Participation in everyday occupations is vital for human development and well-being. Occupational therapy focuses on enabling participation in meaningful activities. The document discusses key aspects of participation including:
1) Participation has positive influences on health, life satisfaction, and development. It is reduced by disability, leading to less diverse and social activities.
2) Occupational therapists should understand participation, how to measure and facilitate it, across all populations.
3) Meaningful participation requires balance between an activity's challenge and one's skills, feelings of choice and mastery, and a supportive environment.
The document discusses occupational deprivation and the role of occupational therapists in addressing it. It defines occupational deprivation as being precluded from meaningful occupations due to factors outside an individual's control. Occupational deprivation can negatively impact health and well-being. The document outlines how some groups in Australia experience occupational deprivation and notes that occupational therapists work to promote participation and challenge barriers to occupation. It recommends that occupational therapists raise awareness of occupational deprivation and work in partnerships to address it through various means, including advocacy and programs.
This article discusses the role of occupational therapists in the Canadian military context. It begins by providing background on the historical role of occupational therapists in rehabilitating injured military members, but notes that currently there are no uniformed occupational therapists and only a few civilian occupational therapists employed by the Canadian Forces.
The article then outlines some key concepts in occupational therapy, including the definition of "occupation" and the relationship between a person, their occupations, and their environments. It discusses how injuries can cause occupational disruption, deprivation, or imbalance.
The article suggests that permanently employing more occupational therapists within the Canadian Forces could help address some of the occupational needs of military members, such as those with serious long-term injuries, by providing
This document summarizes the results of a critical review of research examining the relationship between occupation and health and well-being. 22 studies from health and social sciences literature were reviewed using specific methodological criteria. The findings provided moderate to strong evidence that occupation has an important influence on health and well-being. However, most research was conducted with people without disabilities, so further research is needed to understand the relationship between occupation and health/well-being for people with disabilities affecting daily occupations.
This document summarizes a pilot study that examined the relationship between perceived occupational balance and health. The study used a questionnaire to assess perceptions of 146 respondents regarding ideal and current balances of physical, mental, social, and rest occupations. The results found that for many respondents, ideal occupational balance involved approximately equal involvement in each occupation type. Additionally, those who reported their current occupations as closer to this ideal balance also reported better health, showing a statistically significant correlation. The promising results of this pilot study warrant further investigation into the relationship between occupational balance and health.
This article discusses the concepts of occupational justice and how occupational therapists can apply an occupational justice framework in their practice. It provides two case examples - Sarah, a 2-year-old girl with developmental delays, and James, a 61-year-old man with a stroke - to illustrate how occupational therapists can identify and address occupational injustices clients face. The article proposes a process for occupational therapists to 1) frame client issues as occupational injustices, 2) identify the type and potential causes of injustice, 3) recognize avenues to influence issues, and 4) take action to address the injustice. The goal is to promote occupational justice at both the individual client and societal level.
1) The document discusses a study that explored the daily routines and quality of life of 10 individuals with chronic pain through interviews and assessments. 2) A grounded theory called the "Paradigm of Life" emerged from the data, which found that chronic pain disrupts individuals' occupations and impacts their quality of life. 3) The theory shows how engaging in meaningful occupations can enhance quality of life by providing distraction from pain and a sense of control.
The document discusses the importance of studying occupations from an occupational science perspective. It addresses why occupations are important to humans, how they are shaped by various contexts, and what different occupations mean to individuals. The study of occupations can help understand how life is disrupted or at risk of disruption, and provide a lens on individuals, groups, and communities. Occupations are shaped by culture and take on various meanings for different people.
The document discusses key concepts related to occupation, including:
- Occupation is active, purposeful, meaningful, contextualized, and impacts health.
- Occupation involves behaviors through which humans make their place in the physical, temporal, and social world.
- Occupation exists on a continuum from roles to occupations to activities to tasks.
The document discusses occupational deprivation and the role of occupational therapists in addressing it. It defines occupational deprivation as being precluded from meaningful occupations due to factors outside an individual's control. Occupational deprivation can negatively impact health and well-being. The document outlines how some groups in Australia experience occupational deprivation and notes that occupational therapists work to promote participation and challenge barriers to occupation. It recommends that occupational therapists raise awareness of occupational deprivation and work in partnerships to address it through various means, including advocacy and programs.
This article discusses the role of occupational therapists in the Canadian military context. It begins by providing background on the historical role of occupational therapists in rehabilitating injured military members, but notes that currently there are no uniformed occupational therapists and only a few civilian occupational therapists employed by the Canadian Forces.
The article then outlines some key concepts in occupational therapy, including the definition of "occupation" and the relationship between a person, their occupations, and their environments. It discusses how injuries can cause occupational disruption, deprivation, or imbalance.
The article suggests that permanently employing more occupational therapists within the Canadian Forces could help address some of the occupational needs of military members, such as those with serious long-term injuries, by providing
This document summarizes the results of a critical review of research examining the relationship between occupation and health and well-being. 22 studies from health and social sciences literature were reviewed using specific methodological criteria. The findings provided moderate to strong evidence that occupation has an important influence on health and well-being. However, most research was conducted with people without disabilities, so further research is needed to understand the relationship between occupation and health/well-being for people with disabilities affecting daily occupations.
This document summarizes a pilot study that examined the relationship between perceived occupational balance and health. The study used a questionnaire to assess perceptions of 146 respondents regarding ideal and current balances of physical, mental, social, and rest occupations. The results found that for many respondents, ideal occupational balance involved approximately equal involvement in each occupation type. Additionally, those who reported their current occupations as closer to this ideal balance also reported better health, showing a statistically significant correlation. The promising results of this pilot study warrant further investigation into the relationship between occupational balance and health.
This article discusses the concepts of occupational justice and how occupational therapists can apply an occupational justice framework in their practice. It provides two case examples - Sarah, a 2-year-old girl with developmental delays, and James, a 61-year-old man with a stroke - to illustrate how occupational therapists can identify and address occupational injustices clients face. The article proposes a process for occupational therapists to 1) frame client issues as occupational injustices, 2) identify the type and potential causes of injustice, 3) recognize avenues to influence issues, and 4) take action to address the injustice. The goal is to promote occupational justice at both the individual client and societal level.
