses various scenarios for key infrastructure sectors in India by 2030. It outlines best, worst, and average case scenarios for transportation, energy, health, security, and other areas. Transportation could see an advanced, well-connected road network or inadequate growth. Railways may become highly advanced or unable to meet travel demands. Airports may have improved safety and facilities or outdated systems.
A brief study on the measures of income distribution for both analytic and quantitative purposes in terms of size distribution and functional distribution.
The study includes discussion on following concepts-
Lorenz Curve
Gini Coefficient
Absolute Poverty
Foster Greer Thorbecke Measure
Agriculture is the oldest occupation in the world and nearly two-thirds of the world's population depends on it. Agriculture involves cultivating crops and rearing livestock. Agriculture is very important for the Indian economy - it provides employment and livelihood to about 65% of Indians, contributes about 18% to India's GDP, and supplies raw materials to industries. Soil erosion due to factors like floods, winds, deforestation, and overgrazing is a major problem affecting Indian agriculture. Methods to control soil erosion include afforestation, crop rotation, terracing, and building dams.
This document discusses measuring poverty and inequality. It outlines four criteria for measuring inequality: anonymity, population, relative income, and Dalton principles. It also describes the Lorenz curve and five measures of inequality: range, Kuznets ratio, mean absolute deviation, coefficient of variation, and Gini coefficient. For poverty measurement, it defines the poverty line and discusses headcount ratio, poverty gap ratio, income gap ratio, and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke class measures.
Agriculture is a major part of India's economy, contributing 25% to GDP. However, agricultural production has stagnated in recent years due to small landholdings, dependence on monsoons, lack of infrastructure and technology. The government has implemented various policies and programs to support the agricultural sector, including providing subsidies, developing new crop varieties, expanding irrigation and credit, and creating support systems like agriculture extension services and crop insurance. The Targeted Public Distribution System aims to ensure food security for poor families across India.
The document discusses various definitions and conceptualizations of poverty. It contrasts narrow definitions focused on subsistence needs with broader definitions incorporating lack of participation, dignity, and power. It also compares definitions based on income and resources versus actual living standards and activities. Finally, it examines the differences between absolute poverty focused on basic physical needs and relative poverty linked to a society's overall living standards.
The document discusses income inequality and poverty in the United States. It measures inequality using data that shows the richest 20% earn about 10 times as much as the poorest 20%. It also examines political philosophies around redistributing income, including utilitarianism supporting it, liberalism allowing for it as social insurance, and libertarianism opposing it. The document also analyzes policies to reduce poverty like minimum wage laws, welfare, negative income taxes, and in-kind transfers, noting each have unintended effects on work incentives.
This document discusses poverty in India. It defines poverty and the poverty line. It also discusses the different types of poverty and various factors that cause poverty such as the caste system, population pressure, unemployment, illiteracy, and India's past economic policies. The document outlines some of the major effects of poverty on children, women, and education. It then discusses measures that can be taken to reduce poverty through developing rural industries, targeting programs for the poor, and controlling population growth. The outlook for poverty alleviation in India is considered a long-term goal.
Infrastructure in india ,Indian InfrastructureShubham Jain
The document discusses infrastructure in India. It notes that while India is the fourth largest economy, lack of proper infrastructure has slowed GDP growth by 1-2% annually. Key sectors of infrastructure in India include energy, transport, communication, education and health. However, India faces problems developing its infrastructure like issues with land acquisition, funding constraints, and delays in approvals. While India aims to invest $500 billion in infrastructure by 2012, it still lags behind China which spends 11% of its GDP on infrastructure and has been increasing spending by 25% annually. Improving infrastructure is important for India's continued economic growth and development.
National income is defined as the value of all final goods and services produced by the normal residents of a country in a year. It is measured to understand the size and performance of a country's economy, trace economic growth trends, know the structure of the national income, and help formulate development plans and policies. National income is calculated using the production, income, and expenditure methods and aggregates at current and constant prices. It is important but does not fully reflect human development or income distribution.
Inequality, Economic Growth and Developmenttutor2u
The document discusses inequality, economic growth, and development. It covers several topics: Kuznets and income inequality; real income growth in the USA and top income shares; a global perspective on inequality between 1988-2008 showing rising incomes for the middle class in China and India. It also discusses the root causes of inequality like less progressive tax systems and market failures in education and housing. Strategies to reduce inequality include investing in education, pursuing inclusive pro-poor growth policies, and microfinance. Overall, the document examines inequality from various economic perspectives and proposes approaches to promote shared prosperity across populations.
