Ontological modeling involves defining relationships between terms to structure a domain of knowledge. An ontology includes controlled vocabularies, thesauri, classifications, and other tools to define relationships between concepts. While ontologies can improve search precision, they also have limitations like not representing all relationships accurately and errors spreading between combined ontologies.
Positioning and Navigation: Services for Open Educational PracticesMarco Kalz
To choose suitable resources for personal competence development in the vast amount of open educational resources is a challenging task for a learner. Starting with a needs analysis of lifelong learners and learning designers we introduce two wayfinding services that are currently researched and developed in the framework of the Integrated Project TENCompetence. Then we discuss the role of these services to support learners in finding and selecting open educational resources and finally we give an outlook on future research.
Download the slides here http://hdl.handle.net/1820/1076
Talk based on: Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Carlos Castillo: “Web Retrieval and Mining”.Entry in “Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences”, third edition (to appear in 2009).
To appreciate the paradigm shift involved in the next generation search systems one needs to look back at the traditional approach to resource discovery and compare to the new trends. Here I focus on three aspects:
• Databases versus search engines
• Federated versus integrated search
• Integrated versus modular architecture.
Positioning and Navigation: Services for Open Educational PracticesMarco Kalz
To choose suitable resources for personal competence development in the vast amount of open educational resources is a challenging task for a learner. Starting with a needs analysis of lifelong learners and learning designers we introduce two wayfinding services that are currently researched and developed in the framework of the Integrated Project TENCompetence. Then we discuss the role of these services to support learners in finding and selecting open educational resources and finally we give an outlook on future research.
Download the slides here http://hdl.handle.net/1820/1076
Talk based on: Ricardo Baeza-Yates and Carlos Castillo: “Web Retrieval and Mining”.Entry in “Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences”, third edition (to appear in 2009).
To appreciate the paradigm shift involved in the next generation search systems one needs to look back at the traditional approach to resource discovery and compare to the new trends. Here I focus on three aspects:
• Databases versus search engines
• Federated versus integrated search
• Integrated versus modular architecture.
Navigation through citation network based on content similarity using cosine ...Salam Shah
The rate of scientific literature has been increased in the past few decades; new topics and information is added in the form of articles, papers, text documents, web logs, and patents. The growth of information at rapid rate caused a tremendous amount of additions in the current and past knowledge, during this process, new topics emerged, some topics split into many other sub-topics, on the other hand, many topics merge to formed single topic. The selection and search of a topic manually in such a huge amount of information have been found as an expensive and workforce-intensive task. For the emerging need of an automatic process to locate, organize, connect, and make associations among these sources the researchers have proposed different techniques that automatically extract components of the information presented in various formats and organize or structure them. The targeted data which is going to be processed for component extraction might be in the form of text, video or audio. The addition of different algorithms has structured information and grouped similar information into clusters and on the basis of their importance, weighted them. The organized, structured and weighted data is then compared with other structures to find similarity with the use of various algorithms. The semantic patterns can be found by employing visualization techniques that show similarity or relation between topics over time or related to a specific event. In this paper, we have proposed a model based on Cosine Similarity Algorithm for citation network which will answer the questions like, how to connect documents with the help of citation and content similarity and how to visualize and navigate through the document.
A theory of digital library metadata the emergence of enriching and filteringGetaneh Alemu
Adopting a Constructivist Grounded Theory Method, this thesis conducted in-depth interviews with 57 purposefully selected participants, comprised of practising librarians, researchers, metadata consultants and library users. The interview data was analysed using three stages of iterative data analysis: open coding, focused coding and theoretical coding. The analysis resulted in the emergence of four Core Categories, namely, metadata Enriching, Linking, Openness and Filtering. Further integration of the Core Categories resulted in the emergence of a theory of digital library metadata; The Theory of Metadata Enriching and Filtering.
The theory stipulates that metadata that has been enriched, by melding standards-based (a priori) and socially-constructed (post-hoc) metadata, cannot be optimally utilised unless the resulting metadata is contextually and semantically linked to both internal and external information sources. Moreover, in order to exploit the full benefits of such linking, metadata must be made openly accessible, where it can be shared, re-used, mixed and matched, thus reducing metadata duplication. Ultimately, metadata that has been enriched (by linking and being made openly accessible) should be filtered for each user, via a flexible, personalised, and re-configurable interface.
