This document summarizes research on developing jute fiber-reinforced epoxy composite laminates with different fiber orientations and evaluating their tensile and bending properties. Jute-epoxy composites were fabricated using vacuum assisted resin infiltration with jute preforms arranged in 0/0/0/0, 0/+45/-45/0, and 0/90/90/0 stacking sequences. Tensile and three-point bend tests showed the longitudinal tensile strength was highest for the 0/0/0/0 laminate and decreased with increasing fiber angle. Transverse properties increased with fiber angle. Fracture analysis found failures were due to matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, and fiber pullout
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Multilayer GFR...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of multilayer glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with different fiber orientations. Specifically, tensile, compressive, hardness, and impact tests were conducted on unidirectional, bidirectional, and multidirectional GFRP specimens fabricated using hand layup. The results were evaluated to determine which orientation provided the best tensile and compression strengths as well as hardness and impact resistance. Previous research on the effects of fiber orientation and other parameters on mechanical properties of FRP composites are also reviewed.
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of Jute/Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and characterization of jute/glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Various composites with different weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were created using hand layup and epoxy resin. Tensile and bending tests found that composites with 20% jute and 20% glass fiber exhibited the highest tensile strength, while composites with 28% jute and 12% glass fiber showed the highest flexural strength. The study demonstrated that hybrid composites of jute and glass fibers can improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resin.
Fabrication and Characterization of Kevlar/Jute Reinforced EpoxyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research conducted on Kevlar/Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hand layup with various combinations of Kevlar fiber, jute fiber, and epoxy resin. Specimens from the laminates underwent tensile, compression, and bending tests. The 3mm thick laminates exhibited the highest tensile, compressive, and bending strengths compared to 2mm and 4mm thick laminates. Increasing the Kevlar content improved the mechanical properties while reducing the weight and cost of the composites. The stacking sequence was found to significantly impact the flexural strength but had little effect on tensile properties. Further research on other natural fibers, polymers
IRJET- Natural Sisal Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Experimental StudiesIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on using sisal fibers as reinforcement in concrete. Sisal fibers were added to concrete mixtures in different proportions. The study found that concretes reinforced with sisal fibers showed improved tensile and bending strength compared to plain concrete. The sisal fiber concrete composites were also found to be durable materials that could be used in rural and civil construction as a sustainable substitute for steel reinforced concrete. The production of sisal fibers requires less energy than synthetic fibers or asbestos. Key properties tested included compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption and moisture migration of the sisal fiber reinforced concrete mixtures. The results indicate sisal fiber concrete has properties suitable for use in construction applications.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
This document discusses a project to develop an extruder head capable of 3D printing fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. A team of 5 mechanical engineering students from Colorado State University, advised by Dr. Don Radford, aims to combine the structural properties of composites with the manufacturing simplicity of additive manufacturing. The document provides background on composites properties, manufacturing techniques, and the goals and work plan for the project, which includes designing and testing an extruder head that can consolidate thermoplastic composites during additive manufacturing.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Multilayer GFR...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of multilayer glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites with different fiber orientations. Specifically, tensile, compressive, hardness, and impact tests were conducted on unidirectional, bidirectional, and multidirectional GFRP specimens fabricated using hand layup. The results were evaluated to determine which orientation provided the best tensile and compression strengths as well as hardness and impact resistance. Previous research on the effects of fiber orientation and other parameters on mechanical properties of FRP composites are also reviewed.
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Beyond 25% fiber content, the tensile strength decreased. The study demonstrated that the tensile properties of the bamboo fiber composites depend on the fiber loading percentage.
IRJET- Fabrication and Characterization of Jute/Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and characterization of jute/glass fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Various composites with different weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were created using hand layup and epoxy resin. Tensile and bending tests found that composites with 20% jute and 20% glass fiber exhibited the highest tensile strength, while composites with 28% jute and 12% glass fiber showed the highest flexural strength. The study demonstrated that hybrid composites of jute and glass fibers can improve the mechanical properties of epoxy resin.
Fabrication and Characterization of Kevlar/Jute Reinforced EpoxyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research conducted on Kevlar/Jute fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composite laminates were fabricated using hand layup with various combinations of Kevlar fiber, jute fiber, and epoxy resin. Specimens from the laminates underwent tensile, compression, and bending tests. The 3mm thick laminates exhibited the highest tensile, compressive, and bending strengths compared to 2mm and 4mm thick laminates. Increasing the Kevlar content improved the mechanical properties while reducing the weight and cost of the composites. The stacking sequence was found to significantly impact the flexural strength but had little effect on tensile properties. Further research on other natural fibers, polymers
IRJET- Natural Sisal Fibre Reinforced Concrete with Experimental StudiesIRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on using sisal fibers as reinforcement in concrete. Sisal fibers were added to concrete mixtures in different proportions. The study found that concretes reinforced with sisal fibers showed improved tensile and bending strength compared to plain concrete. The sisal fiber concrete composites were also found to be durable materials that could be used in rural and civil construction as a sustainable substitute for steel reinforced concrete. The production of sisal fibers requires less energy than synthetic fibers or asbestos. Key properties tested included compressive strength, split tensile strength, water absorption and moisture migration of the sisal fiber reinforced concrete mixtures. The results indicate sisal fiber concrete has properties suitable for use in construction applications.
Study on properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix pro...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The present research was designed to check the workability and strength properties of sisal fiber reinforced concrete with different mix proportions and different percentage of fiber addition. The materials were chosen to improve the various strength properties of the structure to obtain sustainability and better quality structure. Short discrete vegetable fiber (sisal) was examined for its suitability for incorporation in cement concrete. The physical property of this fiber has shown no deterioration in a concrete medium. Fibers were brushed, lined up and cut to obtain 4cm length. Degree of workability of concrete mix with 0.2% super plasticizer and water cement ratio 0.45 had good workability with slump value 53mm and compaction factor 0.88, which is effective, was obtained. Materials were hand mixed with 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 and M25 mix design and casted in cubes and cylinders. The obtained specimens were subjected to tests aimed to check the compressive, tensile and flexural strength. An increase in compressive strength by 50.53% and tensile strength by 3.416% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M20 mix design respectively. An increase in compressive strength by 52.51% and tensile strength by 3.904% was observed for 1.5% addition of fiber in M25 mix design respectively.
Keywords: Sisal fiber, workability, sustainability, mix design, compressive, tensile, flexural.