The document discusses income inequality, which is the gap between rich and poor in terms of wealth and income distribution. It provides data on income inequality ratios between the richest and poorest 10% of populations in various countries. Income inequality varies between societies, economic systems, and over time. There are various ways to measure economic inequality numerically, including Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients. The document then discusses some of the key causes of income inequality like changes in labor markets, globalization, technology, and tax policies. It also discusses some of the impacts and trade-offs of income inequality.
The document discusses infrastructure development in India. It covers sectors like power, roadways, railways, oil and gas, and telecommunications. Some key points:
1. India plans major investments to expand infrastructure like doubling spending on infrastructure to $1 trillion under the 12th Five-Year Plan.
2. The power sector faces a large demand-supply gap and needs over 150,000 MW of additional generation capacity. Reforms are expected to boost growth across generation, transmission and distribution.
3. Road and rail projects include expanding national highways, building the Golden Quadrilateral network, developing high speed rail, and the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor project.
4. Oil and
This document discusses poverty, including its various definitions, types, and measurements. It defines poverty as a lack of basic human needs like food, shelter, and clothing. There are two main types of poverty - absolute and relative. Poverty is commonly measured using indicators like the headcount ratio, poverty gap index, and squared poverty gap index. The document also outlines some characteristics and impacts of poverty like effects on health, hunger, education, housing, and violence. It provides statistics on global poverty and discusses strategies for reducing poverty.
Indian agriculture is one of the strong sectors of the Indian economy, contributing 14% to GDP and employing 58% of the population. Major crops include rice, wheat, oilseeds, cotton, jute, and tea. The Green Revolution in the 1960s increased agricultural production and exports through high-yielding varieties and increased fertilizer and irrigation. However, average yields remain low due to inadequate irrigation, illiteracy, and lack of technical development compared to other countries.
National Income of India is estimated and published annually by the Central Statistical Organization of India. It refers to the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a year. National income estimates in India have evolved over time from non-scientific personal estimates pre-independence to regular annual estimates by CSO post-independence using scientific methods like product method and income method. There are significant inter-state variations in per capita income across Indian states, with developed states like Goa, Haryana and Maharashtra having much higher per capita incomes than less developed states like Bihar, Jharkhand and Assam.
The document discusses reducing poverty through the Millennium Development Goals and breaking the poverty vicious circle. It outlines the eight Millennium Development Goals agreed upon by 191 UN member states, including eradicating extreme poverty and hunger. It then defines poverty and lists its various types. Key factors of poverty include economic, social, political, cultural and environmental factors. The poverty vicious circle is described as a continuous cycle where poverty leads to an inability to meet basic needs, low productivity, financial exclusion, and loss of assets. Breaking this cycle requires obtaining productive assets such as through savings or loans, as well as education to increase income and better manage resources.
Extreme poverty remains a challenge in Bangladesh despite reductions in overall poverty. The extreme poor have eroded assets, malnutrition, health issues, and exclusion from services. Standard poverty reduction strategies do not work for them due to assumptions about capacity and opportunities that do not apply. A new approach is needed that combines subsistence support, safety nets, health care, education to break intergenerational poverty cycles. Social protection including unconditional transfers is imperative for the most vulnerable. A pro-poor political settlement is needed to fund prevention, protection and promotion through expanded taxation.
ppt on population explosion and control.pptxArushi Negi
The document discusses population explosion and its impacts on social, economic development and population control. It begins by defining key terms like population and overpopulation. It then explains the causes of population growth like decreasing death rates and increasing birth rates. It elaborates on the consequences of overpopulation like problems related to land, housing, food, water, employment etc. It discusses the social impacts like migration, unemployment and the economic impacts like increased poverty. The document then discusses ways of population control like promoting small family norms, empowering women through education and employment, and adopting family planning methods. It provides details on various contraceptive methods available. In the end, it emphasizes the need for overall development to effectively control population.
Sarah Cook - Rethinking social development for the 21st centuryDevelopment Futures
This document summarizes key points from a conference presentation on new directions in social policy, particularly those emerging from the global South. It makes three main points:
1. Poverty reduction is better achieved through comprehensive social policies that aim for universal coverage rather than policies narrowly targeted at the poor. Successful examples like Nordic countries and East Asia had social policies that benefited middle income groups to fund services.
