From past few decades, there is been substantial growth and development in field of Composites. Advanced materials and Composites are being used in almost every industry in some form or the other. Composites have found wider applicability and liking in designing industries. This has triggered researchers towards this emerging technology. Jute reinforced composites may be used in combination with biodegradable polymer or to replace conventional glass fibre reinforced composites. In this case, the main concern is their impact resistance. The production of hybrid laminates by coupling layers of glass fibre reinforced with jute reinforced laminates, proved also effective to improve the mechanical characteristics. In recent years, a number of studies have been carried out, aimed to compare properties of jute fibre reinforced laminates. This project studies Mechanical properties of Jute Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique. The specimens were tested for UTS on UTM and the correlation factors were determined by comparing SWF (Stress Wave Factors) and UTS. The comparative analyses are presented in results.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Static Analysis and Experimentation of Jute Fiber Reinforced with E-GlassAM Publications
A composite is a heterogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components constituting
reinforcing matrix and a compatible matrix to obtain specific characteristics and properties. In this project we Selected jute fiber, EGlass
and it is embedded in a biopolymer matrix system (epoxy), the task of which is to hold the fibers together, this provides and
stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects
them against radiation and other aggressive media and the specimen is prepared. The component is conditioned and prepared for
testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness and bending test calculating the element results with ansys by using the test
results. The main aim of this project is to reduce the impact on the environment, by preparing specimen using recyclable natural fibers.
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Static Analysis and Experimentation of Jute Fiber Reinforced with E-GlassAM Publications
A composite is a heterogeneous material created by the synthetic assembly of two or more components constituting
reinforcing matrix and a compatible matrix to obtain specific characteristics and properties. In this project we Selected jute fiber, EGlass
and it is embedded in a biopolymer matrix system (epoxy), the task of which is to hold the fibers together, this provides and
stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects
them against radiation and other aggressive media and the specimen is prepared. The component is conditioned and prepared for
testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness and bending test calculating the element results with ansys by using the test
results. The main aim of this project is to reduce the impact on the environment, by preparing specimen using recyclable natural fibers.
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Reinforced With Cer...IJCMESJOURNAL
In the present work, the mechanical properties of PMC specimens with various types of ceramic reinforcements were investigated. The PMC specimens were reinforced with glass, carbon fibers and Kevlar. The effect of the % content of the reinforcement material in the matrix and the effect of the applied strain velocity (2,4,6 mm/min) were found to affect the mechanical properties of the specimens.
INVESTIGATION ON THE MECHANICALBEHAVIOUR OF THE GLASS/ BANANAFIBERS REINFORCE...ijiert bestjournal
The composites are one of the advanced engineering materials which are commonly used in this decade in day today life. The natural fibers are us ed for the reinforcement in order to get higher strength,reduced density,lower weight for several applications. The hybrid composite is obtained by using two or more materials with varying properties . Hybridization is a process of incorporating synthetic fiber with the natural fiber to get the b etter strength,stiffness,high strength to weight ratio and improvements in the mechanical properties. In t his work,an attempt is made to hybridize using Glass (synthetic) fiber as well as Banana (natural) fiber with Epoxy resin as the matrix material,suc h that to reduce the overall use of the synthetic rei nforcement and to enhance the mechanical properties. The composites are fabricated using the Hand Lay-Up method for the different weight percentages of the reinforcements. The mechanical p roperties are evaluated by conducting tests such as Tensile test,Flexural test,Impact test,Hardne ss test,Interlaminar shear strength test,Water absorption test according to the ASTM standards. Th e experimental results showed that the HFREC showed better mechanical properties than the BFREC and closer to the values of the GFREC.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Mechanical Behavior of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials Reinforced With Cer...IJCMESJOURNAL
In the present work, the mechanical properties of PMC specimens with various types of ceramic reinforcements were investigated. The PMC specimens were reinforced with glass, carbon fibers and Kevlar. The effect of the % content of the reinforcement material in the matrix and the effect of the applied strain velocity (2,4,6 mm/min) were found to affect the mechanical properties of the specimens.