Influence of Carbon & Glass Fiber Reinforcements on Flexural Strength of Epox...IJERA Editor
Hybrid composite materials are more attracted by the engineers because of their properties like stiffness and high specific strength which leads to the potential application in the area of aerospace, marine and automobile sectors. In the present investigation, the flexural strength and flexural modulus of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of polymer hybrid composite materials. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The hardness, flexural strength and flexural modulus were improved as the fiber reinforcement contents increased in the epoxy matrix material.
This document discusses a project to develop an extruder head capable of 3D printing fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites. A team of 5 mechanical engineering students from Colorado State University, advised by Dr. Don Radford, aims to combine the structural properties of composites with the manufacturing simplicity of additive manufacturing. The document provides background on composites properties, manufacturing techniques, and the goals and work plan for the project, which includes designing and testing an extruder head that can consolidate thermoplastic composites during additive manufacturing.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Cissus Quadrangularis Stem/Glass Fiber ...IRJET Journal
1) The study characterized the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made from Cissus quadrangularis stem fiber (CQSF) and glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester.
2) Composites with 25 wt.% CQSF and 25 wt.% glass fiber exhibited significantly higher tensile, flexural, and impact strengths compared to composites with only CQSF, demonstrating that hybridizing CQSF with glass fiber enhances the mechanical properties.
3) Scanning electron microscope analysis of fracture surfaces showed good interfacial bonding between the fibers and polyester matrix in the hybrid composites.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Experimental investigation and analysis of mechanical properties of injectionIAEME Publication
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of injection molded jute and glass fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites. Composites with varying weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were tested for tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties. The results showed that all the mechanical properties increased with increasing glass fiber content, as glass fibers have better adhesion to the matrix and higher strength than jute fibers. SEM images showed glass fibers fracturing and pulling out, along with jute fiber pull-out, under applied loads. The hybrid composites thus require greater forces to fail due to the combined effects of different fiber types.
This document describes research into developing glass/banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Banana fibers were obtained from banana plants and characterized. Glass and banana fibers were combined at various weight fractions and arranged interleaving to reinforce epoxy composites. The composites were tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength. Hybrid composites showed improved mechanical properties compared to glass-only and banana-only composites. Specifically, tensile strength increased by up to 2.5% for glass and 63.4% for banana when hybridized. Flexural strength increased up to 6.9% for glass and 27.3% for banana when hybridized. Impact strength increased up to 5.1% for
This document discusses the design and analysis of a composite bolt made of glass fiber and epoxy resin. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of creating a low-cost composite bolt using glass fiber reinforcement in an epoxy matrix. It then reviews previous literature on composite materials and bolted joints, which found that addition of glass fibers increases strength and stiffness. The document describes the materials and methods used, including hand lay-up of epoxy resin reinforced with glass fibers. It presents results of testing the composite bolts and comparing the mechanical properties of unidirectional and bidirectional fiber orientations.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
IRJET- Effect of Strain Rate and Thickness on Mechanical Properties of Ju...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of strain rate and thickness on the mechanical properties of jute/glass hybrid fiber composites. Specimens of varying thicknesses (3.25mm, 4.8mm, 6.5mm) were tested at different strain rates using a universal testing machine. The properties tested included tensile modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and tensile toughness. Results showed that strain rate and specimen thickness affect the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite material. Specifically, the study found that increasing strain rate and decreasing thickness increased the tensile modulus and strength of the material.
1) The document investigates the effect of stacking sequence and hybridization on the tensile and flexural properties of composites made from basalt, jute, flax, and E-glass fibers reinforced with epoxy resin.
2) It was found that stacking sequence had little effect on tensile properties but a significant effect on flexural strength and modulus, with a sandwich-like sequence performing better.
3) Hybrid composites containing E-glass and basalt fibers had the highest specific tensile strength and modulus. E-glass/basalt performed better than E-glass/jute and E-glass/flax combinations in terms of strength to weight ratio.
The document describes an experimental study that characterized and compared the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with either short glass fibers or short banana fibers. Composites with various fiber loadings were fabricated and their density, hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and erosion wear resistance were measured using standard tests. The results showed that while the banana fiber composites had lower strength properties than the glass fiber composites, their erosion wear resistance was better, indicating banana fibers' potential as a reinforcement material that could replace glass fibers in some applications.
The document presents an experimental study on the effect of fiber orientation on the flexural strength of glass/epoxy composite material. Tests were conducted on samples with bidirectional glass fibers oriented at 0-90° and -45+45° for thicknesses of 4mm and 6mm. The results showed that the flexural strength was higher for the -45+45° orientation compared to the 0-90° orientation. Specifically, the 4mm -45+45° sample had a 16.36% higher flexural strength than the 4mm 0-90° sample, while the 6mm -45+45° sample had a 32% higher flexural strength than the 6mm 0-90° sample. Therefore, the study
Comparative Study on Strength Property of Fibre Reinforced Concrete using GI,...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the strength properties of fibre reinforced concrete using coconut, glass, and galvanized iron (GI) fibres. Preliminary tests were conducted on the materials used, including cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, GI fibres, coconut fibres, and glass fibres. A mix design for M25 grade concrete was developed. Concrete cubes and cylinders containing 1% fibre by volume were tested to determine their compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. The test results were compared to analyze how the different fibre types affect the strength properties of concrete. Previous research that also studied the use of these fibre types is reviewed.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Behaviour of Epoxy Resin Reinforced wit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of a composite made from epoxy resin reinforced with woven glass fibers and jute fibers. The composite was fabricated using hand lay-up techniques. Tests were conducted to determine the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of the composite according to ASTM standards. The results of the experimental investigation are not discussed in the summary as the focus is on providing a high-level overview of the purpose and methodology described in the document.
Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete with Addition of Chopped Glass FiberIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effect of adding chopped glass fibers on the strength properties of concrete. Glass fibers were added at 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% of the total binder content. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete specimens containing different amounts of glass fibers were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the strengths increased with higher glass fiber content, with the 0.7% fiber mix achieving the highest strengths. Non-destructive rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests also indicated that concretes with glass fibers had better strength and quality than plain concrete without fibers.
Fabrication and Hardness Examination of Recycled Plastic Composite With Glass...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and hardness testing of recycled plastic composites with glass fiber for use as potential railway sleepers. Samples were produced by injection molding recycled plastics like HDPE and PP with glass fiber reinforcement. Hardness testing found the recycled plastic composite samples had higher hardness values than timber, indicating they could serve as alternatives for timber sleepers. Future work proposed further mechanical testing of composites molded into standard sleeper dimensions for potential commercial implementation as more sustainable replacements for timber sleepers.