1) The document discusses a study that explored the daily routines and quality of life of 10 individuals with chronic pain through interviews and assessments. 2) A grounded theory called the "Paradigm of Life" emerged from the data, which found that chronic pain disrupts individuals' occupations and impacts their quality of life. 3) The theory shows how engaging in meaningful occupations can enhance quality of life by providing distraction from pain and a sense of control.
The document discusses the importance of studying occupations from an occupational science perspective. It addresses why occupations are important to humans, how they are shaped by various contexts, and what different occupations mean to individuals. The study of occupations can help understand how life is disrupted or at risk of disruption, and provide a lens on individuals, groups, and communities. Occupations are shaped by culture and take on various meanings for different people.
The document discusses key concepts related to occupation, including:
- Occupation is active, purposeful, meaningful, contextualized, and impacts health.
- Occupation involves behaviors through which humans make their place in the physical, temporal, and social world.
- Occupation exists on a continuum from roles to occupations to activities to tasks.
The document discusses the concept of human occupation from an occupational therapy perspective. It defines occupation as any activities that occupy people's time and give meaning to their lives, including productive, self-care, and leisure activities. The document outlines how occupational therapists evaluate occupations and consider factors like independence, safety, and quality. It also describes different methods of evaluating occupations, such as questioning, observing, and testing clients to understand their abilities and needs.
This document provides an overview of social work as a profession. It discusses four key concepts of social work: social change, problem solving, person-in-the-environment, and empowerment. Social work aims to promote social justice, address barriers faced by disadvantaged groups, and empower clients. It involves assessing individuals' situations holistically and addressing problems at various levels from individual to community. Social work is guided by values of respect, self-determination, and confidentiality, while also prioritizing prevention of harm.
This lecture covers occupational identity, the link between identity and meaningful activities, and health. Occupational identity is how people see themselves through their various roles and activities. It is shaped by relationships, actions, narratives, and participation history. Engaging in meaningful, purposeful activities promotes occupational satisfaction and positive identity. Occupation provides self-definition, direction, and a sense of belonging. The lecture discusses understanding occupation through participant observation of a chosen activity and relating it to identity, meaning, and frameworks.
The document discusses the nursing perspective on environmental factors that impact health. It provides definitions of environment from nursing theorists like Nightingale, Henderson, Roy, and Orem. Environment is defined broadly as physical, social, economic, cultural, and political conditions surrounding an individual. The document also examines the different types of environments like the immediate physical environment, community environment, social environment, and cultural environment. It explores how social support serves as an important function of the social environment. Nursing implications for assessing a client's environment and social support network are discussed.
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) is an occupation-focused framework developed in the 1980s to explain how engaging in occupations occurs and problems can arise from illness or disability. MOHO views humans as dynamic systems influenced by volition (motivation), habituation (routines), performance capacity, and environment. Through participating in meaningful occupations, people can reshape their occupational abilities and identities to become more adaptive. MOHO provides resources for occupational therapists to engage clients in therapeutic occupations to restore, reorganize, or maintain their occupational performance.
Canadian model of occupational performance and engagementKavita Murthi
Mrs. R.P is a 62-year old retired teacher who was diagnosed with osteoarthritis 7 years ago. She has developed limitations in her mobility and daily activities due to her physical and medical conditions. The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E) provides an occupational-based framework to understand how Mrs. R.P's person factors, environments, and occupations interact and influence her occupational performance. Applying this model reveals how her conditions impact her physical, social, and cultural environments and abilities to perform self-care, productivity, and leisure occupations.
Lifespan Development and Occupational Transitions -Model of human occupationStephan Van Breenen
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) focuses on occupation and its influence on human motivation, patterns of behavior, and performance. According to MOHO, occupational performance is influenced by three components of the person - volition, habituation, and performance capacity - as well as the environment. Occupational performance encompasses occupational identity, competence, and settings, and is a dynamic process that changes based on personal and environmental factors. Meaningful occupation promotes well-being, while lack of occupation or role overload can negatively impact health.
Client based practice: Essential to the OT Discourse, but is it understoodJames Cook University
Client based practice: Essential to the Occupational Therapy Discourse, but is it understood?
A presentation by Brock Cook & Frances Worster at the OTAQLD14 State Conference.
Trabalho filme anabela fernandes 20160012OTutorial2
Este documento analisa o filme francês "Amigos Improváveis" de 2011. O filme conta a história de Driss, um homem desempregado de origem africana, que é contratado como assistente pessoal de Philippe, um milionário tetraplégico. Apesar de virem de mundos muito diferentes, os dois desenvolvem uma forte amizade que os ajuda a superar preconceitos sociais e problemas pessoais. O documento discute temas como classes sociais, papéis na sociedade, e como a amizade entre os dois person
Este documento discute a relação entre ocupação e saúde. Ele explica como diferentes atividades ocupacionais como exercício, aprendizagem, trabalho voluntário e interações sociais podem promover a saúde física, mental e social de uma pessoa. Embora o excesso de algumas atividades como corrida possa ter efeitos negativos, a participação equilibrada em ocupações significativas geralmente ajuda a manter e melhorar a saúde de uma pessoa.
O documento analisa a obra "O Papalagui" que critica a sociedade do homem branco europeu a partir da perspectiva de um membro de uma tribo. A sociedade europeia é dividida em classes sociais e valoriza excessivamente o dinheiro e o tempo de uma forma que gera egoísmo e individualismo em contraste com a sociedade tribal e suas crenças no Grande Espírito.
Atividade em centro de atividades ocupacionais piscina-OTutorial2
Este documento descreve uma atividade em uma piscina em um centro de atividades ocupacionais. Ele lista as tarefas envolvidas na preparação, mobilidade até a piscina, atividades na piscina e balneário, e mobilidade de volta. Também discute as funções, competências motoras, processuais e de interação social necessárias e como a atividade promove a autonomia da pessoa.
Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación que analizó el concepto de "justicia" en terapia ocupacional entre los años 2000 y 2014. Se encontraron dos categorías principales: justicia social y justicia ocupacional. La justicia social se relaciona con la inclusión, participación comunitaria y sostenibilidad, mientras que la justicia ocupacional reconoce la importancia de la ocupación para la justicia. El estudio concluye que es necesario continuar desarrollando conceptualmente la justicia ocupacional a partir de la reflexión en la profesión.
1) O livro apresenta teorias, modelos e abordagens em terapia ocupacional, incluindo adaptação ocupacional e o modelo da ocupação humana.
2) Inclui casos clínicos e discussões sobre implementação da teoria na prática.
3) Fornece atualizações sobre novas áreas de prática e tecnologias em terapia ocupacional.
O filme conta a história de Philippe, um milionário tetraplégico, e Driss, um jovem ex-delinquente. Após se conhecerem numa entrevista de emprego, desenvolvem uma forte amizade enquanto Driss auxilia Philippe em suas atividades diárias. Apesar de virem de culturas diferentes, os dois ajudam-se mutuamente a superar desafios e realizar ocupações significativas, mostrando como a amizade pode ultrapassar barreiras sociais.
O documento descreve uma observação de campo realizada por uma estudante de ciências ocupacionais. A atividade observada foi o atendimento de clientes numa loja de doces por uma funcionária. O resumo inclui a descrição da atividade observada e das competências motoras, de processo, sociais e de interação necessárias para a sua realização segundo o Modelo de Processo de Ocupação Humana.
O documento discute a emergência da terapia ocupacional social no Brasil, definida como a atenção a grupos sociais em processos de ruptura das redes de suporte. Alguns terapeutas ocupacionais passaram a questionar seu papel em instituições totais à luz das ideias de Basaglia e Gramsci. Isso levou ao desenvolvimento de uma abordagem que vê o sujeito, não a doença, como foco e busca satisfazer as necessidades identificadas em conjunto com a comunidade.
O documento discute se profissionais podem realmente promover justiça ocupacional. Apresenta o despertar para a injustiça ocupacional ao longo do último século através de pesquisas sobre participação, saúde e cidadania. Também destaca recursos como um filme no YouTube e referências que mostram práticas emergentes de justiça ocupacional em seis grupos populacionais.
Este documento discute como brincar e fazer puzzles promovem o desenvolvimento de crianças em várias áreas, incluindo cognitiva, emocional, social e física. A pobreza pode afetar a capacidade de brincar, mas a interação social pode minimizar esses efeitos. A justiça ocupacional significa que todas as crianças devem ter iguais oportunidades de participar em atividades, independentemente de sua classe social.
El documento discute las correlaciones entre la justicia ocupacional, la exclusión de oportunidades y la salud mental. Explica que la justicia ocupacional promueve el acceso igualitario a actividades significativas, mientras que la exclusión niega oportunidades a ciertos grupos. La exclusión puede generar vulnerabilidad y marginación, afectando la salud mental. La justicia ocupacional busca crear comunidades inclusivas donde todas las personas puedan desarrollar su potencial a través de la participación ocupacional.
Este documento apresenta um estudo de mestrado sobre a participação ocupacional de idosos com deficiência visual em Portugal. O objetivo foi explorar as perspectivas dos idosos sobre sua experiência de participação ocupacional e conhecer suas atitudes sobre o apoio da Terapia Ocupacional. Foram realizados dois grupos focais com idosos que receberam ou não apoio da Terapia Ocupacional. Após análise, emergiram três temas principais: o impacto da deficiência visual, a adaptação à deficiência e os benefíci
The document discusses the concept of human occupation from an occupational therapy perspective. It defines occupation as any activities that occupy people's time and give meaning to their lives, including productive, self-care, and leisure activities. The document outlines how occupational therapists evaluate occupations and consider factors like independence, safety, and quality. It also describes different methods of evaluating occupations, such as questioning, observing, and testing clients to understand their abilities and needs.
This document provides an overview of social work as a profession. It discusses four key concepts of social work: social change, problem solving, person-in-the-environment, and empowerment. Social work aims to promote social justice, address barriers faced by disadvantaged groups, and empower clients. It involves assessing individuals' situations holistically and addressing problems at various levels from individual to community. Social work is guided by values of respect, self-determination, and confidentiality, while also prioritizing prevention of harm.
This lecture covers occupational identity, the link between identity and meaningful activities, and health. Occupational identity is how people see themselves through their various roles and activities. It is shaped by relationships, actions, narratives, and participation history. Engaging in meaningful, purposeful activities promotes occupational satisfaction and positive identity. Occupation provides self-definition, direction, and a sense of belonging. The lecture discusses understanding occupation through participant observation of a chosen activity and relating it to identity, meaning, and frameworks.
The document discusses the nursing perspective on environmental factors that impact health. It provides definitions of environment from nursing theorists like Nightingale, Henderson, Roy, and Orem. Environment is defined broadly as physical, social, economic, cultural, and political conditions surrounding an individual. The document also examines the different types of environments like the immediate physical environment, community environment, social environment, and cultural environment. It explores how social support serves as an important function of the social environment. Nursing implications for assessing a client's environment and social support network are discussed.
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) is an occupation-focused framework developed in the 1980s to explain how engaging in occupations occurs and problems can arise from illness or disability. MOHO views humans as dynamic systems influenced by volition (motivation), habituation (routines), performance capacity, and environment. Through participating in meaningful occupations, people can reshape their occupational abilities and identities to become more adaptive. MOHO provides resources for occupational therapists to engage clients in therapeutic occupations to restore, reorganize, or maintain their occupational performance.