The theory provides a holistic framework demonstrating the interdependence between expert curated and socially-constructed metadata, wherein the former helps to structure the latter, whilst the latter provides diversity to the former. This theory also suggests a conceptual shift from the current metadata principle of sufficiency and necessity, which has resulted in metadata simplicity, to the principle of metadata enriching where information objects are described using a multiplicity of users’ perspectives (interpretations). Central to this theory is the consideration of users as pro-active metadata creators rather than mere consumers, whilst librarians are creators of a priori metadata and experts at providing structure, granularity, and interoperability to post-hoc metadata. The theory elegantly delineates metadata functions into two: enriching (metadata content) and filtering (interface). By providing underlying principles, this theory should enable standards-agencies, librarians, and systems developers to better address the changing needs of users as well as to adapt themselves to recent technological advances.
Linking Research and Education in Digital Libraries: students’ perspectivesGetaneh Alemu
This presentation was given by Getaneh Alemu at TPDL-2011 workshop on “Linking Research and Education in Digital Libraries", held 28-29 September 2011 in Berlin. Getaneh was invited by the workshop organisers (Vittore Casarosa, Donatella Castelli and Anna Maria Tammaro) to present his perspectives and experiences in digital library education and research. For more information about the workshop http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november11/casarosa/11casarosa.html
These slides were used during a panel discussion between Todd Carpenter (NISO), Therese Hunt (Elsevier), Becky Clark (Library of Congress), and Lettie Conrad (SAGE) during the NISO-BISG Joint Forum, held June 24, 2016 during the 2016 ALA Annual Conference in Orlando, FL.
Getaneh will talk about state-of-the-art metadata standards and how metadata can help ensure the integrity, identity and authenticity of digital documents. An overview of the various metadata initiatives and standards (OAIS, CEDARS, NEDLIB, LMER, PREMIS, and METS) will be provided along with information on how each one supports digital preservation.
Enterprise Knowledge - Taxonomy Design Best Practices and MethodologyEnterprise Knowledge
This presentation, origninally presented at the Knowledge Management Institute's KM Symposium on March 27, 2014, addresses the concepts of business taxonomy value, taxonomy design methodology, and taxonomy design best practices. It is intended as an introductory deck for anyone seeking guidance on taxonomy design efforts.
Moving to the network level:discovery and disclosurelisld
The bundle of functionality encapsulated in the library catalog is an artifact of a particular phase of library operations. We are now seeing a move to a different model where discovery needs to happen in a variety of network environments. This means that the library has to think about reconfiguring its systems and services. It becomes important to think about how to disclose their offerings into the places where users are.
2014 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2014.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Seen these slides before? Skip to slide 33 to see the new content. I presented these slides to an Online Security Workshop for Parents.
Property of Darien Library
These slides are from an online security class I taught at Darien Library in Darien, CT. They are the property of Darien Library.
Originally everything was nicely aligned, but then sending this up to Slideshare messed up the alignment, so I gave up! :-)
Woozworld - Digital brand engagement PlatformNicolas Lee
By creating an interactive and dynamic environment, Woozworld allows organizations to connect with Tweens by capturing user attention facilitating direct communication, interaction and engagement with innovative customized integrated campaigns.
Navigation through citation network based on content similarity using cosine ...Salam Shah
The rate of scientific literature has been increased in the past few decades; new topics and information is added in the form of articles, papers, text documents, web logs, and patents. The growth of information at rapid rate caused a tremendous amount of additions in the current and past knowledge, during this process, new topics emerged, some topics split into many other sub-topics, on the other hand, many topics merge to formed single topic. The selection and search of a topic manually in such a huge amount of information have been found as an expensive and workforce-intensive task. For the emerging need of an automatic process to locate, organize, connect, and make associations among these sources the researchers have proposed different techniques that automatically extract components of the information presented in various formats and organize or structure them. The targeted data which is going to be processed for component extraction might be in the form of text, video or audio. The addition of different algorithms has structured information and grouped similar information into clusters and on the basis of their importance, weighted them. The organized, structured and weighted data is then compared with other structures to find similarity with the use of various algorithms. The semantic patterns can be found by employing visualization techniques that show similarity or relation between topics over time or related to a specific event. In this paper, we have proposed a model based on Cosine Similarity Algorithm for citation network which will answer the questions like, how to connect documents with the help of citation and content similarity and how to visualize and navigate through the document.