Optimal performance characteristics and reinforcement combinationsEmeka Christian
This document investigates the optimal performance characteristics of coconut fibre reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer matrix composites. Three particle sizes of coconut fibre were used as filler material in HDPE at volume fractions up to 40%. Composite samples were prepared via injection moulding and tested according to ASTM standards for tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. The results showed that at an optimum volume fraction and particle size, the coconut fibre reinforced HDPE composite achieved tensile strength of 28.6 MPa, elastic modulus of 800 MPa, flexural strength of 22.3 MPa, impact strength of 55.0 J/m, and hardness of 54.0 HR.
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
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This document discusses biofuels and their interactions with food security. It provides an overview of why bioenergy is pursued, noting its renewable and sustainable nature as well as benefits like rural development. However, biofuels production must be done responsibly to avoid negative impacts on food security. The document advocates developing biofuels through sustainable intensification of land use and use of waste and degraded lands. It also discusses elements needed in policy frameworks and certification schemes for biofuels to reduce indirect land use change impacts on food production.
Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituents with different physical or chemical
properties, which remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. A fiber is a material, which is made into
a long filament with diameter generally in the order of 10 microns. The aspect ratio of length to diameter can be
ranging from thousands to infinity in continuous fibers. Increasing worldwide environmental awareness is
encouraging scientific research into the development of cheaper, more environmentally friendly and more
sustainable construction and packing materials. For environment concern on synthetic fiber (such as glass, carbon,
ceramic gibers etc) natural fibers (such as flax, hemp, jute, kenai) etc are widely used. Industrial hemp fiber is one
of the strongest of the natural fibers available and possesses benefits such as low cost and low production energy
requirements. The primary objective of this research is to fabricate the natural fiber composites with suitable
processing/manufacturing methods and to examine the mechanical properties when subjected to Tension, Bending
and to compare & contrast the results with the available literature. In this research work, hemp fiber reinforced
Epoxy matrix composites have been developed by hand layup method with varying process parameters, such as
coupling agent(with and without compatibilizers) and different fiber percentages (10%,20% and 30% by weight).
The developed composites were then characterized by tensile test and flexural testing. Results show that the tensile
strength and flexural properties increases with the increase in fiber percentage. However after a certain percentage
the tensile strength decreases again. Compared to untreated hemp fiber, no significant changes in the tensile strength
have been observed for treated hemp fiber reinforcement. The flexural strength / modulus of the composite were
higher compared to pure epoxy for all filler/fiber loadings.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Cissus Quadrangularis Stem/Glass Fiber ...IRJET Journal
1) The study characterized the mechanical properties of hybrid composites made from Cissus quadrangularis stem fiber (CQSF) and glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester.
2) Composites with 25 wt.% CQSF and 25 wt.% glass fiber exhibited significantly higher tensile, flexural, and impact strengths compared to composites with only CQSF, demonstrating that hybridizing CQSF with glass fiber enhances the mechanical properties.
3) Scanning electron microscope analysis of fracture surfaces showed good interfacial bonding between the fibers and polyester matrix in the hybrid composites.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Effect of short glass fiber and fillers on dry sliding wear behaviour of ther...IAEME Publication
The document summarizes research on the effect of short glass fiber and fillers on the dry sliding wear behavior of thermoplastic copolyester elastomer composites. Experiments were conducted using a Taguchi design of experiments with variables including filler content, sliding velocity, and sliding distance. Analysis of variance was used to determine the most influential parameters on specific wear rate. The experimental results showed that filler content had the greatest effect on specific wear rate, followed by sliding distance, while sliding velocity showed a negligible effect. Examination of worn surfaces revealed features associated with adhesion of the matrix to fibers as well as microcracking and debris formation.
Experimental investigation and analysis of mechanical properties of injectionIAEME Publication
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of injection molded jute and glass fiber reinforced hybrid polypropylene composites. Composites with varying weight percentages of jute and glass fibers were tested for tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties. The results showed that all the mechanical properties increased with increasing glass fiber content, as glass fibers have better adhesion to the matrix and higher strength than jute fibers. SEM images showed glass fibers fracturing and pulling out, along with jute fiber pull-out, under applied loads. The hybrid composites thus require greater forces to fail due to the combined effects of different fiber types.
This document describes research into developing glass/banana fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Banana fibers were obtained from banana plants and characterized. Glass and banana fibers were combined at various weight fractions and arranged interleaving to reinforce epoxy composites. The composites were tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength. Hybrid composites showed improved mechanical properties compared to glass-only and banana-only composites. Specifically, tensile strength increased by up to 2.5% for glass and 63.4% for banana when hybridized. Flexural strength increased up to 6.9% for glass and 27.3% for banana when hybridized. Impact strength increased up to 5.1% for
This document discusses the design and analysis of a composite bolt made of glass fiber and epoxy resin. It begins with an abstract that outlines the objectives of creating a low-cost composite bolt using glass fiber reinforcement in an epoxy matrix. It then reviews previous literature on composite materials and bolted joints, which found that addition of glass fibers increases strength and stiffness. The document describes the materials and methods used, including hand lay-up of epoxy resin reinforced with glass fibers. It presents results of testing the composite bolts and comparing the mechanical properties of unidirectional and bidirectional fiber orientations.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
IRJET- Effect of Strain Rate and Thickness on Mechanical Properties of Ju...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental study on the effect of strain rate and thickness on the mechanical properties of jute/glass hybrid fiber composites. Specimens of varying thicknesses (3.25mm, 4.8mm, 6.5mm) were tested at different strain rates using a universal testing machine. The properties tested included tensile modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and tensile toughness. Results showed that strain rate and specimen thickness affect the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite material. Specifically, the study found that increasing strain rate and decreasing thickness increased the tensile modulus and strength of the material.
1) The document investigates the effect of stacking sequence and hybridization on the tensile and flexural properties of composites made from basalt, jute, flax, and E-glass fibers reinforced with epoxy resin.
2) It was found that stacking sequence had little effect on tensile properties but a significant effect on flexural strength and modulus, with a sandwich-like sequence performing better.
3) Hybrid composites containing E-glass and basalt fibers had the highest specific tensile strength and modulus. E-glass/basalt performed better than E-glass/jute and E-glass/flax combinations in terms of strength to weight ratio.
The document describes an experimental study that characterized and compared the mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with either short glass fibers or short banana fibers. Composites with various fiber loadings were fabricated and their density, hardness, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and erosion wear resistance were measured using standard tests. The results showed that while the banana fiber composites had lower strength properties than the glass fiber composites, their erosion wear resistance was better, indicating banana fibers' potential as a reinforcement material that could replace glass fibers in some applications.