2. Currently, emerging economies are pursuing new social policies like cash transfers, employment programs, and universal healthcare to address modern risks from globalization, changing work, and climate change.
3. These new policies reflect a "quiet revolution" where countries are adapting institutions and social contracts to proactively deal with
The document discusses the culture of poverty from several perspectives. It examines historical explanations for poverty, such as morally flawed character, and how economic conditions and lack of opportunities can perpetuate poverty. It also discusses Catholic social teaching principles like human dignity, the common good, and participation. Finally, it proposes some solutions like increasing access to jobs and education, and reforming tax policies, as well as noting the importance of redefining wealth and priorities to place people over profits and accumulation.
The document discusses the culture of poverty from several perspectives. It examines historical explanations for poverty, such as morally flawed character, and economic factors like lack of jobs. It also analyzes the Catholic Social Teaching response, which emphasizes human dignity, the common good, participation, and supporting human capital through education. While poverty stems from complex issues, the document suggests solutions like job creation, increasing political participation, education programs, and tax reform focused on the common good could help address its challenges.
This document is a sociology assignment submitted by Mohit Lilhare to their professor Dr. Deepika Gupta. It analyzes poverty as a social problem in India. It begins by thanking those who helped with the assignment, including defining key terms like social problems and poverty. It then discusses types of poverty, estimates of poverty in India, causes of poverty like population growth and colonial exploitation, and government programs to alleviate poverty like MGNREGA and Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana. It concludes that while poverty rates have decreased in India, a comprehensive approach is still needed to fully eradicate poverty.
Navigating the COVID-19 Pandemic: Challenges, Lessons, and Opportunitiessajidali4466644
The COVID-19 pandemic has been an unparalleled global crisis, reshaping societies, economies, and individual lives in profound ways. From the initial shock of the outbreak to the ongoing challenges of containment and recovery, the world has been thrust into uncharted territory. In this article, we explore the multifaceted dimensions of the pandemic, reflecting on the challenges faced, the lessons learned, and the opportunities for growth and resilience in the face of adversity.
The Global Impact of COVID-19:
The COVID-19 pandemic has left an indelible mark on every corner of the globe. From densely populated urban centers to remote rural communities, no region has been spared from its effects. The virus has not only taken a toll on public health but has also disrupted economies, strained healthcare systems, and exacerbated social inequalities. The ripple effects of the pandemic have been felt far and wide, amplifying existing vulnerabilities and laying bare the interconnectedness of our world.
Challenges Faced During the Pandemic
FAQ 1: What are some of the key challenges faced during the COVID-19 pandemic?
The COVID-19 pandemic has presented a myriad of challenges, ranging from public health crises to socio-economic disruptions. Some of the key challenges include:
Overwhelmed Healthcare Systems: Healthcare systems worldwide have been stretched to their limits, grappling with shortages of medical supplies, hospital beds, and healthcare workers. The surge in COVID-19 cases has strained resources, leading to difficult decisions about patient care and prioritization.
Economic Fallout: The pandemic has triggered a global economic downturn, resulting in widespread job losses, business closures, and financial hardship. Vulnerable populations, including low-income workers, small businesses, and marginalized communities, have been disproportionately affected, deepening inequalities and exacerbating poverty.
Mental Health Crisis: The prolonged nature of the pandemic has taken a toll on mental health, contributing to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and loneliness. Social isolation, economic uncertainty, and grief over loss have compounded the psychological impact, highlighting the need for accessible mental health support and resources.
Disruption of Education: School closures and remote learning initiatives have disrupted education systems worldwide, affecting millions of students and educators. The digital divide has widened, exacerbating inequalities in access to quality education and exacerbating disparities in learning outcomes.
Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Growth.
Amidst the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, there have also been valuable lessons learned and opportunities for growth. From scientific advancements to community resilience, the pandemic has spurred innovation and adaptation in unexpected ways.
. Scientific Innovation: The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines stands as a testament to the power of scie
This document discusses youth development as a strategy for economic resilience in Bangladesh. It provides background information on Bangladesh, noting its large and growing population, history of overcoming risks through resilience, and current economic strategies like microcredit lending and education. Youth make up one third of Bangladesh's population and have historically contributed to important social movements. The document advocates investing in youth through the Department of Youth Development to strengthen the nation's future and ensure economic resilience.