INVESTIGATION ON THE MECHANICALBEHAVIOUR OF THE GLASS/ BANANAFIBERS REINFORCE...ijiert bestjournal
The composites are one of the advanced engineering materials which are commonly used in this decade in day today life. The natural fibers are us ed for the reinforcement in order to get higher strength,reduced density,lower weight for several applications. The hybrid composite is obtained by using two or more materials with varying properties . Hybridization is a process of incorporating synthetic fiber with the natural fiber to get the b etter strength,stiffness,high strength to weight ratio and improvements in the mechanical properties. In t his work,an attempt is made to hybridize using Glass (synthetic) fiber as well as Banana (natural) fiber with Epoxy resin as the matrix material,suc h that to reduce the overall use of the synthetic rei nforcement and to enhance the mechanical properties. The composites are fabricated using the Hand Lay-Up method for the different weight percentages of the reinforcements. The mechanical p roperties are evaluated by conducting tests such as Tensile test,Flexural test,Impact test,Hardne ss test,Interlaminar shear strength test,Water absorption test according to the ASTM standards. Th e experimental results showed that the HFREC showed better mechanical properties than the BFREC and closer to the values of the GFREC.
STUDY OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL FIBRE COMPOSITEIAEME Publication
In the present work an attempt has been made to fabricate a natural fibre reinforced plastic composite using sisal and jute fibres. 20% sisal,10% jute,10% starch,40% epoxy (araldite AY-103) and 20% hardener is used to fabricated
FRP composite. The composite is fabricated by simple hand lay method. Mechanical properties are tested and found satisfactory. Water absorption test of the composite is tested as per ASTM standard. It is observed that material is light in weight with sufficient strength and of low cost which
make it suitable for many engineering applications
A pesquisadora do IP, Thaís Moron Machado, concedeu informações sobre as novidades que serão apresentadas no ano de 2017 pelo Museu de Pesca em matéria publicada no jornal A Tribuna, em 11 de fevereiro de 2017.
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEMP-E GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYM...IAEME Publication
Natural fiber composite is currently a leading module in the world of composites. It is due to many of its features such as freely available, easy processing, low cost, ability to replace usage of Glass fiber (Synthetic fiber), better strength properties and ecofriendly. They find useful applications in various fields from domestic to automotive sector as of now. Natural fibers with good content of lignocellulose, low density, and better elongation percentage are chosen for manufacturing of composites of above mentioned applications. Unidirectional & Continuous natural fiber composites are said to be anisotropic and having predominant mechanical properties.
According to a recent Conference Board of Canada study, Halifax plays the role of hub city in Nova Scotia for all of Atlantic Canada1. There are economic assets, labour force characteristics, niche industries and regional decision makers concentrated in Halifax that benefit all of Nova Scotia and beyond. This report highlights some of those attributes
Dynamic Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Composite Beam With CrackIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Composites have numerous applications in engineering field. In engineering design averting failure of composite material system has been a vital concern. Composite are subjected to numerous types of damage, mostly cracks and delamination. The presence of crack causes a variation in stiffness and it also affects the mechanical behavior of entire structure. Cracks are caused by fatigue under service conditions as a consequence of limited fatigue strength. Measurement of natural frequency can be taken as a tool to identify the presence of cracks which are propagated due to fluctuating stress conditions. In the present work an attempt has been made to find the natural frequencies of fiber reinforced composite cantilever beams with and without presence of a transverse surface crack. E-Glass fiber reinforced composite beams with epoxy resin having a volume fraction of 16.6% have been casted by hand lay-up method and are used for determination of natural frequencies of beams. The free vibration study is carried out by ATALON FFT analyzer, accelerometer and excitation by impact hammer. The DEWESOFT software is used to convert the responses from time domain to frequency domain and the Frequency Response Functions (FRF) are obtained. The experimental results are compared with numerical predictions using the FEM based software package ANSYS 16.2. The process of finding of natural frequencies is carried out for various crack depth ratios at various crack locations by both numerical and experimental methods. A good accord is observed between the experimental and ANSYS results.
Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Damping Of Composite Material Structures with Riveted JointsIJMER
Vibration and noise reduction are crucial in maintaining high performance level and
prolonging the useful life of machinery, automobiles, aerodynamic and spacecraft structures. It is
observed that damping in materials occur due to energy release due to micro-slips along frictional
interfaces and due to varying strain regions and interaction between the metals. But it was found
that the damping effect in metals is quite small that it can be neglected. Damping in metals is due to
the micro-slips along frictional interfaces. Composites, however, have better damping properties
than structural metals and cannot be neglected. Typically, the range of composite damping begins
where the best damped metal stops.In the present work, theoretical analysis was done on various
polymer matrix composite (glass fibre polyesters) with riveted joints by varying initial conditions.
Strain energy loss was calculated to calculate the damping in composites. Using FEA model, load
variation w.r.t time was observed and the strain energy loss calculated was utilised in finding the
material damping for Carbon fibre epoxy with riveted joints. Various simulations were performed in
ANSYS and these results were utilised to calculate the loss factor, Rayleigh‘s damping constants
and logarithmic decrement.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Keywords: Structural health monitoring, Fiber reinforced polymer, Strain-gauge sensors, Composite leaf spring, E-Glass/Epoxy.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
Properties of ‘Emu’ Feather Fiber CompositesIJERA Editor
A composite is usually made up of at least two materials out of which one is binding material called matrix and the other is a reinforcement material known as fiber. Many researchers are focusing on natural fiber composites. But, in the present work, composites were prepared with epoxy (Araldite LY-556) resin and „emu‟ bird feathers as fiber. The composites were prepared by varying the weight percentage (P) of „emu‟ fiber ranging from 1 to 5 and length (L) of feather fibers from 1 to 5 cm. The composite specimens were prepared and cured as per ASTM standards. Studies were carried out on various properties like mechanical properties, Thermal properties and Effect of atmosphere, Soil and certain Chemicals. An attempt is made to model the mechanical properties through response surface methodology (RSM). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is used to check the validity of the model. The results reveal that the developed models are suitable for prediction of mechanical properties of Epoxy „Emu‟ Feather Fiber Composites.
Viscoelastic response of polymeric solids in sliding contactspadmanabhankrishnan4
Abstract: The viscoelastic response of polymeric solids to sliding contact conditions
is observed and analyzed with respect to the sliding speed, material composition,
and geometry. It was discovered that polymeric solids produced their own distinct
viscoelastic signatures that cause resonance at certain sliding speeds which can be
explained with resonance conditions for electromagnetic waves. The observed viscolelastic phenomenon is characterized with respect to the relaxation and recovery
times for rigid polymeric solids. It is confirmatory as a demonstration of proof of
existence of viscoelasticity and self-organization in these materials under sliding contact conditions. Viscoelastic observations are also made on the aged specimens in
sliding contact.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Modal Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Beams with a Transverse Crack U...IJMER
In many structures like high speed machineries, aircrafts and light weight structures
composite beams and beam like structures are main constituent elements. Cracks induced in these
structural elements cause serious failure and monitoring of these cracks is essential. The presence of
these cracks influences the dynamic characteristics of the structural elements. Hence the changes in
natural frequencies and mode shapes have been the subject of interest of many investigations. In the
present work two Fiber- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials, Graphite Fibre Reinforced Polyamide
and E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer have been selected as beam materials for modal analysis using
ANSYS 13.0. The analysis is carried out for these two beams in different ways. Initially the analysis is
carried out for different orientation of fibres for two beams. Later the effect of dimensions is analyzed
by varying one dimension of the beam at a time by keeping the other two constant. In the next step the
analysis is performed for constant dimensions of each beam for same layer orientation and constant
volume fraction of fibre by introducing transverse cracks of different depths at various positions along
the length of the beam. The results obtained are analyzed.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
Similar to An Experimental Analysis to Determine Ultimate Tensile Strength of Jute Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique (20)
Maintaining Data Confidentiality in Association Rule Mining in Distributed En...IJSRD
The data in real world applications is distributed at multiple locations, and the owner of the databases may be different people. Thus to perform mining task, the data needs to be kept at central location which causes threat to the privacy of corporate data. Hence the key challenge is to applying mining on distributed source data with preserving privacy of corporate data. The system addresses the problem of incrementally mining frequent itemsets in dynamic environment. The assumption made here is that, after initial mining the source undergoes into small changes in each time. The privacy of data should not be threatened by an adversary i.e. the miner and target database owner should not be able to recover original data from transformed data.