The document presents an experimental study on the effect of fiber orientation on the flexural strength of glass/epoxy composite material. Tests were conducted on samples with bidirectional glass fibers oriented at 0-90° and -45+45° for thicknesses of 4mm and 6mm. The results showed that the flexural strength was higher for the -45+45° orientation compared to the 0-90° orientation. Specifically, the 4mm -45+45° sample had a 16.36% higher flexural strength than the 4mm 0-90° sample, while the 6mm -45+45° sample had a 32% higher flexural strength than the 6mm 0-90° sample. Therefore, the study
Comparative Study on Strength Property of Fibre Reinforced Concrete using GI,...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the strength properties of fibre reinforced concrete using coconut, glass, and galvanized iron (GI) fibres. Preliminary tests were conducted on the materials used, including cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, GI fibres, coconut fibres, and glass fibres. A mix design for M25 grade concrete was developed. Concrete cubes and cylinders containing 1% fibre by volume were tested to determine their compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths. The test results were compared to analyze how the different fibre types affect the strength properties of concrete. Previous research that also studied the use of these fibre types is reviewed.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Behaviour of Epoxy Resin Reinforced wit...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of a composite made from epoxy resin reinforced with woven glass fibers and jute fibers. The composite was fabricated using hand lay-up techniques. Tests were conducted to determine the tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness of the composite according to ASTM standards. The results of the experimental investigation are not discussed in the summary as the focus is on providing a high-level overview of the purpose and methodology described in the document.
Experimental Study on Strength of Concrete with Addition of Chopped Glass FiberIRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effect of adding chopped glass fibers on the strength properties of concrete. Glass fibers were added at 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7% of the total binder content. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of concrete specimens containing different amounts of glass fibers were tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that the strengths increased with higher glass fiber content, with the 0.7% fiber mix achieving the highest strengths. Non-destructive rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity tests also indicated that concretes with glass fibers had better strength and quality than plain concrete without fibers.
Fabrication and Hardness Examination of Recycled Plastic Composite With Glass...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and hardness testing of recycled plastic composites with glass fiber for use as potential railway sleepers. Samples were produced by injection molding recycled plastics like HDPE and PP with glass fiber reinforcement. Hardness testing found the recycled plastic composite samples had higher hardness values than timber, indicating they could serve as alternatives for timber sleepers. Future work proposed further mechanical testing of composites molded into standard sleeper dimensions for potential commercial implementation as more sustainable replacements for timber sleepers.
Optimal performance characteristics and reinforcement combinationsEmeka Christian
This document investigates the optimal performance characteristics of coconut fibre reinforced high-density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer matrix composites. Three particle sizes of coconut fibre were used as filler material in HDPE at volume fractions up to 40%. Composite samples were prepared via injection moulding and tested according to ASTM standards for tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. The results showed that at an optimum volume fraction and particle size, the coconut fibre reinforced HDPE composite achieved tensile strength of 28.6 MPa, elastic modulus of 800 MPa, flexural strength of 22.3 MPa, impact strength of 55.0 J/m, and hardness of 54.0 HR.
Experimental study on young’s modulus of f.r.c with bottom ashIJARIIT
The experiment investigation has been conducted on hybrid fibre reinforced concrete (combine of hooked end
polyolefin & steel fiber) get the volume of aggregate fibre 0.6%, 1.1% and 1.3% were readied Workability conditions like
blending, compaction & curing conditions. To adding of uniformly dispersed fibre to concrete will give fitness to the structure
and improve its dynamic, static properties. The cylinder dimensions are 150mmX300mm.The experiment result shows that the
concrete strength of steel fibre with the addition of decrease to PCC. The Young’s Modulus of samples increases with the
amounts of steel fibers in the concrete mix. The form of concrete in which fibres are added is called as FRC. The addition extra
than one or two fibres in the concrete is Called as HFRC. Fibres can be used in tension members in the structures because the
structure will be strongest in compression and weakest in tension members. Here Steel fibre & polyolefin fibre are used as Hybrid
fibres in HFRC. A trial was directed out to ponder the impacts of steel fiber and polyolefin fibre in various extents in concrete.
Compressive strength tests were conducted to know the properties of hardened concrete. The experiment also aimed to study the
capacity of BA as a fine aggregate in concreting mix. Bottom ash is a scrap material available in industries like thermal power
plants. Fiber expansion supposedly enhanced an expansion in compressive quality and ductility respectively. The fine aggregate
is replaced by 15% of bottom ash. The Final Results of this experiment showing the percentage of hybrid fibres it the maximum
performance of the concrete. Adding of HF generally energy absorbing an increases value of strength. The Young’s modulus of
concrete is a very critical factor in the concrete to elastically deform. The whole laboratory experiments were conducted in Malla
Reddy Institute of Technology at CT&HM laboratory, Maisammaguda, Hyderabad.
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
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This document discusses biofuels and their interactions with food security. It provides an overview of why bioenergy is pursued, noting its renewable and sustainable nature as well as benefits like rural development. However, biofuels production must be done responsibly to avoid negative impacts on food security. The document advocates developing biofuels through sustainable intensification of land use and use of waste and degraded lands. It also discusses elements needed in policy frameworks and certification schemes for biofuels to reduce indirect land use change impacts on food production.
Este documento describe un proyecto de turismo en Vigo para estudiantes de 16-18 años. El objetivo es mejorar las habilidades lingüísticas y digitales de los estudiantes a través de la creación de un video promocional de la ciudad en francés. Las actividades incluyen presentaciones de los estudiantes, investigación sobre lugares de interés en la ciudad, y la grabación y edición de un video turístico que se compartirá en línea.
The document describes the BMW 8 Series Convertible. It highlights the vehicle's powerful yet efficient engines, precise handling, and advanced safety features. The summary also notes the innovative lighting design and how virtual reality allows BMW designers to test vehicles digitally before prototypes are built.
Cornell Alumni Leadership Conference - Technology as an Engagement Tool PanelElizabeth (Liz) Ngonzi
Liz Ngonzi presented on using a Facebook group to help the President's Council of Cornell Women (PCCW) meet its communications goals. PCCW aims to increase member participation, create a sense of community, and balance the needs of different members. Ngonzi proposed that a private Facebook group could help address these aims in the short and medium term by allowing members to connect virtually and share successes online while respecting members' privacy and time. The presentation concluded with Ngonzi's contact information for any questions.