This document discusses youth development as a strategy for economic resilience in Bangladesh. It provides background information on Bangladesh, noting its large and growing population, history of overcoming risks through resilience, and current economic strategies like microcredit lending and education. Youth make up one third of Bangladesh's population and have historically contributed to important social movements. The document advocates investing in youth through the Department of Youth Development to strengthen the nation's future and ensure economic resilience.
This document discusses youth development as a strategy for economic resilience in Bangladesh. It provides background information on Bangladesh, noting its large and growing population, history of overcoming risks through resilience, and current economic strategies like microcredit lending and education. Youth make up one third of Bangladesh's population and have historically contributed to movements. The document advocates investing in youth through the Department of Youth Development to strengthen the nation's future and economy.
Sustainable Consumption and Radical Ecological Democracy (English / Chinese)Ashish Kothari
Humanity is overstressing the earth (the only one we have) and one major reason is overconsumption and consumerism. We need to set a Sustainable Consumption Line .... and to move towards a radically different vision of well-being that is ecologically sustainable and socially equitable. Radical Ecological Democracy is one such vision arising from onground practices and conceptual breakthroughs in India and other parts of the world.
2011 social enterprise boot camp columbia v2Ryan Allis
Here are my slides from a keynote presentation on Sunday at Columbia University's Social Enterprise Bootcamp on Sunday November 20, 2011.
I talk about the iContact story, corporate social responsibility, the major improvements we have made as a human species over the past forty years in life expectancy, infant mortality, and per capita income, and how our generation can end extreme poverty in our lifetime.
This document outlines a proposal called "Bridges to Goodness" to improve human infrastructure development in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. It would establish community centers providing literacy programs, health services, vocational training, and more. Implemented as a public-private partnership with efficiency and accountability, the program aims to equip citizens with skills and positively shift social norms. Projections include immediate impacts like reduced illiteracy and long term goals like industrial growth and economic leadership. The proposal requests 3 billion naira to establish centers within walking distance of all citizens within 5 years.
This document discusses challenges in poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. It begins with an introduction to poverty and its various types such as absolute poverty, relative poverty, situational poverty, and generational poverty. It then discusses the present status of poverty in Bangladesh and the vicious cycle of poverty. Various methods for poverty alleviation are presented, including education, health interventions, skills training, income redistribution, and microcredit. The role of NGOs, challenges they face in conducting poverty alleviation programs, and lack of sufficient funding are also summarized.
The document discusses a health promotion project called the "Hello Neighbor Project" that aims to raise awareness and support for vulnerable people living in Vancouver's Downtown Eastside neighborhood. The neighborhood struggles with high rates of poverty, crime, drug use, and sex work. The project aims to educate the public and reduce stereotyping of the area. Major determinants of health affecting residents are low income and lack of social status, as well as low education levels. These factors contribute to health issues like poor nutrition and frequent hospitalization. The document recommends implementing social services like affordable housing, education, and income assistance to improve living conditions and access to healthcare.
Global poverty remains a significant challenge, with over 1 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day according to recent UN estimates. The UN Millennium Development Goals aimed to reduce extreme poverty by half by 2015, but progress has stalled due to the global financial crisis and food insecurity issues. Achieving the MDGs will require increased funding from developed nations, sustainable economic growth in developing regions, and coordinated international efforts to address issues like climate change and pandemic diseases. While the goals may now be difficult to meet by the 2015 deadline, with commitment and action poverty can still be significantly reduced on a global scale.
Social Protection for Children Affected by HIV & AIDS: Experiences from KenyaRENEWAL-IFPRI
Presented at RENEWAL’s Satellite Session "Nutrition Security, Social Protection and HIV: Operationalizing Evidence for Programs in Africa" at the XVIII International AIDS Conference. By Jacqueline Oduol, presented by Margaret Wagah
New social protection challenges require new evidence to guide policies:
1) Recurrent crises have increased poverty and inequality, testing social protection systems, while gaps in coverage, financing, and adequacy remain.
2) Evidence is needed on scaling social protection universally, enhancing program design for climate action, nutrition, and shock-responsiveness, and measuring long-term and gender impacts.