Performance and Emission characteristics of a Single Cylinder Four Stroke Die...IJSRD
The current trends in CI engine are to use Water-diesel emulsion as alternative fuel. It can be employed directly to the existing CI Engine system with no additional modifications. This system helps in reduction of NOx as well as PM, which in turn improve the combustion efficiency of the engine. However there are still investigations have to be done. The current work mainly concentrated on diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions and its effect on engine performance and emissions were studied. The various loads were applied on a constant speed diesel engine run on water-diesel emulsions of varying ratios of 0.2:1, 0.3:1. 0.4:1 and 0.5:1. Emission and performance characteristics were measured and were compared with base diesel operation. The emissions like NOx and smoke density were found to decrease greatly and brake thermal efficiency was found to increase at high loads. Smoke level was 4.2 BSU and 3 BSU for base diesel and water diesel emulsion of 0.4. The ignition delay was found to increase with water diesel emulsions. This also increased the maximum rate of pressure rise and peak pressure. The engine was found to run rough with water-diesel emulsions. The optimal water-diesel ratio was found to be 0.4:1 by weight. HC and CO emissions were found to increase with water diesel emulsions.
Preclusion of High and Low Pressure In Boiler by Using LABVIEWIJSRD
Pressure is an important physical parameter to be controlled in process boiler, heat exchanger, nuclear reactor and steam carrying pipeline. In the article the issue has been face in boiler operation due to pressure is handled. In boiler, the problem is due to maximum and minimum range of pressure. Due to the issues there is a chance to causes the hazop. To avoid such the problem the high and low pressure in boiler has to control. In the paper such the problem has sorted out by implementing ON-OFF control. Here the proposed control action for pressure control is implemented with the help of LabVIEW (Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench) software and NI ELVIS hardware. In the idea the boiler’s low range and high is monitored and controlled valve desirably. And also the high range and low range of pressure in the boiler is signified to plant operator by alarm signal.
Prevention and Detection of Man in the Middle Attack on AODV ProtocolIJSRD
In this paper it is discuss about AODV protocol and security attacks and man in the middle attack in detail. AODV Protocol is use to find route and very important protocol for communication in wireless network. So AODV protocol should be Secured and it is a big challenge. There are various attacks that occur on it. Here in this paper it discussed about the detection and preventions of man-in-the-middle attack in detail.
Comparative Analysis of PAPR Reduction Techniques in OFDM Using Precoding Tec...IJSRD
In this modern era, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been proved to be an explicit promising technique for wired and wireless systems because of its several advantages like high spectral efficiency, robustness against frequency selective fading, relatively simple receiver implementation etc. Besides having a number of advantages OFDM suffers from few disadvantages like high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Intercarrier Interference (ICI), Intersymbol Interference (ISI) etc. These detrimental effects, if not compensated properly and timely, can result in system performance degradation. This paper mainly concentrates on reduction of PAPR.A comparisons have been made between various precoding techniques against conventional OFDM.