"Bandi 2015 per l'Edilizia" - Una panoramica su temi chiave in ambito Green Building, Energy Efficiency, Materials Innovation, priorità e strategie europee, regole di partecipazione con simulazione pratica e opportunità per le PMI.
Presentazione di Elena Casiraghi, referente CertiMaC - Europrogettazione e Networking, Projects & Funding Unit. H2020 per l'edilizia.
Spanish Bit Resort, LLC is developing an integrated resort called the Spanish Bit Resort & Casino in Jackpot, Nevada. The resort will include a 600-room hotel, full-scale casino, spa, restaurants, entertainment venues, and an indoor water park. The company has acquired land and secured entitlements to begin construction with an opening planned for Summer 2010. The project aims to take advantage of the underserved gaming market in Jackpot and expects to achieve substantial revenue and market share within five years of opening.
El documento habla sobre las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC). Define las TIC como el estudio, diseño, desarrollo, fomento, mantenimiento y administración de la información a través de sistemas informáticos. Explica que las TIC son importantes porque permiten realizar muchas funciones que facilitan la vida cotidiana y han evolucionado tecnologías como Internet y la telefonía móvil que permiten acceder a información. Finalmente, enumera algunas características clave de las TIC como su naturale
Este documento describe métodos para trazar ejes paralelos y perpendiculares. Explica cómo usar una escuadra, cinta métrica, método egipcio y taquímetro para trazar perpendiculares con diferentes niveles de precisión. También detalla métodos como usar perpendiculares de igual longitud, taquímetro y diagonales para trazar paralelas a una línea de referencia. El objetivo es conocer estas técnicas para el replanteo de proyectos de construcción.
This document provides instructions for a group project assigning students to research drawings used in different construction professions. The project involves tasks in three modules: Introduction to Drawing, Introduction to Construction Industry, and English I. Students will be assigned to one of eight professions and research the types of drawings used. They will present their findings in a group presentation and submit a compiled CD with the presentation, video, and references. The presentation will be assessed based on demonstrated understanding of the brief, content, and creativity/clarity. Individual performance will also be evaluated through peer and instructor assessment.
Barkat Ali is applying for a suitable position mentioned in an email. He has a MBA in marketing and over 15 years of experience in IT and technical solution sales. He is looking to use his skills and experience to meaningfully contribute to the organization. His resume is enclosed providing further details on his qualifications and work history in various sales roles related to IT products. He assures that if selected, he will work hard with integrity and loyalty to satisfy the employer.
Este documento discute as políticas educacionais que permitiram a expansão do ensino a distância no Brasil nos últimos anos. Apresenta as principais leis e decretos sobre o ensino a distância no país desde a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases de 1996. Também mostra estatísticas que indicam um grande crescimento no número de cursos, vagas e matrículas na modalidade a distância entre 2007-2008.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This study experimentally investigates the effect of hybridizing jute and glass fibers on the mechanical properties of polyester composites. Jute fiber reinforced polyester composites (JFRPC), glass fiber reinforced polyester composites (GFRPC), and various hybrid fiber reinforced polyester composites (HFRPC) were fabricated and tested. Tensile and flexural testing showed that HFRPC exhibited higher strength properties than JFRPC or GFRPC alone, due to the combined properties of both natural jute and synthetic glass fibers. In particular, composites with 2% jute fiber and varying amounts of glass fiber achieved comparable strengths to GFRPC at a lower cost. Therefore, hybridizing jute and glass
This document investigates the effect of fiber type and orientation on the tensile and flexural properties of jute and bamboo fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. Laminates were fabricated with jute and bamboo fibers oriented at 0/90 degrees and 45/45 degrees. Testing found that composites with 0/90 orientation had higher tensile and flexural strengths than those with 45/45 orientation. Jute composites generally exhibited higher strengths than bamboo composites. SEM images showed better fiber dispersion and distribution in jute composites. The study concludes that fiber type and orientation influence mechanical properties, with jute at 0/90 orientation exhibiting the highest strengths for potential structural applications.
ELASTIC PROPERTY EVALUATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE USING SU...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research conducted on evaluating the elastic properties of fiber-reinforced geopolymer composites using sugarcane bagasse fiber. Composites with various weight percentages of bagasse fiber (0%, 2%, 5%, 7%) were fabricated and tested. Vibration testing found that composites with 2% fiber had the highest natural frequencies, while damping decreased with increasing fiber content. Tensile testing showed that strength increased with higher fiber content, with the 7% composite exhibiting the highest ultimate strength. In general, the addition of bagasse fiber improved the elastic properties and strength of the geopolymer composites.
COMPARATIVE AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF GLASS FIBER REINFORCED WITH JUT...IRJET Journal
The document discusses an investigation into composite materials reinforced with glass fibers, jute fibers, and silicon carbide powder. Researchers looked at the mechanical properties of these composites under tensile, compression, and impact loading. They found that hand layup fabrication resulted in better performance for natural fiber reinforcement with glass fibers. Silicon carbide was shown to be an excellent material for absorbing and carrying heavy loads. The document provides details on the materials and testing methods used in the study.
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
A study on flexural strength of hybrid polymer composite materials e glass fibIAEME Publication
This document discusses a study on the flexural strength of hybrid polymer composite materials made of E-glass fibers, carbon fibers, and graphite particles in an epoxy resin matrix. The study varies the thickness of the laminates from 2mm to 4mm and uses two different grades of epoxy resin, 5052 and 556, as the matrix material. Flexural tests were conducted to evaluate how the flexural strength is affected by varying the laminate thickness and using different matrix materials. The goal of the study was to generate material property data for these hybrid composite laminates fabricated using the hand layup and room temperature vacuum bag molding process.
Investigation on 3-body abrasive behaviour of glass fiber and ramie fiber rei...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an investigation into the three-body abrasive wear behavior of glass fiber and ramie fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites. Hybrid composites with varying proportions of glass and ramie fibers were manufactured using hand layup and tested for three-body abrasive wear under different parameters. The optimal parameters that resulted in the lowest wear rate were found to be A3 (30% ramie), B1 (580g load), and C2 (2000m sliding distance). Sliding distance was the most significant influencing factor on wear, followed by load, while fiber proportion was the least influencing. SEM analysis showed micro-plucking, micro-cutting and micro-cracks on worn surfaces. The Ra10
This document summarizes a micromechanical analysis of a hybrid composite with carbon and Dyneema SK-60 fibers done using finite element analysis in ABAQUS. Different fiber volume fractions were studied. The analysis obtained stiffness and strength properties. Results showed the first fiber to fail longitudinally in each unit strain case, with carbon failing first in most cases except strain in the z-direction, where Dyneema failed first.