3) Emerging issues like the "new poor", family-friendly policies, and data challenges in fragile contexts require a research agenda to develop effective, inclusive policies for the future.
Similar to Poverty, Inequality and Social Policies in Brazil: Social Productive Keynesianism? (20)
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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https://ecspe.org/the-rise-of-christian-persecution-in-islamic-countries/
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Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Poverty, Inequality and Social Policies in Brazil: Social Productive Keynesianism?
1. SPK: a theory behind CCT
Cristovam Buarque
Conference on New Approaches to Poverty and
Inequality Reduction in the Global South
An Overview of Poverty, Inequality and Social Policies in Brazil
04/27/2012 – IPC-UNDP
2. The five global crises
Financial Economic
Paradigmatic crisis
Ecological Social
9. The paradigmatic crisis
Economic Recession Quest for Sustainable
Development
Financial Instability Social Crisis
10. The paradigmatic crisis
Cuts in Public Spending
Economic Slowdown
Environmental Control
Social Security and Social Crisis
Pension Reform
11. The paradigmatic crisis
• Previous harmonic coexistence of four vectors
• Breakdown of balance with entrance of ecological dimension
Political Social
democracy welfare
Ecological
balance
Economic Scientific &
growth technological
advancement
26. A new proposal
Space of superfluous consumption
prevented by rules
of environmental protection
Ecological limits
Space of tolerated inequality
defined by individual talent and
persistence - thanks to good Schooling effect: SAL
education for all
Social limits: SSN
Space of social exclusion
avoided by social policies SAL: Social Ascension Ladder
SSN: Social Safety Net
27. The New Development
a. New objectives
• Good growth without ecological unbalance
• Degrowth with social well being
• Happiness without growth
• Free time with cultural practices
28. The New Development
b. New products:
• Public and immaterial goods (culture,
education, health, security)
29. The New Development
b. New products:
• Private and material goods for the basis of the social
pyramid
• High tech products
Exclusive products
Mass products
32. Traditional Keynesianism x Social
Productive Keynesianism
• Traditional Keynesianism expands the aggregate demand, using public funds to
employ manpower, even to produce “no-goods” that don't meet consumer needs:
monuments, unnecessary infrastructure, weapons. The worker earns just enough
to buy products that will boost the aggregate supply.
33. Traditional Keynesianism x Social
Productive Keynesianism
• Social Productive Keynesianism proposes the use of public funds to
finance employment in order to produce goods that will meet population
needs and ecological balance.
34. New conception to fight poverty and
promote economic growth
Social productivism:
• From SSN: social-safety-net
• To SAL: social-ascension-ladder
• To pay poor people to produce what poor people need – mobilizing the
poor
The SSN keeps the poor in the poverty line,
without a door to a way out.
The SAL mobilizes the poor and offers them a
way out of poverty.
35. Cash transfers
Two different conceptions:
• Unconditional Cash Transfers (Traditional Keynesianism) X Conditional
Cash Transfers (Productive Keynesianism)
• Social Safety nets (SSN) X Social Ascension Ladder (SAL)
No poverty
Social
Social ascension
Permanent poverty
safety ladder
Absolute poverty net
36. Cash Transfer Programs
Can be unproductive or productive
• Unproductive: reduces some of the poverty burden, without
conditionalities related to production and with no provision of
adequate goods and services
• Productive: requires that beneficiaries produce goods and services
to attend the poor’s needs
37. Cash Transfers Programs
Unproductive /
unconditional cash
transfer programs
offer a minimum income
to relieve the poverty
needs
by the purchase of private
goods at the market
38. Cash Transfers Programs
Social / conditional
productive cash
transfer programs
offer an income to relief
private needs through the
market and mobilizes the
unemployed poor to
produce and increase the
offer of public goods and
services to overcome
social disparities
39. Social Productive Keynesianism – SPK
Alleviating poverty
Social inclusion
Overcoming poverty
Bolsa-Escola – part of
a strategy aimed at:
Efficiency
Economic competitiveness
Inventiveness
40. Social Productive Keynesianism – SPK
Bolsa-Escola, the first Productive Conditional Cash Transfer
program:
Payment of a stipend, in cash, requiring that poor families ensure that their
children were attending school, with the following requirements:
• the per capita family income is under a pre-defined level close to the
poverty line;
• all children of school age have to be enrolled in a public school;
• all of them must comply with a minimum of 90% school attendance.