Evaluation the Effect of Machining Parameters on MRR of Mild SteelIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Filter unwanted messages from walls and blocking nonlegitimate user in osnIJSRD
Today’s life is totally based on Internet. Now a days people cannot imagine life without Internet. Information and communication technology plays vital role in today’s online networked society. In today’s life, we are very close to the online social networks. Online social networks are used for posting and sharing information across various social networking sites. But user’s privacy is not maintained by online social networks. For maintaining users sensitive information’s privacy online social networks provides little or no support. For filtering unwanted messages we propose a system using machine learning (ML). Using machine learning in soft classifier content based filtering performed. In proposed system filtering rules (FR’s) are provided for content independent filtering.. Blacklists are used for more flexibility by which filtering choices are increased. Proposed system provides security to the Online Social Networks.
Keystroke Dynamics Authentication with Project Management SystemIJSRD
Generally user authentication is done using username and password that is called as login process. This login process is not more secure because, however a login session is still unprotected to impersonator when the user leaves his computer without logging off. Keystroke dynamics methods can be made useful to verify a user by extracting some typing features then, after the authentication process has successfully ended. From the last decade several studies proposed the use of keystroke dynamics as a behavioral biometric tool to verify users. We propose a new method, for representing the keystroke patterns by joining similar pairs of consecutive keystrokes. The above proposed method is used to consider clustering the di-graphs which are based on their temporal features. In this project, authentication system is provide to project management system that make more Secure management system without acknowledging unauthorized user. The Project Management System addresses the management of software projects. It provides the framework for organizing and managing resources in such a way that these resources deliver all the work required to complete a software project within defined scope, time and cost constraints. The system applies only to the management of software projects and is a tool that facilitates decision making.
Diagnosing lungs cancer Using Neural NetworksIJSRD
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An Experimental Analysis to Determine Ultimate Tensile Strength of Jute Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 3, Issue 10, 2015 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 840
An Experimental Analysis to Determine Ultimate Tensile Strength of Jute
Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique
Shilesh Dwivedi1
Rajesh Kumar Satankar2
1
M.E. Student 2
Assistant Professor
1,2
Govt Engineering College Jabalpur (M.P)
Abstract— From past few decades, there is been substantial
growth and development in field of Composites. Advanced
materials and Composites are being used in almost every
industry in some form or the other. Composites have found
wider applicability and liking in designing industries. This
has triggered researchers towards this emerging technology.
Jute reinforced composites may be used in combination with
biodegradable polymer or to replace conventional glass fibre
reinforced composites. In this case, the main concern is their
impact resistance. The production of hybrid laminates by
coupling layers of glass fibre reinforced with jute reinforced
laminates, proved also effective to improve the mechanical
characteristics. In recent years, a number of studies have
been carried out, aimed to compare properties of jute fibre
reinforced laminates. This project studies Mechanical
properties of Jute Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by
Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique. The specimens were tested
for UTS on UTM and the correlation factors were
determined by comparing SWF (Stress Wave Factors) and
UTS. The comparative analyses are presented in results.
Key words: Composite materials, acousto-ultrasonic
technique, SWF, UTS
I. INTRODUCTION
From the very beginning, man has always been keen
towards exploring newer and better ways to do the work. He
invented machines, discovered new materials and is been
continuously learning through experiences and failures to
improve the technology. Man's evolution has been tied to his
progress in materials. Yesterday it was the Stone, Bronze
and Iron Ages. Today it is the Age of Composites. However,
even in these earlier ages man experimented with and
learned to use composite materials. Many of such evidences
can be found like Israelites' use of chopped straw in their
brick, Egyptian used cloth tape soaked in resin for Mummy
Embalming, Japanese Samurai swords formed by the
repeated folding of a steel bar back on itself etc.
The use of natural fibres (e.g., straw, flax, hemp,
banana and jute) as material reinforcement was investigated
with considerable interest in last decades. The most common
concerns about the use of these fibres regard their coupling
with a polymeric matrix, which needs to be compatible with
the cellulose contained in the fibres. Another issue widely
investigated is the weathering behaviour of natural fibre
reinforced composites, including the study of the influence
of water sorption on the mechanical properties of the
laminate.