Tensile properties of unidirectional glass/epoxy composites at different orie...IJERA Editor
In this work, Diglycidyl Ether of BisphenolA(DGEBA) / TriEthylene Tetra Amine(TETA) system is used as the epoxy matrix and unidirectional glass fabric is used to reinforce with the polymer matrix by hand layup and vacuum bagging process. The glass fibre reinforced composites are prepared with fibre orientations of 0°, 45° and 90°. The specimens, after preparation, are tested for various tensile properties at different angles of the laminate. The tensile properties studied in this case are Tensile Strength, Tensile Modulus, Specific Tensile Strength and Specific Tensile Modulus. The result shave then been tabulated and studied to understand variation in the properties with orientation of fibre in the composite. Experimental procedure is carried out as per ASTM D3039 standards.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TENSILE PROPERTIES OF TREATED BAMBOO NATURAL FIBRE POLYME...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on the tensile properties of bamboo fiber polymer composites. Various bamboo fiber-epoxy composite samples were created with different fiber weight percentages (0-30%) using hand lay-up. Tensile testing found that the tensile strength increased with fiber content up to 25% bamboo fiber, where it reached a maximum of 53.61 MPa. Further increases in fiber content led to decreases in tensile strength. The study demonstrated that tensile strength of the bamboo fiber composites depends on the fiber loading percentage.
The document discusses a study on the effect of stacking sequence on the tribological properties of woven jute-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. It summarizes previous literature on natural fiber composites and erosion behavior. The objective of the current work is to study the mechanical properties and erosion wear behavior of hybrid composites with different stacking sequences of jute and glass fibers. Experimental aspects discussed include the materials used, specimen preparation method, and evaluation of erosion rates under varying test parameters.
IRJET- Mechanical Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composites for Transport...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the fabrication and mechanical characterization of a polymer matrix composite tube for transportation safety applications. The tube was fabricated using a hand layup process with layers of Kevlar and glass fibers in an epoxy matrix. Compression testing of the tube showed that it withstood a maximum load of 58.4 kN and had a compressive strength of 82.13 MPa, indicating its potential use for energy absorption applications in automobiles. A literature review presented research on the mechanical properties of Kevlar and fiber-reinforced composites, highlighting their use in impact and ballistic resistance.
Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Jute Fibre/Glass Fiber and Epoxy Combined ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that enhanced the mechanical properties of jute fiber and glass fiber composites by mixing them with epoxy resin. Four different composite laminates were fabricated using jute and glass fibers in different layer arrangements. The composites were tested for tensile strength, impact strength, hardness, and their microstructure was analyzed using SEM and EDS. The JGGJ laminate composite showed the highest tensile strength at 76.22 MPa while the GJJG laminate had the highest impact strength. SEM images revealed better bonding between jute fibers and epoxy than glass fibers. Overall, incorporating epoxy resin improved the mechanical properties of jute and glass fiber composites and made them more
Analysis The Mechanical Behaviour Of Jute Fiber Composite An Integrated ApproachIJSRD
In this project work, the jute fiber and glass fiber composite laminate specimens are prepared as per ASTM standards. The composite laminate with the jute and glass fiber are fabricated by simple hand layup technique. The composite laminate undergoes various mechanical testing as tensile test, impact test, water absorption test and the mechanical properties are analyzed. In general the jute fiber composites are great strength, low cost and low density and it’s have enough potential for reinforcing agent.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation and Vibrational Behaviour of Laminated Hybr...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates the mechanical and vibration properties of laminated hybrid composites made of epoxy reinforced with Kevlar and basalt fibers at different orientations. Samples were fabricated using hand layup and tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, and natural frequencies using testing equipment. The results showed that the composite with a fiber orientation of (00/-450/+450/-450/+45/00) had the highest tensile strength, flexural strength, tensile modulus, and natural frequencies, indicating improved stiffness properties compared to other orientations tested.
To Study the mechanical properties of coconut coir fiber reinforced with epo...IJMER
In this study the Mechanical Properties of Coconut coir Fiber is reinforced with epoxy resin
of different lengths (5mm,10mm,15mm) and coir fibers by treating the fiber with NaOH by fraction of
5 % are studied here. All samples were made using hand layup technique and specimens were prepared
as per ASTM standard D3039. The samples were tested according to ASTM D3039 standard using
Universal testing machine (UTM). The significant findings of the research showed that NaOH
treatment improved the tensile properties, ductility and hardness of the composite further Increase in
length of fibers was found to increase the tensile strength. The maximum tensile strength was found for
15 mm length of coir fibers
A comparative study on the influence of MWCNT, GO, and Al(OH)3 gel matrix mo...Adib Bin Rashid
The main objective of this paper was to identify the influence of different filler materials on the properties of hybrid composites. The hybrid composites were fabricated using randomly oriented glass fiber mats, needle punched jute fiber mats, and epoxy resin as the matrix material. Three different kinds of filler materials were studied: Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO), and Aluminum Hydroxide (AlOH)
nanoparticles. The secondary reinforcements were dispersed in the epoxy matrix through ultrasonication. The
composites were made by conventional hand lay-up followed by applying high pressure and temperature under a hydraulic press to effectively cure and minimize voids within the final composite. These were compared with the
properties of the unmodified composite containing no filler. The influence on mechanical properties was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests. Failure modes of the fractured tensile specimen were observed
through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis was done to observe
the changes in the chemical structure upon the addition of secondary reinforcements. Lastly, water absorption
behavior and flame retardancy were observed as well. The results showed that MWCNT resulted in the composite
exhibiting superior properties and GO, on the contrary, led to the deterioration of the properties. This could be
because an optimum concentration of MWCNT was used, whereas this was not the case for GO filler. The addition
of MWCNT resulted in a more substantial but brittle composite, while AlOH enhanced the ductility of the
composite by compromising the overall strength. Hence, it can be concluded that MWCNT resulted in the formation of composites with the most desired properties.
Effect of Nanoparticles on E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin CompositesIJMER
In the present work fabrication of composite material(E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin +
NANO CaCO3) was carried out and their tensile properties viz tensile strength, tensile
strain(%),young's modulus, energy at maximum load and brihnall hardness number were found.