A theory of digital library metadata the emergence of enriching and filteringGetaneh Alemu
Adopting a Constructivist Grounded Theory Method, this thesis conducted in-depth interviews with 57 purposefully selected participants, comprised of practising librarians, researchers, metadata consultants and library users. The interview data was analysed using three stages of iterative data analysis: open coding, focused coding and theoretical coding. The analysis resulted in the emergence of four Core Categories, namely, metadata Enriching, Linking, Openness and Filtering. Further integration of the Core Categories resulted in the emergence of a theory of digital library metadata; The Theory of Metadata Enriching and Filtering.
The theory stipulates that metadata that has been enriched, by melding standards-based (a priori) and socially-constructed (post-hoc) metadata, cannot be optimally utilised unless the resulting metadata is contextually and semantically linked to both internal and external information sources. Moreover, in order to exploit the full benefits of such linking, metadata must be made openly accessible, where it can be shared, re-used, mixed and matched, thus reducing metadata duplication. Ultimately, metadata that has been enriched (by linking and being made openly accessible) should be filtered for each user, via a flexible, personalised, and re-configurable interface.
The theory provides a holistic framework demonstrating the interdependence between expert curated and socially-constructed metadata, wherein the former helps to structure the latter, whilst the latter provides diversity to the former. This theory also suggests a conceptual shift from the current metadata principle of sufficiency and necessity, which has resulted in metadata simplicity, to the principle of metadata enriching where information objects are described using a multiplicity of users’ perspectives (interpretations). Central to this theory is the consideration of users as pro-active metadata creators rather than mere consumers, whilst librarians are creators of a priori metadata and experts at providing structure, granularity, and interoperability to post-hoc metadata. The theory elegantly delineates metadata functions into two: enriching (metadata content) and filtering (interface). By providing underlying principles, this theory should enable standards-agencies, librarians, and systems developers to better address the changing needs of users as well as to adapt themselves to recent technological advances.
Linking Research and Education in Digital Libraries: students’ perspectivesGetaneh Alemu
This presentation was given by Getaneh Alemu at TPDL-2011 workshop on “Linking Research and Education in Digital Libraries", held 28-29 September 2011 in Berlin. Getaneh was invited by the workshop organisers (Vittore Casarosa, Donatella Castelli and Anna Maria Tammaro) to present his perspectives and experiences in digital library education and research. For more information about the workshop http://www.dlib.org/dlib/november11/casarosa/11casarosa.html
These slides were used during a panel discussion between Todd Carpenter (NISO), Therese Hunt (Elsevier), Becky Clark (Library of Congress), and Lettie Conrad (SAGE) during the NISO-BISG Joint Forum, held June 24, 2016 during the 2016 ALA Annual Conference in Orlando, FL.
Getaneh will talk about state-of-the-art metadata standards and how metadata can help ensure the integrity, identity and authenticity of digital documents. An overview of the various metadata initiatives and standards (OAIS, CEDARS, NEDLIB, LMER, PREMIS, and METS) will be provided along with information on how each one supports digital preservation.
Enterprise Knowledge - Taxonomy Design Best Practices and MethodologyEnterprise Knowledge
This presentation, origninally presented at the Knowledge Management Institute's KM Symposium on March 27, 2014, addresses the concepts of business taxonomy value, taxonomy design methodology, and taxonomy design best practices. It is intended as an introductory deck for anyone seeking guidance on taxonomy design efforts.
Moving to the network level:discovery and disclosurelisld
The bundle of functionality encapsulated in the library catalog is an artifact of a particular phase of library operations. We are now seeing a move to a different model where discovery needs to happen in a variety of network environments. This means that the library has to think about reconfiguring its systems and services. It becomes important to think about how to disclose their offerings into the places where users are.
