An Ontological Formalization Of The Planning Task
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The document presents an ontological formalization of planning tasks. It aims to provide a precise and comprehensive model of planning problems independently of any application or method. The approach uses ontologies and the task-method-domain-application framework to analyze planning concepts, relations, and axioms. Key aspects of planning problems like initial states, goals, tasks, actions, agents, time, constraints, and preferences are formally defined. The planning task ontology developed takes a fine-grained, generic view of the planning problem space.
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PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME, COS.docx
PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
THE CHALLENGE OF PLANNING AN INTERNATIONAL PROJECT
Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
Issues with planning in international project.
Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
THE PLANNING PROCESS
The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
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1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
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- Pareto diagrams
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1. The document discusses several tools and techniques used in project management including Maylor's 4Ds framework, Gantt charts, critical path analysis, risk analysis, and Prince2 methodology.
2. Maylor's 4Ds involves defining a project, designing how to achieve its objectives, doing the required work, and delivering the final results. Gantt charts visually map out tasks and timelines while critical path analysis identifies the longest path of tasks.
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1. An elicitation plan helps ensure the right stakeholders, techniques, resources and time are used to gather requirements. It addresses the problem, strategies, stakeholders, schedule and risks.
2. PERT is for non-routine projects and uses three time estimates, while CPM is for routine projects with one estimate. Both use network diagrams to plan activities and determine critical paths.
3. Gantt charts are used to plan and schedule project tasks visually on a timeline. They improve communication
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This document discusses various topics in artificial intelligence planning, including:
1. Planning involves automatically generating action strategies (plans) from descriptions of actions, sensors, and goals.
2. Key elements of planning include representation languages, mathematical models, and algorithms for solving planning problems effectively.
3. Classical planning assumes deterministic state models, while planning with uncertainty involves non-deterministic or probabilistic state transitions. Planning with sensing adds the ability to gather observations.
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A constraint programming based approach to
This paper proposes using constraint programming to check for inconsistencies in ontologies. Constraint programming allows constraints to be expressed across different domains and uses existing techniques to process constraints. The paper translates common ontology axioms into constraint satisfaction problems that can then be solved using constraint programming techniques like filtering to reduce the search space and find consistent solutions. Evaluating ontologies for inconsistencies is important as they evolve over time, and constraint programming provides an effective way to formally check complex ontologies with user-defined constraints.
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Definition Of Project Management
Project management involves planning, directing, and controlling resources to complete projects on time and within budget. A key part of project management is work breakdown structure (WBS), which divides work into smaller tasks assigned to organizational units. Critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT) are used to schedule projects by identifying the longest sequence of tasks on the critical path that determine the project's duration.
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This document discusses work study techniques used to analyze human work and improve efficiency. It defines work study, method study, and work measurement. Method study examines work processes to develop more effective methods using a six-step approach. Work measurement techniques include time study, activity sampling, and predetermined time systems to establish standard times for tasks. The goals of work study are to optimize the use of resources, increase productivity, reduce costs, and improve working conditions and quality.
Work Study
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1. The formulation of planning problems and differences between planning and problem solving.
2. Representing planning problems using STRIPS and situation calculus.
3. Planning algorithms like situation space planning and plan space planning.
4. Issues with full commitment planning and the need for least commitment planning.
The goal is to teach students how to represent planning problems logically and solve them using suitable planning algorithms.
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1. Planning involves finding a sequence of actions to achieve a goal starting from an initial state. Planning can be viewed as a type of problem solving that uses knowledge about actions and their consequences.
2. Logic-based planning represents planning problems using formal logics like situation calculus. Situation calculus extends first-order logic to reason about how the world changes over time as actions are performed.
3. The document discusses the differences between problem solving and planning approaches. Planning emphasizes using representations of states, goals, and operators to intelligently select actions, rather than incremental problem solving from
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- At the philosophical level, CC's goal is to maximize throughput in multi-project environments, while CPM focuses on minimizing duration of single projects. CC takes a systems perspective while CPM takes a local perspective.
- Operationally, for single projects CC focuses on managing the critical chain rather than critical path. For multi-project situations, CC aims to maximize utilization of bottleneck resources through prioritization and avoidance of multitasking.