Specimens of E-Glass Fiber Epoxy Resin) hybrid composites are prepared with four different
compositions of nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO3), viz., 0,3,5 and 7%.Each specimen consisting of
40%GF. The specimens are prepared by hand lay up method.. Tests are conducted on these specimens
to determine the tensile strength, tensile strain, young's modulus energy at maximum load and
hardness number at room temperature using universal testing machine and Brihnell hardness testing
machine. The influence of the nano-CaCO3 content on the mechanical properties tensile of hybrid
composites was studied. It is found that the reinforcing and toughening effects of the E-Glass epoxy
hybrid composites are increased by adding nano-CaCO3.The tensile strength, tensile strain, young’s
modulus and energy at max load of these composites increased nonlinearly with the addition of the
nano-CaCO3
Similar to Tensile behavior of environment friendly jute epoxy laminated (20)
2. 783Md. Rashnal Hossain et al. / Procedia Engineering 56 (2013) 782 – 788
compression molding, hand–lay–up for jute like natural fiber, with moderately higher volume fraction (50%) of fiber
reinforcement could produce composites of moderate to superior mechanical properties [12].
Synthetic fiber reinforced composite processing procedures are prepregging, resin transfer molding (RTM) and vacuum
assisted resin infiltration (similar to RTM, but different in infiltration pressure) [13]. However, its versatility still attracted
the intention of natural fiber composite researchers to utilize these techniques [14]. In this work, jute–thermoset continuous
and angel ply laminated composites were made by vacuum assisted resin infiltration (VARI) technique and their mechanical
properties (tensile and three point bend) were characterized.
1.1. Experimental
1.1.1 Materials and methods
In this research work retted, water washed and sun dried Bangla White Grade B (BWB) jute was collected from
Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI) and single jute fiber tensile tests were carried out.
Four layer laminate preforms of size 400mmX400mm were made with jute fiber bunch and staking them in the following
sequences (0/0/0/0), 0/+45°/-45°/0 and 0/90°/90°/0. Preforms were dried at 60°C overnight prior to composite fabrication.
As resin epoxy Epikote 828Lvel (Bisphenol A and Epichlorehydrin) and Diaminocyclohexane hardener were used. Then
jute epoxy based composite was made employing standard VARI technique [13].
Tensile properties in longitudinal and transverse directions of the jute epoxy laminated composites were characterized as
per ASTM D3039 standard. Three point bending as per ASTM D790 was also carried out to see the trend in strength and
stiffness variation of the composites. Here 0˚ laminate direction is always taken as the principle loading direction.
After all mechanical tests, composite fracture surfaces were cut off and they were observed under a very high resolution
FEG SEM of model PHILIPS XL30 FEG.
2. Results and discussion
2.1. BWB jute fiber properties
The tensile properties of used BWB jute and epoxy matrix are strength 844.72 ± 142.47 and 81.72 ± 13.16 MPa,
stiffness 55.66 ± 2.11and 3.89 ± 0.53 GPa, and strain to failure 1.67% ± 0.31% and 2.23% ± 0.50% respectively [4]. But,
as an anisotropic material, jute fiber has a large scatter in tensile properties depending on test specimen span length, test
machine slippage and presence of inherent and surface of defects, which is graphically shown in Fig 1 a and b.
(a)
y = -8.7757x + 844.72
R² = 0.664
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
900.00
1000.00
0 10 20 30 40
TensileStrength(MPa)
Span Length (mm)
Average Linear (Average)
(b)
y = -123.99x + 54.586
R² = 0.7395
y = 1.2623x + 55.663
R² = 0.0021
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
E-Modulus(GPa)
(1/Span length) (1/mm)
UnCorrected Corrected Linear (UnCorrected) Linear (Corrected)
Fig. 1. Tensile strength and stiffness of BWB jute fiber in relation to span length; a) tensile strength curve and b) tensile stiffness curve.
3. 784 Md. Rashnal Hossain et al. / Procedia Engineering 56 (2013) 782 – 788
Fig 1 represents the strength of BWB jute fiber as a function of test specimen lengths. The tensile strength of the jute
fiber decreases with increase in the span length and scatter for each span is relatively higher for lower span length compared
to that of the higher span length. The probability of finding a defect along the loading direction of fiber is very much
unpredictable for low span. But for higher span the probability of finding a single or a number of defects are greater and so
the tensile strength value is lower along with lower scatter band. On the other hand, stiffness/E-modulus/Young’s modulus
is independent of span length, defect of fiber and machine slippage [4]. Typical BWB jute fiber defects are shown in Fig 2.
This is since the load bearing part of the fiber is the cellulose micro fibril and the lower the micro fibril angle (jute micro
fibril angle is less than 8°) the higher the mechanical properties [4]. Also cellulose micro fibril is the purest form of natural
cellulose, which could be in crystalline and amorphous forms that contribute as the fiber stiffness enhancer similar to that of
the fiber reinforcement in composite.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. Typical defects of BWB jute fiber; a) lateral surface defect and b) cross-sectional defect.
3. Mechanical properties of composite laminates
Composite material is composed of two or more materials, where individual constituent material is not capable to
provide required service properties. However, combination of the constituent materials provides the targeted service
properties and reliability of the product. In this research work, jute reinforced epoxy based composites were developed to
improve the service properties of epoxy. Concerning the experimental results, a common remark from Table 1 is that the
longitudinal strength, stiffness and strain to failure in the principal (0°) loading direction have a decreasing trend with
increasing laminate angle. Whereas, 0/+45/-45/0 laminate under three point load shows higher strength than unidirectional
laminate due to fiber-fiber and fiber-matrix shearing in the +45/-45 angle. According to the rule of mixture, the 25 vol%
reinforced BWB jute polymer composite should show yield strength 272.47MPa. But, practically, the developed composite
showed the yield and three point bend strengths to be, respectively, 112.69 and 138.94 MPa (Table 2). These experimental
results clearly revealed a significant loss in reinforcement efficiency, which has also been noticed by other [15]. The reason
behind this efficiency loss is due to presence of defects in fibers of various concentrations and geometries.
Table 1. Longitudinal behaviour of laminate
Properties Laminate
Type
Strength
MPa
SD Strain To
Failure
SD Stiffness
GPa
SD
Tensile 0-0 112.69 18.31 0.82% 0.17% 14.59 2.28
0-45 64.31 13.18 0.64% 0.15% 10.46 0.56
0-90 42.54 6.42 0.43% 0.05% 11.13 1.47
3PBT 0-0 138.94 18.62 1.94% 0.70% 10.31 3.95
0-45 149.71 20.19 1.99% 0.43% 9.88 2.13
0-90 106.27 20.44 1.98% 0.45% 7.61 1.95
4. 785Md. Rashnal Hossain et al. / Procedia Engineering 56 (2013) 782 – 788
Table 2. Transverse behavior of laminates
Properties Laminate
Type
Strength
MPa
SD Strain To
Failure
SD Stiffness
GPa
SD
Tensile 0-0 11.06 3.30 0.35% 0.04% 3.25 0.62
0-45 21.33 2.08 0.80% 0.38% 4.46 0.64
0-90 39.10 10.85 0.53% 0.19% 8.97 0.74
3PBT 0-0 18.24 7.79 1.12% 0.30% 1.68 0.38
0-45 49.44 8.01 3.67% 0.69% 3.34 0.67
0-90 50.71 8.13 2.84% 0.15% 2.95 0.43
Transverse mechanical properties of the fabricated composites are shown in Table 2. The strength value in both tensile
and 3 point bending showed increasing trend with increasing laminate angle. From Table 1 and 2, we notice that the 0-90
laminate posses similar types of strength and stiffness properties. The strain value of 0-45 laminate under 3 point bend load
is distinctly higher and close to 4%. The reason behind this will be explained latter.
