This document discusses an ontology-based approach to enhance the accessibility of robotic systems utilizing the Robot Operating System (ROS). It highlights the need for non-experts to understand and use robot capabilities without deep knowledge of the underlying technology, proposing a system that maps high-level functionalities to low-level ROS components. Future work includes refining the capability taxonomy and expanding the system to support additional robotic functions.

1. An ontology-based approach
to improve the accessibility of
ROS-based robotic systems
Ilaria Tiddi, Emanuele Bastianelli, Gianluca Bardaro,
Mathieu d’Aquin, Enrico Motta
Knowledge Capture (K-CAP2017)
Austin, Texas, USA
5/12/2017
@IlaTiddi

2. Robots
(because they are cool)
Capabilities
(because we want to play with robots)
and a bit of ontologies
(because we want make our life easier)
Today’s talk

3. Robots are becoming more popular
‣ advances in Computer Vision/AI/Navigation&Planning
‣ new hardware and software components
‣ cheaper platforms (roomba, drones…)
New users approach robots
‣ no interest in low-level capabilities (drivers, controllers…)
‣ interest in high-level capabilities (NLG, navigation, vision…)
Context

4. Providers do not fully expose a robot’s capabilities
‣ robots become end products (unless being a robot developer)
e.g. drones for photography / roombas for cleaning
MK:Smart++ [1]: integrating robots in cities
‣ data collectors (drones for parking monitoring)
‣ data consumers (adaptive self-driving cars)
Example : team of robots for green space maintenance
‣ available capabilities : e.g. teleoperation, video recording
‣ expertise required to program trajectories/object recognition
‣ different platforms require different experts
Motivation
[1] www.mksmart.org

5. How to
‣ exploit high-level capabilities of heterogeneous platforms
‣ reducing development costs?
Can we use ontologies?
‣ they allow interoperability
‣ they allow domain abstraction
Can an ontology of capabilities
‣ help non-experts in programming robots
‣ facilitate the integration of robots in various (city) applications?
Research questions

6. [2] : the Robot Operating System
‣ collaborative middleware
‣ management of low-level components (share, reuse)
‣ need a fine-grained understanding of the robot architecture
Robot Operating System
[2] www.ros.org

7. Assisting non-experts for robot development through :
‣ creating an ontology of robots high-level capabilities
‣ mapping of low-level ROS functionalities to high-level capabilities
‣ a system that can understand what a robot can do based on these
Steps
1. Understanding and formalizing ROS
2. Mapping capabilities to ROS
3. Defining a taxonomy of capabilities
4. Wrapping these in a system
Proposed approach

8. Tools, libraries&conventions for collaborative robot development
‣ open and shareable
‣ promoting robust general-purpose robot softwares
Understanding ROS

9. A network of data processes**
Understanding ROS
**simplified version

10. Understanding ROS
‣ nodes : low-level functions
move_base (navigation), kobuki_node (wheel control), map_server (map management)

11. ‣ messages : exchanged data
move_base&kobuki_node exchange a Twist message
move_base&map_server exchange an OccupancyGrid message
Understanding ROS

12. ‣ topics : communication channels (asynch)
Twist is exchanged via the topic /cmd_vel
Understanding ROS

13. ‣ services : communication channels (synch)
OccupancyGrid is exchanged between move_base and map_server via the service /map
Understanding ROS

14. Formalizing ROS
Representing a general communication

15. Formalizing ROS
Representing topics and services

16. Hypothesis
‣ identify capabilities through sets of { nodes, topics/services, messages }
{ move_base, /cmd_vel, Twist } —> directional movement
Problem
‣ nodes, services and topics are not standard…but messages (sort of) are
Solution
‣ focus on messages to identify capabilities
Twist message evokes a directional movement
‣ and the modality they are exchanged (by publishers or subscribers)
a publisher of Twist evokes self perception
a subscriber of Twist evokes autonomous navigation **
Mapping capabilities
**simplified version

17. Mapping capabilities
Messages and components evoke capabilities

18. Taxonomy of capabilities
Specifying capabilities

19. An ontology-based system
‣ robot : where ROS is running
‣ KB : where ROS components are mapped into capabilities
‣ server : bridge
Analyzer (at boot) :
‣ translates robot components into capabilities
Dynamic node (upon user input) :
‣ translates capabilities into robots components
The system

20. User-based evaluation
‣ UI to wrap the system
‣ a basic imperative language
capabilities+constructs (if-then-else,
repeat…)
‣ 14 users without robot expertise
‣ 2 robots, different capabilities (ground,
flying)
‣ 2 settings (1 simulated, 1 real)
‣ 4 exercises
single command
command sequence
condition-based halt
object recognition
Evaluation

21. ‣ Few mins to understand what a robot can do and how to use it
(possessed capabilities and invocation)
‣ VS hours of practice to master ROS
(nodes implementation, pub&sub management, specific platforms)
‣ Compared with the effort of an expert
(lines of code, message types, ROS components required)
Evaluation
Simulated ground robot Real flying robot
#1 #2 #3 #4 #1 #2 #3 #4
users
progr.blocks 1 2 4 9.5 1 2 4 8
capabilities 1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4
time 1’22’’ 1’04’’ 1’15’’ 6’52’’ 1’16’’ 1’16’’ 4’05’’ 5’47’’
var(time) ±42’’ ±23’’ ±16’’ ±1’46’’
1’46’’
±3’’ ±8’’ ±15’’ ±1’’49’’
1’46’’
expert
#lines 34 39 56 59 34 39 56 59
#ROScomp 1 2 4 4 1 2 4 4
#msg 1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3

22. Wrapping-up…
‣robots are cool, but we do not know how to use
them properly
‣ontologies can allow non-experts to access
different robots effortlessly
‣an ontology-based approach deriving
capabilities from ROS components
Conclusions

23. Future work
‣Refine/improve the taxonomy
autonomous navigation=sensing+localization+planning
‣include robots with manipulators
grasping, moving objects (fine-grained capabilities)
‣expose the system as APIs in a development workflow
to allow reusability!
Conclusions

24. Bloopers

25. ilaria.tiddi@open.ac.uk
Thank you