Jute is among the best natural fibres in terms of
tensile strength and flexural properties, due to its longer
continuous length. In addition, jute fibres are versatile, since
they can be combined with different polymeric resins (e.g.,
phenolic, polyester and epoxy). Jute reinforced laminates are
currently used e.g., to produce wood replacement panels,
insulators and automotive components.
However, jute fibre reinforced composites are not
always very stiff. A number of studies are already available
on impact and mechanical properties of these laminates.
Most commonly reported problems include the large
scattering in mechanical properties, due to the highly non-
uniform cross-section of jute fibres, and the reduction of
performance observed after water absorption, that is
believed to affect the dimensional stability of fibres.
Moreover, the limitations imposed on the mechanical
performance of the composite, due to internal porosity, are
not well known.
Acousto-Ultrasonic is an approach to
characterizing the properties and defect conditions of fibre
reinforced composites. The approach was introduced in
order to deal primarily with highly attenuating,
heterogeneous and orthographic composites and composite
like structures. The term Acousto-Ultrasonic (AU) denotes a
combination of some aspects of Acoustic Emissions with
Ultrasonic Technique. Unlike the usual NDT approaches,
AU is less concerned with overt flaw detection than with
evaluation of the integrated effect of diffuse population of
defects. Instead of attempting to have well defined wave
propagation, as in flaw detection, the AU approach requires
that the received signal be the result of multiple interactions
with material.
II. FLOW CHART
The project is carried out according to the following Flow
Chart, which is shown in Fig (1).
Fig. 1: Flow Chart
2. An Experimental Analysis to Determine Ultimate Tensile Strength of Jute Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/184)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 841
III. EXPERIMENTAL TESTING
A. Preparation of specimen
Preparation of Specimen is one of the key factors and there
are many critical factors involved with Specimen
preparation such as concentration of resin and hardener,
setting time, orientation of fibre etc. All of these parameters
are discussed in following section.
For the current project, Glass Fibre composites are
considered. There two main types of glass fibres, E-class
and S-class, which come in many forms such as Yarn,
Woven Fabric Yarn, Continuous-Strand Roving, Woven
Roving etc. Along with Glass Fibres, other important
constituent is Epoxy which forms the matrix of Composite.
Epoxy is a copolymer; that is, it is formed from two
different chemicals. These are referred to as the "resin" or
"compound" and the "hardener" or "activator". The resin
consists of monomers or short chain polymers with an
Epoxide group at either end. The hardener consists of
polyamine monomers. When these compounds are mixed
together, the amine groups react with the Epoxide groups to
form a covalent bond. Each NH group in amines can react
with an Epoxide group, so that the resulting polymer is
heavily cross linked, and is thus rigid and strong.
To prepare composites in this project work, E class
Glass Fibre and Jute fibre woven sheets are used along with
Araldite Epoxy and Triethylenetetramine (TETA). The
Hardener content should be around 5% to 10% by volume
that of Epoxy.
The process of polymerization is called "Curing",
and can be controlled through temperature, choice of resin
and hardener compounds, and the ratio of said compounds;
the process can take minutes to hours. Some formulations
benefit from heating during the cure period, whereas others
simply require time and ambient temperatures. The
Hardener content should be varied anticipating the ambient
temperature.
The Specimens were prepared by Hand Lay Up
method. In this method, the Glass Fibres are oriented in
required direction. The test specimen dimensions. Number
of layers of Jute and Glass depends upon the thickness
requirement of the specimen and thickness. These layers are
stacked upon each other and mixture of Epoxy & Hardener
is applied by hand in between the two Fibre layers, leaving
composite to set for 2 days approximately.
The Composite specimens prepared are shown in Fig. (2)
Fig. 2: Specimen
B. Methodology:
1) Acousto-Ultrasonic Techniques
a) General Concepts
Acousto-ultrasonic (AU) is defined as a nondestructive
method that uses stress waves to detect and evaluate diffuse
defects, damage, and variations in mechanical properties of
materials. Whereas conventional ultrasonic methods can be
used to assess large voids or other discontinuities, AU
techniques can be used to assess subtle flaws and associated
strength variations in wood and wood-based composite
materials, particularly at adhesive joints. The AU method
combines aspects of acoustic emission (AE) signal analysis
with ultrasonic characterization methods. A pair of
ultrasonic piezoelectric probes in a send/receive
configuration are used to send a stress wave through a
specimen. The receiving signals result from multiple
reflections and interactions with the material microstructure
in a volume of material between the sending and receiving
probes. The output signal from the receiving transducer is
processed in the same way as an AE signal. Different places
in the specimen can be scanned as the pair of send/receive
transducers is moved.