Canadian model of occupational performance and engagementKavita Murthi
Mrs. R.P is a 62-year old retired teacher who was diagnosed with osteoarthritis 7 years ago. She has developed limitations in her mobility and daily activities due to her physical and medical conditions. The Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP-E) provides an occupational-based framework to understand how Mrs. R.P's person factors, environments, and occupations interact and influence her occupational performance. Applying this model reveals how her conditions impact her physical, social, and cultural environments and abilities to perform self-care, productivity, and leisure occupations.
Lifespan Development and Occupational Transitions -Model of human occupationStephan Van Breenen
The Model of Human Occupation (MOHO) focuses on occupation and its influence on human motivation, patterns of behavior, and performance. According to MOHO, occupational performance is influenced by three components of the person - volition, habituation, and performance capacity - as well as the environment. Occupational performance encompasses occupational identity, competence, and settings, and is a dynamic process that changes based on personal and environmental factors. Meaningful occupation promotes well-being, while lack of occupation or role overload can negatively impact health.
Client based practice: Essential to the OT Discourse, but is it understoodJames Cook University
Client based practice: Essential to the Occupational Therapy Discourse, but is it understood?
A presentation by Brock Cook & Frances Worster at the OTAQLD14 State Conference.
Trabalho filme anabela fernandes 20160012OTutorial2
Este documento analisa o filme francês "Amigos Improváveis" de 2011. O filme conta a história de Driss, um homem desempregado de origem africana, que é contratado como assistente pessoal de Philippe, um milionário tetraplégico. Apesar de virem de mundos muito diferentes, os dois desenvolvem uma forte amizade que os ajuda a superar preconceitos sociais e problemas pessoais. O documento discute temas como classes sociais, papéis na sociedade, e como a amizade entre os dois person
Este documento discute a relação entre ocupação e saúde. Ele explica como diferentes atividades ocupacionais como exercício, aprendizagem, trabalho voluntário e interações sociais podem promover a saúde física, mental e social de uma pessoa. Embora o excesso de algumas atividades como corrida possa ter efeitos negativos, a participação equilibrada em ocupações significativas geralmente ajuda a manter e melhorar a saúde de uma pessoa.
O documento analisa a obra "O Papalagui" que critica a sociedade do homem branco europeu a partir da perspectiva de um membro de uma tribo. A sociedade europeia é dividida em classes sociais e valoriza excessivamente o dinheiro e o tempo de uma forma que gera egoísmo e individualismo em contraste com a sociedade tribal e suas crenças no Grande Espírito.
Atividade em centro de atividades ocupacionais piscina-OTutorial2
Este documento descreve uma atividade em uma piscina em um centro de atividades ocupacionais. Ele lista as tarefas envolvidas na preparação, mobilidade até a piscina, atividades na piscina e balneário, e mobilidade de volta. Também discute as funções, competências motoras, processuais e de interação social necessárias e como a atividade promove a autonomia da pessoa.
Este documento presenta los resultados de una investigación que analizó el concepto de "justicia" en terapia ocupacional entre los años 2000 y 2014. Se encontraron dos categorías principales: justicia social y justicia ocupacional. La justicia social se relaciona con la inclusión, participación comunitaria y sostenibilidad, mientras que la justicia ocupacional reconoce la importancia de la ocupación para la justicia. El estudio concluye que es necesario continuar desarrollando conceptualmente la justicia ocupacional a partir de la reflexión en la profesión.
1) O livro apresenta teorias, modelos e abordagens em terapia ocupacional, incluindo adaptação ocupacional e o modelo da ocupação humana.
2) Inclui casos clínicos e discussões sobre implementação da teoria na prática.
3) Fornece atualizações sobre novas áreas de prática e tecnologias em terapia ocupacional.
O filme conta a história de Philippe, um milionário tetraplégico, e Driss, um jovem ex-delinquente. Após se conhecerem numa entrevista de emprego, desenvolvem uma forte amizade enquanto Driss auxilia Philippe em suas atividades diárias. Apesar de virem de culturas diferentes, os dois ajudam-se mutuamente a superar desafios e realizar ocupações significativas, mostrando como a amizade pode ultrapassar barreiras sociais.
O documento descreve uma observação de campo realizada por uma estudante de ciências ocupacionais. A atividade observada foi o atendimento de clientes numa loja de doces por uma funcionária. O resumo inclui a descrição da atividade observada e das competências motoras, de processo, sociais e de interação necessárias para a sua realização segundo o Modelo de Processo de Ocupação Humana.
O documento discute a emergência da terapia ocupacional social no Brasil, definida como a atenção a grupos sociais em processos de ruptura das redes de suporte. Alguns terapeutas ocupacionais passaram a questionar seu papel em instituições totais à luz das ideias de Basaglia e Gramsci. Isso levou ao desenvolvimento de uma abordagem que vê o sujeito, não a doença, como foco e busca satisfazer as necessidades identificadas em conjunto com a comunidade.
O documento discute se profissionais podem realmente promover justiça ocupacional. Apresenta o despertar para a injustiça ocupacional ao longo do último século através de pesquisas sobre participação, saúde e cidadania. Também destaca recursos como um filme no YouTube e referências que mostram práticas emergentes de justiça ocupacional em seis grupos populacionais.
Este documento discute como brincar e fazer puzzles promovem o desenvolvimento de crianças em várias áreas, incluindo cognitiva, emocional, social e física. A pobreza pode afetar a capacidade de brincar, mas a interação social pode minimizar esses efeitos. A justiça ocupacional significa que todas as crianças devem ter iguais oportunidades de participar em atividades, independentemente de sua classe social.
El documento discute las correlaciones entre la justicia ocupacional, la exclusión de oportunidades y la salud mental. Explica que la justicia ocupacional promueve el acceso igualitario a actividades significativas, mientras que la exclusión niega oportunidades a ciertos grupos. La exclusión puede generar vulnerabilidad y marginación, afectando la salud mental. La justicia ocupacional busca crear comunidades inclusivas donde todas las personas puedan desarrollar su potencial a través de la participación ocupacional.