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PLANNING THE INTERNATIONAL
PROJECT IN TERMS OF TIME,
COST, AND QUALITY
Chapter 5
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Why planning a project?
Planning reduces uncertainty and brings structure into
chaos.
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Planning needs to be constantly revised due to a fast
changing international environment.
The international environment is complex and difficult to
predict.
More factors need to be included into project planning than
for planning standard projects.
2
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The planning process can be divided into four major tasks:
1. Planning time.
2. Scheduling under resource constraints.
3. Planning cost.
4. Planning quality.
The objective of planning is to:
Minimize project duration.
Minimize the resource availability cost.
Maximize quality.
3
Required inputs:
1
3
2
4
Planning
Time
Scheduling
under
resource
constraints
Planning
Cost
Planning
Quality
Planning
Time, Cost,
Quality of the
International
Project
1. Work Breakdown Structure
2. Organizational Breakdown
Structure
3. Analysis of skill sets of
available staff beyond
academic and job titles (based
on CVs and interviews)
4. Overview of holiday
entitlements of international
staff in different locations
Main output: Gantt chart or network
diagram
Required tools and
techniques:
- Project Network Diagram,
mainly Activity on Arrow
(AoA)
as basis for CPM, CPA,
PERT, PDM etc.
- Gantt chart or bar chart
1. Project Scope Statement
2. Work Breakdown Structure
3. Estimates for activity duration
4. Establishment of relationships
between single activities in form of
precedence
5. Calendar with international holidays
relevant to the international project
Main output:
Resource loaded Gantt chart
Required tools and
techniques:
- Loaded Gantt chart
Required inputs:
1. Financial objective / available budget
2. Cost estimates
3. Overview of international locations
involved in the project
4. Overview of salaries, facilities,
equipment and other costs in the
relevant international locations
5. Cost for risk mitigation or contingency
plans (cf. Chapter 4)
6. Development of currency fluctuations
Required tools and techniques:
- Step counting cost-estimating techniques
- Exponential cost-estimating techniques
- Parametric cost-estimating techniques
- Even-loading, front-loading, back-loading budget
methods
- Periodic cost spreadsheet
- Cumulative cost spreadsheet
Required inputs:
Required inputs:
1. Project scope statement incl. cross-check of
customer’s expectation level
2. Cultural gap analysis regarding perception of quality
in involved countries and cultures
3. Functionality of product/service/project result
Not
discussed
in this book
Main output:
Budget spreadsheets
Required tools and techniques:
- Standard quality control techniques
- Pareto diagrams
- Checklists for pa.
Planning Algorithms
The document describes an exam format for a planning algorithms course. The exam will consist of 4 questions, all of which must be completed. Question 1 involves discussing different planning approaches and their advantages/disadvantages. Questions 2-3 require applying planning algorithms to sample problems. Question 4 involves short answers about specific planning algorithms. The document also lists several planning algorithms that students should know, including STRIPS, Graphplan, and HTNs.
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1. The document discusses several tools and techniques used in project management including Maylor's 4Ds framework, Gantt charts, critical path analysis, risk analysis, and Prince2 methodology.
2. Maylor's 4Ds involves defining a project, designing how to achieve its objectives, doing the required work, and delivering the final results. Gantt charts visually map out tasks and timelines while critical path analysis identifies the longest path of tasks.
3. Risk analysis evaluates potential risks through assessing likelihood and impact, and Prince2 provides a standardized approach with defined stages, controls, and products. The document compares these different project management methods.
Harvard University Theories Tools and Techiques in Project Managagement Prese...
1. The document discusses several tools and techniques used in project management including Maylor's 4Ds framework, Gantt charts, critical path analysis, risk analysis, and Prince2 methodology.
2. Maylor's 4Ds involves defining a project, designing how to achieve its objectives, doing the required work, and delivering the final results. Gantt charts visually map out tasks and timelines while critical path analysis identifies the longest path of tasks.
3. Risk analysis evaluates potential risks through assessing likelihood and impact, and Prince2 provides a standardized approach with defined stages, controls, and products. The document compares these different project management methods.