Breaking the lead of a mechanical pencil at the
surface of a wood specimen has been used in place of an AU
transducer to generate an ultrasonic pulse. The AU wave
generated by the breaking lead is referred to as artificial AE.
The basic approach in the AU technique is to rate
the material using a stress wave factor (SWF). The SWF is
the relative energy loss (attenuation) or propagation
efficiency of the stress wave travelling through a specimen.
The simplest definition is based on AE peak voltage or the
ringdown count method.
Ringdown SWF is defined as
SWF = RTC
Where R is the repetition rate of input waveforms, T is the
predetermined time interval, and C is the number of
oscillations in the received waveforms that exceed a
preselected voltage threshold (ringdown count).
Peak voltage SWF is defined as
SWF = peak voltage = Vmax
Where Vmax is the maximum
(peak to peak) voltage oscillation.
RMS voltage SWF is defined as
SWF= (Vrms)2
=∫
Where SWF is based on root mean square (RMS)
voltage, T is a time interval (t1
to t2
), t is time, and V is time-
varying voltage.
The hypothesis is that more efficient strain energy
transfer and strain redistribution during loading corresponds
to in-creased strength and fracture resistance in composites.
The energy dissipation of the stress wave is caused by
discontinuities in damaged areas. Higher attenuation will
usually indicate lower strength and impact resistance for
composites. The AU technique is used to examine the
presence or change of micro flaws in composite materials,
whereas the measurement of ultrasonic velocity is
conventionally used to estimate the elastic constants.
Methodology
To assure reproducibility of AU measurements, it
is necessary to choose appropriate transducers and ensure
proper coupling between the surface of the material and the
3. An Experimental Analysis to Determine Ultimate Tensile Strength of Jute Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/184)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 842
transducer (ASTM E1495–97). Special attention is required
when placing transducers to distinguish AU results from
other factors such as coupling pressure, surface roughness,
and mixed background noise.
As with AE signals, AU signals are affected by the
coupling conditions between the substrate and probes, such
as couplant selection, amount of couplant, and probe
alignment and pressure (ASTM E1495). When the couplant
is applied, the technician needs to avoid trapping air bubbles
between the sample and transducer. Trapped air as well as
surface roughness will decrease the amplitude of AU
signals.
Properties of transducers also affect AU results. It
is important to select a sending transducer that has a wide
frequency range (broadband transducer). If a resonant
transducer is used, it is difficult to separate the resonant
property of the sending transducer from the AU signals
travelling through the materials. The AU signal, like the AE
signal, depends on the character of the transducers. For
many fiber-reinforced composites, broadband transducer
pairs with center frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 5 MHz are
appropriate (ASTM E1495). However, materials having
high attenuation require more sensitive receiving
transducers. Ultrasonic attenuation can be large in wood,
particularly in the tangential and radial directions.
Accordingly, the resonant frequency of the receiving
transducer for wood is usually lower than the frequency
employed for other materials (100 to 500 kHz range).
IV. RESULTS
A. Testing
The composite specimens were studied by AU technique to
determine the SWF. The following tables show the results of
the analysis.
Parameter.
Composition 1(4G3J) Composition 2 (4G4J) Composition 3 (4G6J)
Sp. 1 Sp. 2 Sp. 3 Sp. 4 Sp. 2 Sp. 1 Sp. 4 Sp. 3 Sp.2
Thickness(mm) 5.69 5.87 5.48 6.02 5.97 5.983 7.59 7.60 7.66
Width (mm) 27.03 27.13 27.26 27.31 27.26 27.2 27.12 27.12 27.16
Glass Vol.