Este documento apresenta um estudo de mestrado sobre a participação ocupacional de idosos com deficiência visual em Portugal. O objetivo foi explorar as perspectivas dos idosos sobre sua experiência de participação ocupacional e conhecer suas atitudes sobre o apoio da Terapia Ocupacional. Foram realizados dois grupos focais com idosos que receberam ou não apoio da Terapia Ocupacional. Após análise, emergiram três temas principais: o impacto da deficiência visual, a adaptação à deficiência e os benefíci
Este documento descreve um estudo sobre as necessidades ocupacionais de idosos institucionalizados. O estudo avaliou as necessidades de uma amostra de 20 idosos antes e depois de participarem num programa de atividades terapêuticas. Os resultados mostraram que muitos participantes relataram problemas no desempenho de atividades valorizadas e insatisfação com esse desempenho. Embora o programa tenha tido algum impacto, não trouxe benefícios generalizados nesta pequena amostra segundo as medidas utilizadas.
Este artigo discute os conceitos de ocupação e atividade na literatura anglófona contemporânea da Terapia Ocupacional e Ciência Ocupacional. A autora analisa as definições desses termos, destacando as tensões conceituais e as oportunidades para o futuro desenvolvimento dessas áreas.
O documento discute a construção do conceito de competência, comparando perspectivas americanas e européias. Aborda competência como um saber agir responsável que envolve mobilizar, integrar e transferir conhecimentos de forma contextualizada. Também discute competência no nível individual e organizacional.
Este estudo avalia o impacto das tecnologias de apoio no desempenho ocupacional de pessoas com deficiência nos postos de trabalho. 39 pessoas com deficiência responderam questionários sobre como as tecnologias de apoio afetam seu desempenho e satisfação no trabalho. Os resultados mostraram que as tecnologias de apoio tiveram um impacto psicossocial positivo e são uma estratégia importante para promover o desempenho satisfatório no trabalho para esta população.
1. O documento analisa o impacto da privação ocupacional no quotidiano de mulheres reclusas e na sua adaptação à prisão. Entrevistaram-se 12 mulheres para compreender como experienciam a falta de atividades significativas.
2. As reclusas são forçadas a assumir novas rotinas e papéis de acordo com as poucas ocupações permitidas, o que causa alterações na sua identidade ocupacional.
3. Envolver-se nas atividades disponíveis na prisão parece traduzir uma adaptação com sucesso ao
Este resumo descreve um filme que retrata a amizade entre Phillippe, um homem tetraplégico, e Driss, seu cuidador de origens humildes. Apesar de virem de culturas e classes sociais diferentes, desenvolvem uma forte amizade que ultrapassa estereótipos e preconceitos da sociedade. O humor e apoio de Driss ajudam Phillippe a sentir-se mais livre e realizado, apesar de sua condição física.
1. Este documento apresenta a terceira edição do quadro conceitual da prática da terapia ocupacional desenvolvido pela Associação Americana de Terapia Ocupacional.
2. O documento descreve o domínio e o processo da terapia ocupacional, definindo seus conceitos centrais e como são aplicados na prática.
3. A terapia ocupacional objetiva promover a saúde, o bem-estar e a participação das pessoas por meio do envolvimento em atividades significativas.
How Does Taking Part in a Community Allotment Group Affect the Everyday Lives, Self Perception and Social Inclusion of Participants
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
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Free School Gardening Art Posters =
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
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Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
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Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
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Supporting Wellness for Adults with Intellectual and Developmental DisabilitiesHouse of New Hope
This document discusses supporting wellness for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. It presents wellness as touching on physical, social, vocational, spiritual, emotional and psychological areas of life. The document offers ways that disability service providers, health professionals, community programs, employers, advocates and families can help ensure opportunities for wellness activities are available to those with disabilities. It shares examples of programs and individuals leading the way in supporting attention to areas essential for well-being, such as healthy activity, social connections, pleasure, meaningful relationships and healthcare participation.
Partnership an effective approach to public healthAlexander Decker
Partnerships are an effective approach to public health that can help achieve health objectives. Effective partnerships in public health require collaboration between various partners at local, national, and international levels. This includes agencies, professionals, communities, and individuals working together in formal and informal partnerships. Partnerships allow for pooling of resources and expertise from multiple sectors to address health issues and reduce health inequalities. The types of partnerships include strategic/coordinating partnerships to set goals, facilitative partnerships to provide skills, and implementing partnerships to deliver services and programs. Local partnerships are especially important for community-based primary health care programs.
The Influence of Organisational Citizenship Behaviour, Job Engagement and Soc...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there.docxarmitageclaire49
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there and respond to them with a response of 3-4 sentences long
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves Mental health. I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that “
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs. These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care se.
Exploring Adventure Therapy as an Early Intervention for Struggling AdolescentsWill Dobud
This paper presents an account of a research project that explored the experiences of adolescents struggling with behavioural and emotional issues, who participated in a 14-day adventure therapy program in Australia referred to by the pseudonym, ”Onward Adventures.” All participants of this program over the age of 16 who completed within the last two years were asked to complete a survey. Additionally, the parents of these participants were invited to complete a similar survey. The qualitative surveys were designed to question participants’ and parents’ perceptions of the program (pre- and post-), the relationships (therapeutic alliance) built with program therapists, follow-up support, and outcomes of the program. Both participants and parents reported strong relationships with program leaders, stressed the importance of effective follow-up services, and perceived positive outcomes when it came to self-esteem and social skills, seeing comparable improvement in self-concept, overall behaviour, and coping skills.
This document summarizes key points from a community health nursing assignment submitted by a student. It discusses two main topics:
1. Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives for older adults, including increasing physical activity, improving nutrition, and promoting socialization.
2. Nursing actions that address the needs of older adults, such as encouraging health screenings and exams, promoting fitness, monitoring chronic conditions, ensuring safety of medications, and addressing spiritual and end-of-life needs.
Where are my friends? The effects of real and imagined online communities on ...Lauren Wagner
This document summarizes a study that explores how online social interactions impact user well-being and happiness. The study developed a theory of perceived companionship, which posits that online environments can facilitate companionate relationships known to improve health. The theory was tested through an online survey of 61 Twitter users that evaluated how network structure, interaction expectations, and reactions to online correspondence related to metrics of well-being. The goal was to identify ways online interactions increase happiness to inform the creation of digital tools that advance the known benefits of online social connection and consider the psychological impacts of online use.