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The document discusses project scheduling and tracking in software engineering. It provides reasons why projects may be late, such as unrealistic deadlines or changing requirements. It discusses principles for effective scheduling like compartmentalization of tasks and defining responsibilities. Metrics like earned value analysis are presented to quantitatively track project progress versus what was planned. Risk management techniques like proactive risk analysis are outlined to improve project success.
PROJECT-ANALYSIS-TOOL-PPT.pptx
The document provides information on project analysis tools and requirements specification. It discusses elicitation plans, requirements using Planguage, PERT and CPM methods for scheduling, and Gantt charts. The key points are:
1. An elicitation plan helps ensure the right stakeholders, techniques, resources and time are used to gather requirements. It addresses the problem, strategies, stakeholders, schedule and risks.
2. PERT is for non-routine projects and uses three time estimates, while CPM is for routine projects with one estimate. Both use network diagrams to plan activities and determine critical paths.
3. Gantt charts are used to plan and schedule project tasks visually on a timeline. They improve communication
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This document discusses various topics in artificial intelligence planning, including:
1. Planning involves automatically generating action strategies (plans) from descriptions of actions, sensors, and goals.
2. Key elements of planning include representation languages, mathematical models, and algorithms for solving planning problems effectively.
3. Classical planning assumes deterministic state models, while planning with uncertainty involves non-deterministic or probabilistic state transitions. Planning with sensing adds the ability to gather observations.
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The document discusses the Logical Framework Approach (LFA) for project planning and management. It describes the LFA as a hierarchical and results-oriented methodology that focuses on achieving the project purpose. The key steps in LFA include defining the project concept, target groups, problems, and objectives tree. The results are then used to prepare the Logical Framework Matrix which maps the project goals, purpose, outputs, activities, indicators, and assumptions. The LFA provides a systematic process for project design and a framework for monitoring and evaluation.
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This document discusses risks that can lead to software project delays or failures. It identifies several categories of risk, including risks due to product size, business impact, customers, process maturity, technology, staff size and experience. It also discusses approaches for identifying, assessing, prioritizing and mitigating risks, including building a risk table to estimate probability and impact of each risk. Project managers are advised to take a proactive approach to risk management to avoid reactive crisis management when risks occur.
A constraint programming based approach to
This paper proposes using constraint programming to check for inconsistencies in ontologies. Constraint programming allows constraints to be expressed across different domains and uses existing techniques to process constraints. The paper translates common ontology axioms into constraint satisfaction problems that can then be solved using constraint programming techniques like filtering to reduce the search space and find consistent solutions. Evaluating ontologies for inconsistencies is important as they evolve over time, and constraint programming provides an effective way to formally check complex ontologies with user-defined constraints.
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Context statement establishes the project's external framework and environment. The context statement defines the role of the project within organisational strategy and its contribution to organisation’s goals and objectives.
Definition Of Project Management
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- 1. An Ontological Formalization of the Planning Task Dnyanesh Rajpathak and Enrico Motta Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK. {d.g.rajpathak, e.motta}@open.ac.uk
- 8. Ontology Inclusion Hierarchy Planning Task Ontology Scheduling Task Ontology Simple Time Ontology Parametric Design Task Ontology Base Ontology Ontology Projection PLANET Plan Ontology (Tate) Valente’s Knowledge-Level Analysis Individual Ontology Legend
- 11. Informal IO Spec of the Planning Task Solution-Plan Solution-Plan = {…<Pt i . Agi>…} Initial-World-State Goal-State Plan Tasks Actions Agents Parameters Time-Horizon Constraints Preferences Cost-Function Solution-Criterion Planning Task
- 18. Coarse Grained View of Task Ontology PLANNING-TASK PLAN-TASK ACTION AGENT CONSTRAINT PREFERENCE COST FUNCTION TIME RANGE PARAMETER PLAN COST Plan-Task Agent PLAN-DESCRIPTION Plan-Is-Complete Plan-Is-Valid Agent-Executes-Plan-Task Plan-Task-Is-Achieved PLAN INITIAL STATE GOAL STATE Plan-Task-Has-Agent Plan-Task-Is-Unachieved Domain Range