Failure causes suspension of the monthly payment, until all children of the
specific family are regularly attending school.
41. Social Productive Keynesianism – SPK
The Bolsa-Escola History:
• Theoretically proposed in 1987
• Published as a book in 1994
• Implemented in Brasilia in 1995
42. Social Productive Keynesianism – SPK
The Bolsa-Escola History:
• Implemented at Federal level as of 2001 – over 4 million families
benefited
• Implementation worldwide as of 1997: initially in Mexico, later in
Ecuador, Argentina, Sao Tome and Principe, Mozambique,
Tanzania, Chile, Bolivia, El Salvador, and Guatemala
• Reached in Brazil, until 2010, up to 12 million families, or 50 million
people under the name of Bolsa Familia, with a reduction of the
educational requirements
43.
44.
45.
46. Social Productive Keynesianism – SPK
The impacts of Bolsa-Escola
Promotes
local governmental Defends human
Increases
empowerment rights, especially
adult literacy
children’s rights
Enhances
education quality Inhibits migration
Drastically
reduces Enhances
drop out
BOLSA-ESCOLA family bonds
Eradicates Empowers women
child labor
Promotes economic Brings poverty relief
growth from the bottom (increases income, brings
of the social pyramid better food, health, housing)
Creates job and
income growth
Impacts on children’s life and education
Impacts on society and economy
Impacts on citizenship and solidarity
47. Social Productive Keynesianism (SPK) –
the Social Incentives
Poupança-Escola (School Savings Program)
• Program implemented in Brasilia in 1995, consists of
depositing a certain amount of money for the students
receiving the School Scholarship who are promoted to the next
grade.
• Up to half the amount deposited can be withdrawn when
the student finishes fourth grade and enrolls in fifth grade.
• Another withdrawal can only be made when the student
finishes eighth grade and enrolls in the first year of secondary
school.
• Finally, the student can only withdraw the entire amount
deposited if he or she finishes secondary school.
• If the student quits school at any time, he or she loses the
amount deposited.
53. Social Productive Keynesianism (SPK) –
the Social Incentives
Urbanization and revitalization of shantytowns: pay poor
people to improve their urban and housing
54. Social Productive Keynesianism (SPK) –
the Social Incentives
Micro-credit: offer poor people financial support for economic
production and income growth
55. Social Productive Keynesianism (SPK) –
the Social Incentives
Domestic Agro-industries: support
rural workers to build their own
micro-industries
56. A new proposal – the Educationism
• A worldwide revolution in
education and through
education
• Education for All
• A school committed with
the ecological and social
balance
• A connected civilization
57. Global benefits
• Reducing migration
• World-scale increase in efficiency
• World-scale increase in demand
• Reducing conflicts, especially cultural conflict
58. Difficulties
Mental Political
Epistemological Social
Technical Juridical
Economic Demographic
59. Difficulties
The concept revolution
Ethical Social Economic Technical
values objectives rationality choice
Sense of ethical-modernity
Sense of technical-modernity
60. The change in logic
• the poverty of Economics
• the cost of omission
• the feminization of social logic
• growth from the base of the social
pyramid
61. The Educationism
Global Social Marshall Plan for Education
• Requires additional US$200 per child = US$ 200 billion
• Equivalent to less than 0,5% (5/1000) of the world personal income
• Equivalent to 10% of the U.S. banking system rescue package (US$2
trillion) in the 2007/2008 crisis
• Nearly equivalent to what President Obama spent in education for
American children (US$ 127 billion), as part of the economy rescue
plan (US$ 819 billion)
62. Social Productive Cash Transfers to face
the global crisis
http://twitter.com/Sen_Cristovam
http://twitter.com/cbbrazilianview
www.cristovam.org.br
www.educacionista.org.br
63. The Educationism
Some bibliography by the author
• Abolishing poverty: a proposal for the eradication of poverty in Brazil
http://bit.ly/IpxdxB
• Bolsa-Escola: A poverty recovery plan for Africa – Bringing children
first http://bit.ly/HzWLso
• Social incentives: a program to abolish poverty in Brazil
http://bit.ly/HLcgfB
• The revolution of small things http://bit.ly/HAiWzn
• The progress of the idea of progress http://bit.ly/IiYgaw