2014 EVA/Minerva Jerusalem International Conference on Digitisation of Cultural Heritage
http://2014.minervaisrael.org.il
http://www.digital-heritage.org.il
Seen these slides before? Skip to slide 33 to see the new content. I presented these slides to an Online Security Workshop for Parents.
Property of Darien Library
These slides are from an online security class I taught at Darien Library in Darien, CT. They are the property of Darien Library.
Originally everything was nicely aligned, but then sending this up to Slideshare messed up the alignment, so I gave up! :-)
Woozworld - Digital brand engagement PlatformNicolas Lee
By creating an interactive and dynamic environment, Woozworld allows organizations to connect with Tweens by capturing user attention facilitating direct communication, interaction and engagement with innovative customized integrated campaigns.
These slides were made for a presentation to the Library Information Technology Association User Experience Interest Group (LITA UX IG). This presentation was held in Chicago on February 1, 2015.
Download the slides for the speaker notes.
A 40-minute presentation at Computers in Libraries in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, April 28, 2015.
Have you been longing for an interactive touchscreen like the ones you see at airports? How would you use one? What would patrons get out of it? Goodman introduces several methods for designing your own kiosk, discusses which features are most useful to patrons (maps, computer usage, browsing the catalog, etc.), and describes how to user-test your designs to make sure that they make sense for your building space. Interactive kiosks are a fun way to appeal to the “It’s a giant iPad” generation and for adults who appreciate interactive visuals.
study or concern about what kinds of things exist
what entities there are in the universe.
the ontology derives from the Greek onto (being) and logia (written or spoken). It is a branch of metaphysics , the study of first principles or the root of things.
Applying machine learning techniques to big data in the scholarly domainAngelo Salatino
Slides of the Lecture at the 5th International School on Applied Probability Theory,Communications Technologies & Data Science (APTCT-2020)
12 Nov 2020
Keystone Summer School 2015: Mauro Dragoni, Ontologies For Information RetrievalMauro Dragoni
The presentation provides an overview of what an ontology is and how it can be used for representing information and for retrieving data with a particular focus on the linguistic resources available for supporting this kind of task. Overview of semantic-based retrieval approaches by highlighting the pro and cons of using semantic approaches with respect to classic ones. Use cases are presented and discussed
Ontology languages are used in modelling the semantics of concepts within a particular domain and the relationships between those concepts. The Semantic Web standard provides a number of modelling languages that differ in their level of expressivity and are organized in a Semantic Web Stack in such a way that each language level builds on the expressivity of the other. There are several problems when one attempts to use independently developed ontologies. When existing ontologies are adapted for new purposes it requires that certain operations are performed on them. These operations are currently performed in a semi-automated manner. This paper seeks to model categorically the syntax and semantics of RDF ontology as a step towards the formalization of ontological operations using category theory.
Fueling the future with Semantic Web patterns - Keynote at WOP2014@ISWCValentina Presutti
I will claim that Semantic Web Patterns can drive the next technological breakthrough: they can be key for providing intelligent applications with sophisticated ways of interpreting data. I will picture scenarios of a possible not so far future in order to support my claim. I will argue that current Semantic Web Patterns are not sufficient for addressing the envisioned requirements, and I will suggest a research direction for fixing the problem, which includes the hybridisation of existing computer science pattern-based approaches, and human computing.
Presentación del Dr. Getaneh Alemu (Solent University, Reino Unido), en el II Congreso de Información, Comunicación e Investigación (CICI 2018) “Metadatos y Organización de la Información”. Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, México. Evento organizado por el Cuerpo Académico 'Estudios de la Información' y el Grupo Disciplinar ‘Información, Lenguaje, Comunicación y Desarrollo Sostenible’. 29 de octubre de 2018.
Semantic Web: Technolgies and Applications for Real-WorldAmit Sheth
Amit Sheth and Susie Stephens, "Semantic Web: Technolgies and Applications for Real-World," Tutorial at 2007 World Wide Web Conference, Banff, Canada.