3.1. Fracture analysis of UD and 0 – 90 composite
The jute fibers surface conditions are not always similar and the probability of larger size defects in long span test
specimen is also high. As a result, compatibility and adhesion between jute fiber and the matrix vary, which also contributes
to lower tensile strength of the developed composites.
Tensile strength in the transverse direction is also lower than that of the theoretical values and significantly lower than
that of the longitudinal direction. The probable reason could be mixed mode fiber-matrix interfaces. Along with this
inhomogeneous fiber content, irregular bonding between matrix/fiber interfaces, voids, inherent defects of the jute fiber, etc.
seriously degrade the tensile strength of the composite [15]. As a consequence of the combined degrading effects, the
experimental strength of the composites in the transverse direction becomes significantly lower than that of the longitudinal
direction. Ultimately, in any direction, the maximum fiber strength efficiency has not been achieved.
The higher values of tensile strengths in the longitudinal direction can be explained by fracture morphology as shown in
Fig 3. In this case, at first, matrix was broken because of its relatively lower tensile strength followed by fiber matrix
debonding and pullout. At last stage, jute fiber having relatively higher tensile strength was broken. The sequence of events
could be; a) loading, b) matrix cracking and crazing, c) fiber/matrix interface or inter-phase debonding, d) start of fiber
failure, e) further debonding and pullout of fiber from matrix, and f) final fiber failure followed by composite failure. As the
jute fiber has a high tensile strength, so the composite showed higher tensile strength in the longitudinal direction.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Composite failure modes under longitudinal loading; a) tensile fracture and b) 3 point bending fracture.
In the case of transverse direction, tensile failure of 0/0 laminate jute fiber composites fiber slicing and debonding at
fiber/matrix interfaces have been found to be dominating mode of fracture, Fig 4. Here, most of the cross sectional area is
covered by the weak fiber/matrix interface and/or bunch of jute fiber. As a result, for 0/0 laminate of jute fiber composites a
drastic decrease in tensile strength was observed.
Pullout
Debonding
Fiber splitting
5. 786 Md. Rashnal Hossain et al. / Procedia Engineering 56 (2013) 782 – 788
(a) (b)
Fig. 4. Fiber and matrix failure under transverse tensile load; a) fiber slicing and b) fiber matrix debonding (3 point bending).
3.2. Fracture analysis of 0/+45/-45/0 composite
The lower strength of 0/+45/-45/0 laminate in the principle loading direction is attributed to matrix dominated shear
force, which inherently dependent on the lower fiber volume fraction (25%) of reinforcement. Along with this, the higher
transverse strength in this direction is due to the higher shear-force acting between ±45° laminate layers.
Fig 5 indicates the typical fracture surface of 0/+45/-45/0 composite under longitudinal load. Failure is characterized by
matrix fiber matrix shearing, matrix and fiber shearing. Some fiber pullout in ±45° direction is also observed. Since, there is
fiber matrix shearing, so fiber debris is also observed during 3 point bending. Large matrix crack owing to shearing effect is
a characteristic failure criteria of jute epoxy 0/+45/-45/0 composite under the three point bend load as indicated rectangle in
Fig 5b.
Fig. 5. Fiber and matrix failure under transverse tensile load; a) fiber slicing and b) debonding.
Another characteristic failure feature of 0-45 laminate under transverse loading is fiber matrix interface failure indicated
by shear-lip type wavy fracture surface; Fig 6.
Fig. 6. Fracture surface of 0/+45/-45/0 composite laminate under transverse load showing fracture of share-lip type wavy nature.
Shear
Pullout
Debonding
Fiber splitting
6. 787Md. Rashnal Hossain et al. / Procedia Engineering 56 (2013) 782 – 788
Matrix failure in spherulitic fashion indicates the presence of compressive force around fiber (marked by arrow) as
shown in Fig 7a. This compressive zone is more brittle than the surrounding matrix and shows the tendency of matrix
cracking under longitudinal load in principal loading direction. This presence of compressive force is confirmed by crazing
zone (marked by arrow) around fiber under transverse loading condition, which is shown in Fig 7b. In this loading condition
brittle fiber failure (marked by arrow) is also observed as indicated by arrow in Fig 7c.
(a) (b) (c)
Fig. 7. Crazing of jute epoxy composite under transverse tensile loading; a) spherulitic failure, b) crazing and c) fiber failure.
4. Conclusion
In this research work, vacuum assisted resin infiltration (VARI) techniques with preform staking sequences (0/0/0/0),
0/+45°/-45°/0 and 0/90°/90°/0 were used to fabricate the composites. From this research work, the following conclusions
are made.
In longitudinal direction, the tensile strength and stiffness of 0-0 laminate composites have been found to be higher
compared to that of 0-45 or 0-90 laminate composites. In the same direction, however, the trends for bending
strength test results were opposite. The higher values of tensile strengths in the longitudinal direction was due to
higher degree of fiber pull out in this direction, which caused a relatively higher level of fracture surface.
In transverse direction, both the tensile and bending strengths 0-0 laminate composites have been found to be lower
compared to that of 0-45 or 0-90 laminate composites. In the case of transverse direction of 0/0/0/0 (UD)
composites the reinforced jute fiber experienced drastic slicing and fibrillation. This behavior of jute fiber is
believed to be the main reason for the poor transverse mechanical properties of the developed composite.
Compared to transverse three point bending of 0/0/0/0 (UD) composite 0/+45/-45/0 composite showed higher
strength. This relatively higher strength of 0/+45/-45/0 composite is due to the shear lip type fracture surface.
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely acknowledge the support of Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Katholieke
Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44 bus 2450, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium. They also acknowledge the cooperation
of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering Department, BUET, Dhaka-1000.
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