This document provides an overview of health education. It defines health education as a systematic social activity aimed at imparting health knowledge and reinforcing positive health behaviors. The document discusses the objectives, definition, aims, models, principles, methods, effects, levels of prevention, and need for health education. It also analyzes gaps in health education research, such as the need for stronger focus on individual skills and interdisciplinary studies to understand misinformation.
Welcome to Careif’s 10th anniversary newsletter.
Careif is an international mental health charity that works towards protecting and promoting mental health and resilience, to eliminate inequalities and strengthen social justice. Our principles include working creatively with humili-ty and dignity, and with balanced partnerships in order to ensure all cultures and societies play their part in our mission of protecting and promoting mental health and well‐being. We do this by respecting the traditions of all world soci-eties, whilst believing traditions can evolve, for even greater benefit to individ-uals and society.
Careif believes that knowledge should not only be available to those with wealth or those who live in urban and industrialised parts of the world. It considers knowledge sharing to be a basic human right, where this knowledge can change lives and help realise true human potential. Further-more there is substantial knowledge to be found in the less developed, rural and poorer areas of the world and this is valuable to the wellbeing of people in areas which are wealthier.
The newsletter has been produced on a voluntary basis by me, Erica Camus, a freelance journalist, and public speaker with schizo-affective. If you’d like to book me for editorial work, or for a talk please contact me on cromptonerica@hotmail.com.
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
Educational level, sex and church affiliation on health seeking Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the impact of educational level, sex, and church affiliation on health seeking behavior among parishioners in Makurdi, Nigeria. 448 participants were surveyed using a health seeking behavior scale. The study found that educational level and sex were statistically significant predictors of health seeking behavior, with those with higher education and females reporting higher health seeking scores. Additionally, Catholics reported higher health seeking behavior than non-Catholics. The study suggests these factors be considered to improve health policies and promote behaviors.
This study investigated whether children's psychological self-concepts are predictive of their reported activity preferences and leisure participation. 38 healthy children aged 10-14 completed questionnaires measuring self-concept and activity participation. Results showed that children's intellectual/school self-concept predicted their overall enjoyment of participation. Freedom from anxiety predicted preferences for skill-based activities. Gender and age also predicted some activity preferences and participation, such as gender predicting participation in physical activities. The study provides evidence that children's psychological self-concept, age, and gender can predict their activity preferences and leisure participation.
The efficacy of elderly caring among nursesGlance Ruiz
The document discusses theories of aging and perspectives on caring for elderly patients from a nursing perspective. It covers biological and psychosocial theories of aging, including theories around stress, DNA mutations, and disengagement from society. It also discusses nursing theories around caring, including Watson's theory emphasizing dignity and uniqueness of patients. The document emphasizes the importance of caring attitudes from nurses and developing close relationships with elderly patients to provide both physical and emotional support.
Technical And Business Of EntrepreneurshipDiane Allen
The document discusses technical and business undergraduate students' self-efficacy in entrepreneurship. It finds that business undergraduates may have higher self-efficacy in entrepreneurial endeavors than non-business students, as business students had more opportunities to be involved in business activities. Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure assumptions of normality, linearity and homoscedasticity were not violated.
This document discusses holistic treatment for substance abuse. It provides an overview of the history and models of addiction treatment, including the moral, disease, and multi-causal models. Holistic treatment aims to address addiction in all aspects of a person's life through counseling, education, medical care, and lifestyle changes. The Veterans Administration uses holistic treatment including tai chi, yoga, and art/music therapy. Research on holistic treatment models like those used by the VA could help expand treatment options for co-occurring disorders.
The SDHI (Social Dimensions of Health Institute) is an interdisciplinary research collaboration between the Universities of Dundee and St Andrews established in 2003. It has two main research strands: 1) the social and environmental dimensions of health, wellbeing, and service delivery; and 2) human resilience and capabilities. SDHI brings together researchers from various disciplines and departments to conduct interdisciplinary research addressing key challenges through conferences, seminars, workshops, and postgraduate support.
The Mental Health and Physical Activity Research Centre (MPARC) at the University of Toronto focuses on the connection between physical activity and mental health. A flagship program called MoveU.HappyU refers students waiting for mental health services to exercise sessions, which have helped reduce anxiety and depression symptoms. MPARC also educates students in Kinesiology on working with those with mental illness and integrates mental health into the curriculum. Initiatives aim to reduce stigma and promote physical activity for mental wellbeing across campus.
The document discusses social determinants of health and provides examples and classifications. It discusses social determinants at three levels: fundamental/macro level (natural environment, macrosocial factors, inequalities), intermediate/meso level (built environment, social context), and proximate/micro level (stressors, health behavior, social integration and support). Health outcomes and well-being are affected by determinants at all levels. Social determinants include conditions where people are born, live, work, and age that impact health risks and quality of life.
An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses physical, social, and cultural barriers that prevent females from participating in sports, particularly in developing countries. It outlines barriers like gender discrimination in society, cultural restrictions, lack of access to sports facilities, and lack of role models.
2) It also examines perceived barriers reported by female students, including socio-cultural factors, practical barriers like cost and time, and a lack of knowledge about the benefits of physical activity.
3) The document argues that policies to increase female participation in sports need to adopt a multifaceted approach that challenges gender stereotypes and provides attainable role models while also addressing practical barriers like access to facilities and programs.
This presentation by Thibault Schrepel, Associate Professor of Law at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam University, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Professor Giuseppe Colangelo, Jean Monnet Professor of European Innovation Policy, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Why Psychological Safety Matters for Software Teams - ACE 2024 - Ben Linders.pdfBen Linders
Psychological safety in teams is important; team members must feel safe and able to communicate and collaborate effectively to deliver value. It’s also necessary to build long-lasting teams since things will happen and relationships will be strained.