Tutorial discusses technologies and deployed real-world applications through 2007.
Tutorial description at: http://www2007.org/tutorial-T11.php
Supporting Small Biz: Digital Tools for Startups: 2016 WebinarAmanda L. Goodman
Anyone can found a small business. But how do you find clients? Librarians can help entrepreneurs create personas of their preferred clients, use online tools to pinpoint those potential clients, and make targeted marketing decisions. More small business owners are using libraries as their co-working space and to run their small business. Our experienced librarians show you how to help entrepreneurs make money!
Are you tired of paper signs? Do you want something that is animated, plays video, and/or respond to patrons? Then you’re ready for an interactive kiosk or digital display. You will learn what goes into designing and maintaining displays and kiosks, software and hardware options, and what features are the most useful to patrons. Before you break your savings bank, Goodman will also show you cheap alternatives to an expensive screen. Digital signs can advertise programs and new services. Interactive kiosks are great for inviting users to explore your library further.
Presented on March 23, 2016 for Florida Library Webinars
The promotional poster for Darien Library's October 2013 Book Group Doctor sessions.
These slides are property of Darien Library. I created them, hence why they're up on my account. :-)
The promotional poster for Darien Library's 2013 Book Group Expo.
These slides are property of Darien Library. I created them, hence why they're up on my account. :-)
Jen Dayton, Darien Library's Collection Development Coordinator, presented her picks for great book reads for book groups.
These slides are property of Darien Library. I created them, hence why they're up on my account. :-)
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
An Introduction to Onological Modeling
1. An Introduction to Ontological Modeling Laura Baker, Amanda Goodman, Martha Parker LIS 688 Metadata
2. “ When we enter metadata we can focus on exactly what we know and not have to try to anticipate every way someone might want to use the metadata.” -- Brian Lowe
3. What is Ontology? A “vocabulary of interrelated terms which impose a structure for the domain and constrain the possible interpretation terms.” (Kalinichenko, 2003)
4. What is a Domain? An area of study or a subject area.
18. CRM Constraints: An Example Constraints are intended to maintain a level of focus so that the ontology doesn’t expand indefinitely. Cultural Heritage Collections “ All types of materials collected and displayed by museums and Related institutions as defined by the International Council of Museums.” (CIDOC, 2006).
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Editor's Notes
In more simple terms, an ontology is a set of terms and their definitions. An ontology is generally domain specific in that it defines a shared vocabulary about a specific domain.
When stated in our paper: “An ontology is generally domain specific in that it defines a shared vocabulary about a specific domain.”. (area of study or subject area).
Verbal ontologies are informal and can include a thesaurus of concepts and relationships or a subject domain glossary of terms. Logic-based ontologies are defined formally and can be designed to encode schema (metadata) and non-schema information. Logic-based models continue to evolve with Semantic web development. Structural ontologies are used for describing images without keywords. For example terms in a structural ontology can include image descriptors like intensity-(luminance, green-red, blue-yellow), position- (vertical axis-high, middle, low) (horizontal axis-left, middle right), and size (small, medium, and large) and shape (little oblong, moderately oblong, very oblong). Hybrid ontologies are a mix of the other three.
Ontologies can express more relationships than hierarchical taxonomies including temporal (A happens before B), positional (A is near B), and causal (A creates B).
While evaluating the results of Google searches we have derived that ontologies help make sense of the unstructured nature of information on the Web. Ontological modeling is a recent concept with continual evolution stages from XML usage to exchange data to RDF creation to add metadata info to web documents to web ontology language (OWL) which is the new W3C technology that allows for the construction of significantly more complex relationships . Ontological modeling is a topic that continues to develop as communities create models to support their domains. The power of ontologies comes from the development of relationships between defined vocabularies to aid in the access and description of resources.
The literature review of thirteen sources has aid us in better understanding the new concepts within ontological models such as the misrepresentation of ontologies, knowledge management, knowledge lens, the importance of context and ontology management systems. These six concepts will be covered in the following slides.