Fraction
29 % 26% 21%
Jute Vol.
Fraction
30% 40% 49 %
Matrix 41% 34% 30%
Length 140 mm 140 mm 140 mm
Table 1: Specimen Specifications
Specimen were Tested by AU technique and the results were
obtained in table 2
Parameter
Composition 1 (4G3J) Composition 2 (4G4J) Composition 3 (4G6J)
Sp. 1 Sp. 2 Sp. 3 Sp. 4 Sp. 2 Sp. 1 Sp. 4 Sp. 3 Sp.2
SWF (mV) 773.8 900.8 800.8 1187.3 1280.9 1020.7 1385.8 1314.7 1239.8
Table 2: AU Test Results
The specimens were then tested on digital UTM to
determine the UTS of the composite. So, the testing was
carried on UTM and the results are summarized in Table (3).
Parameter
Composition 1(4G6J) Composition 2 (4G4J) Composition 3 (4G3J)
Sp. 1 Sp. 2 Sp. 3 Sp. 4 Sp. 2 Sp. 1 Sp. 4 Sp. 3 Sp.2
Breaking
Load (KN)
6.135 3.86 12.7 10.74 13.685 12.945 16.625 17.6 17.2
Max
Disp. (mm)
12.6 12.15 11.59 10.79 11.86 10.75 11.63 14.04 10.22
Elongation 9% 8.679% 8.279% 7.707% 8.47% 7.69% 8.307 10.029 7.3%
UTS (MPa) 95 87 85 90 84 84 81 86 82
Table 3: UTM Test Results
B. Correlation prediction
The results obtained from AU and UTM were compared and
thus plotted to determine the Correlation Factor. The
following figures show the Pots of SWF and UTS for
various Specimens.
4. An Experimental Analysis to Determine Ultimate Tensile Strength of Jute Reinforced Glass Fibre Composite by Acousto-Ultrasonic Technique
(IJSRD/Vol. 3/Issue 10/2015/184)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 843
Fig. 3:
Fig. 4:
Fig. 5:
Thus, the correlation Factors were determined from
these plots which are tabulated in Table (4)
Sr. No. Composition Correlation Factor
1
Composition 1
4G3J (30%)
9.93
2
Composition 2
4G4J (40%)
13.52
3
Composition 3
4G6J (49%)
14.75
Table 4: Correlation Factors
V. CONCLUSION
Glass Fibre reinforced Jute Composite were studied and
tested for variable compositions. Variations were observed
in the comparison of results which are more ambiguous than
expected therefore the validation is being carried out and it
is expected to be rectified soon. Also, the specimens were
prepared by Hand Lay-up method. So, it is difficult to
achieve same degree of accuracy in coating. Non-uniformity
is observed in these properties of composite. This is because
of highly non-uniform cross-section of jute fibres, and so,
there is huge scope for studying effects of all these
parameters on mechanical behaviours of Jute based
Composites.
Jute can play key role in evolution of new age
composite technology through the production of fibre-based
composite materials. We need to put our collective minds
and resources into revitalizing and diversifying jute into a
bright new future in composites.
REFERENCES
[1] Carlo Santulli Mechanical And Impact Properties Of
Untreated Jute Fabric Reinforced Polyester Laminates
Compared With Different E-Glass Fibre Reinforced
Laminates
[2] Srivastav A. K., Behera M. K. and Ray B. C. Loading
Rate Sensitivity of Jute/Glass Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy
Composites: Effect of Surface Modifications
[3] Roger M. Rowell Potentials For Jute Based Composites
[4] Roe P J Ansell M P, Jute Reinforced Polyester
Composites
[5] Summerscales John, Non-Destructive Testing of Fibre
Reinforced Plastic Composites, vol 2, Elsevier Applied
Science Pub.
[6] Smith F. William, Hashemi Javed and Prakash Ravi,
Material Science and Engineering, TMH Publications.