But, how safe is a team? How can we determine if there are any factors that make the team unsafe or have an impact on the team’s culture?
In this mini-workshop, we’ll play games for psychological safety and team culture utilizing a deck of coaching cards, The Psychological Safety Cards. We will learn how to use gamification to gain a better understanding of what’s going on in teams. Individuals share what they have learned from working in teams, what has impacted the team’s safety and culture, and what has led to positive change.
Different game formats will be played in groups in parallel. Examples are an ice-breaker to get people talking about psychological safety, a constellation where people take positions about aspects of psychological safety in their team or organization, and collaborative card games where people work together to create an environment that fosters psychological safety.
Gamify it until you make it Improving Agile Development and Operations with ...Ben Linders
So many challenges, so little time. While we’re busy developing software and keeping it operational, we also need to sharpen the saw, but how? Gamification can be a way to look at how you’re doing and find out where to improve. It’s a great way to have everyone involved and get the best out of people.
In this presentation, Ben Linders will show how playing games with the DevOps coaching cards can help to explore your current development and deployment (DevOps) practices and decide as a team what to improve or experiment with.
The games that we play are based on an engagement model. Instead of imposing change, the games enable people to pull in ideas for change and apply those in a way that best suits their collective needs.
By playing games, you can learn from each other. Teams can use games, exercises, and coaching cards to discuss values, principles, and practices, and share their experiences and learnings.
Different game formats can be used to share experiences on DevOps principles and practices and explore how they can be applied effectively. This presentation provides an overview of playing formats and will inspire you to come up with your own formats.
• For a full set of 530+ questions. Go to
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1.) Introduction
Our Movement is not new; it is the same as it was for Freedom, Justice, and Equality since we were labeled as slaves. However, this movement at its core must entail economics.
2.) Historical Context
This is the same movement because none of the previous movements, such as boycotts, were ever completed. For some, maybe, but for the most part, it’s just a place to keep your stable until you’re ready to assimilate them into your system. The rest of the crabs are left in the world’s worst parts, begging for scraps.
3.) Economic Empowerment
Our Movement aims to show that it is indeed possible for the less fortunate to establish their economic system. Everyone else – Caucasian, Asian, Mexican, Israeli, Jews, etc. – has their systems, and they all set up and usurp money from the less fortunate. So, the less fortunate buy from every one of them, yet none of them buy from the less fortunate. Moreover, the less fortunate really don’t have anything to sell.
4.) Collaboration with Organizations
Our Movement will demonstrate how organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, National Urban League, Black Lives Matter, and others can assist in creating a much more indestructible Black Wall Street.
5.) Vision for the Future
Our Movement will not settle for less than those who came before us and stopped before the rights were equal. The economy, jobs, healthcare, education, housing, incarceration – everything is unfair, and what isn’t is rigged for the less fortunate to fail, as evidenced in society.
6.) Call to Action
Our movement has started and implemented everything needed for the advancement of the economic system. There are positions for only those who understand the importance of this movement, as failure to address it will continue the degradation of the people deemed less fortunate.
No, this isn’t Noah’s Ark, nor am I a Prophet. I’m just a man who wrote a couple of books, created a magnificent website: http://www.thearkproject.llc, and who truly hopes to try and initiate a truly sustainable economic system for deprived people. We may not all have the same beliefs, but if our methods are tried, tested, and proven, we can come together and help others. My website: http://www.thearkproject.llc is very informative and considerably controversial. Please check it out, and if you are afraid, leave immediately; it’s no place for cowards. The last Prophet said: “Whoever among you sees an evil action, then let him change it with his hand [by taking action]; if he cannot, then with his tongue [by speaking out]; and if he cannot, then, with his heart – and that is the weakest of faith.” [Sahih Muslim] If we all, or even some of us, did this, there would be significant change. We are able to witness it on small and grand scales, for example, from climate control to business partnerships. I encourage, invite, and challenge you all to support me by visiting my website.
The importance of sustainable and efficient computational practices in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has become increasingly critical. This webinar focuses on the intersection of sustainability and AI, highlighting the significance of energy-efficient deep learning, innovative randomization techniques in neural networks, the potential of reservoir computing, and the cutting-edge realm of neuromorphic computing. This webinar aims to connect theoretical knowledge with practical applications and provide insights into how these innovative approaches can lead to more robust, efficient, and environmentally conscious AI systems.
Webinar Speaker: Prof. Claudio Gallicchio, Assistant Professor, University of Pisa
Claudio Gallicchio is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Computer Science of the University of Pisa, Italy. His research involves merging concepts from Deep Learning, Dynamical Systems, and Randomized Neural Systems, and he has co-authored over 100 scientific publications on the subject. He is the founder of the IEEE CIS Task Force on Reservoir Computing, and the co-founder and chair of the IEEE Task Force on Randomization-based Neural Networks and Learning Systems. He is an associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems (TNNLS).
This presentation by Nathaniel Lane, Associate Professor in Economics at Oxford University, was made during the discussion “Pro-competitive Industrial Policy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/pcip.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Juraj Čorba, Chair of OECD Working Party on Artificial Intelligence Governance (AIGO), was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by Katharine Kemp, Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney, was made during the discussion “The Intersection between Competition and Data Privacy” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 13 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/ibcdp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition” held at the 143rd meeting of the OECD Competition Committee on 12 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/aicomp.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Artificial Intelligence, Data and Competition – OECD – June 2024 OECD discussion
640 (1)
1. 640 November/December 2002, Volume 56, Number 6
KEY WORDS
• occupation
• occupational therapy
• participation
DISTINGUISHED SCHOLAR LECTURE
Participation in the Occupations of Everyday Life
Mary Law
Participation in the everyday occupations of life is a vital part of human devel-
opment and lived experience. Through participation, we acquire skills and
competencies, connect with others and our communities, and find purpose and
meaning in life. As members of the profession of occupational therapy, we seek to
improve health and well-being through occupation. Occupational therapy focuses
on enabling individuals and groups to participate in everyday occupations that are
meaningful to them, provide fulfillment, and engage them in everyday life with
others. Our focus is on enhancing participation.