In the journal article, “Knowledge representation with ontologies: Present challenges--Future possibilities” by Brewster and O’Hara, its stated that although ontological models are created with the goal to represent knowledge and the relationships between things and ideas, “ontologies can only display components of relationships which were input into the system. If details are omitted, relationships cannot be generated or displayed”. In other words if the data or relationships are inaccurate or corrupt so does the system.
“ KM tackles issues such as how to manage knowledge across different platforms throughout time as the systems are upgraded, realizing that knowledge comes in many different formats, that linguistically people may refer to the same concept with different names, as well as what type of knowledge is being looked at--- “hard facts vs. rough estimations, strict rules vs. fuzzy recommendations, shallow brainstorming vs. validated experience” (Apostolou, Mentzas, & Abecker, 2008-2009)”. Within KM there are related areas worth considering like information sharing, the semantic web, individual knowledge, hierarchical knowledge (organizational), and knowledge object. All these concepts aiming at developing relationships between defined vocabularies to assist in the access and description of resources.
The amount of information to create an ontology can be overwhelming but a knowledge lens during the creation of an ontology works as a filter that can be used to strip out the unneeded details and instead focus only on the essential. The knowledge lens simplifies the ontology and delivers expediency and accuracy of information retrieval.
Context in this project refers to whether information is being accessed via stationary (i.e. desktop) or mobile computing and understanding the difference. An example could be retrieving data on a desktop in comparison to receiving data through a mobile device. Let say a paramedic needs to know the allergy report of a patient who is in route from the scene of an accident to the operating room.
As ontologies grow, they need to be managed.
As mentioned previously ontologies are often domain specific with applications in business, cultural institutions and education. Current discussion in the field of library and information science makes connections between ontological models and digital libraries. The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is an ontological model providing “definitions and a formal structure for describing the implicit and explicit concepts and relationships used in cultural heritage documentation“
It has been developed over the past ten years by the CIDOC Documentations Standards Working Group and CIDOC CRM SIG working groups. The project began by creating a Relational Data Model for museums with a focus on information exchange. However, after meeting in 1996, it was decided to create an object-oriented approach that would be able to deal with the “diversity and complexity of data structures in the domain” (CIDOC, 2006). The first edition of the CRM was completed in 1999.
The intent behind this model is to provide a “common and extensible framework that any cultural heritage information can be mapped to” (CIDOC, 2006). The CRM document provides a detailed correlation of the CIDOC Information categories and the CIDOC CRM and shows the complexity of the model. For example the Object Association Information element includes relationships of: for-actual instance of use, as general use-activity type, made for-event instance (intended use), and intended for-activity type (intended use). This model allows for interoperability among cultural heritage information published by museums, libraries, and archives.
The CRM has a specified a scope definition for the CRM model in order to clarify what is and what is not covered within the ontology. These constraints are intended to maintain a level of focus so that the ontology doesn’t expand indefinitely. The intended scope and practical scope further defines the model. For example, cultural heritage collections are defined as, “all types of materials collected and displayed by museums and related institutions as defined by the International Council of Museums (ICOM).” Included within this definition are: sites and monuments relating to natural history, ethnography, archaeology, historic monuments, as well as collections of fine and applied arts. This model covers detailed description of individual items within collections as well as entire collections. However, information that relates to personnel, accounting, or visitor statistics of cultural heritage institutions falls outside the intended scope (CIDOC, 2006). The CRM model seeks to serve as a guide for good conceptual modeling and, in fact, has served as a model for additional ontologies related to cultural heritage materials.
Ontological modeling is a topic that continues to develop as communities create models to support their domains. The power of ontologies comes from the development of relationships between defined vocabularies to aid in the access and description of resources. Currently there is a lack of established methodology on evaluating ontology models and is, therefore, an open research issue that will prompt more discussion and impact future practice. (Pattuelli, 2011). While ontological models have the potential to improve precision for query results, as yet many librarians and information technologists have not made the transition to semantic digital libraries. Lack of resources and knowledge combined with the fact that semantic web tools and standards vary in terms of maturity and performance, are challenges that librarians face. However, the use of ontologies within semantic web allows users to explore content“ in ways that were either not possible or not easy to do with other library systems” (Powell, 2010).