Participation is the raison d’être of occupational therapy; it is what we are all
about; it is our unique contribution to society. Why is participation important to
us as occupational therapists? Consider our history as a profession. Participation
has always been a central focus, even though it was not articulated in the same way
as today. Adolf Meyer, one of the founders of occupational therapy, spoke of the
way in which people “learn to organize time…in terms of doing things” (Meyer,
1922, p. 1), indicating the importance of the use of time or participation across
our lives. As he said,
[A human] is an organism that maintains and balances itself in the world of reality
and actuality by being in active life and active use....It is the use that we make of our-
selves that gives the ultimate stamp to our every organ. (p. 1)
Definition of Participation
It is useful to consider the origins, or etymology, of the word participation.
Participation originates from Latin—derived from particeps meaning part-taking,
and pars + capere, meaning to take or to share in. Common English definitions
Mary Law, PhD, FCAOT, is Associate Dean
(Health Sciences) and Director, School of Rehabilitation
Science, and Co-Director CanChild Centre for Childhood
Disability Research, McMaster University, Faculty of Health
Sciences, IAHS Building, 1400 Main Street West,
Hamilton, Ontario L8S 1C7, Canada; lawm@mcmaster.ca.
Participation or involvement in everyday occupations is vital for all humans. As described by the World Health
Organization, participation has a positive influence on health and well-being. The presence of disability has
been found to lead to participation that is less diverse, is located more in the home, involves fewer social rela-
tionships, and includes less active recreation. Occupational therapy is in a unique position to contribute to the
development and fulfillment of participation for persons with and without disabilities. This article describes the
nature and outcomes of participation. Characteristics to define and measure meaningful participation are out-
lined. Information about time use will help to develop an understanding of patterns of participation across loca-
tions, gender, culture, and the life span. Factors that affect participation within the environment, family, and per-
sons are summarized. Occupational therapy research is needed to examine the complex relationship among
person, environment, and participation in occupations. In practice and education, knowledge about participa-
tion can enhance the client-centered and evidence-based nature of occupational therapy services.
Law, M. (2002). Participation in the occupations of everyday life, 2002 Distinguished Scholar Lecture. American Journal of
Occupational Therapy, 56, 640–649.
Downloaded From: http://ajot.aota.org/ on 11/14/2016 Terms of Use: http://AOTA.org/terms
2. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 641
include to take part in or become involved in an activity;
the state of sharing in common with others; and the act or
state of receiving or having part of something (Simpson &
Weiner, 2002). Thus, the central concept in participation is
involvement or sharing, particularly in an activity. What is
important to note about these definitions is the focus on
both the nature and the extent of involvement, with quali-
tative and quantitative implications.
Framework of Participation
The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently fo-
cused attention on participation with the development of
the new International Classification of Functioning,
Disability and Health (ICF; WHO, 2001). The WHO
defines participation as involvement in a life situation. In
the ICF, participation is categorized into domains: learning
and applying knowledge; general task and demands; com-
munication; mobility; self-care; domestic life; interpersonal
interactions and relationships; major life areas such as work
or school; and community, social, and civic life (WHO,
2001).
The development of the ICF involved occupational
therapists from several countries and has important impli-
cations for our work. The ICF provides a common lan-
guage to describe how people live with a health condition,
and it will be used in the measurement of health outcomes.
The increasing emphasis on participation by the WHO,
governments, and health and social systems makes it all the
more important that we understand participation, what it
means, how we measure it, and what facilitates it. Such an
understanding needs to focus across the whole spectrum of
human populations, not solely on those with disabilities.
Nature of Participation
The nature of participation is worthy of consideration and
reflection. How is it described? What are the outcomes of
participation? What characteristics define meaningful par-
ticipation? How is participation measured? What do we
know of the typical patterns of participation?
Current research from the CanChild Centre for
Childhood Disability Research has described types of par-
ticipation (Law et al., 2000). In this typology, participation
is defined as involvement in formal and informal everyday
activities. Formal activities include structured activities that
involve rules or goals and that have a formally designated
coach, leader, or instructor (e.g., music or art lessons, orga-
nized sports, youth groups). Informal activities have little or
no planning and often are initiated by the person him- or
herself (e.g., reading, hanging out with friends, playing).
Participation occurs across many locations, including envi-
ronments for work, school, play, sport, entertainment,
learning, civic life, and religious expression.
Outcomes of Participation
What is known about the outcomes of participation in
everyday occupations? Research has shown consistently that
participation in meaningful occupations, particularly work
and leisure, has an important, positive influence on health
and well-being (Freysinger, Alessio, & Mehdizadeh, 1993;
Garton & Pratt, 1991; Larson & Verma, 1999; Law,
Steinwender, & Leclair, 1998). Participation is a vital part
of the human condition and experience—it leads to life sat-
isfaction and a sense of competence and is essential for psy-
chological, emotional, and skill development.
In children, studies of high risk and resilience have
found that participation in extracurricular activities decreas-
es the incidence of behavioral and emotional difficulties
(Rutter, 1990; Stewart, Reid, & Mangham, 1997).
Competent participation in activities buffers the effect of
living with a parent who has a mental illness (Rutter, 1990).
Masten and Coatsworth (1998) found that activity partici-
pation by youth leads to decreased numbers of school
dropouts, improved engagement in school, and more effec-
tive social relationships with peers.
Currently in Canada, the National Longitudinal
Survey of Children and Youth is surveying 23,000 random-
ly selected children and youth 4 to 15 years of age every few
years (Statistics Canada, 2001). Data from this survey indi-
cate that 87% of these children and youth participated in
organized activities outside of school; few differences have
been found between genders, with the exception that boys
participate more in organized sports and girls more in arts
and music and in clubs. Youth who had participated but
stopped are three times more likely to have lower self-
esteem, have difficulty making friends, smoke, and perform
poorly in reading and math (Statistics Canada, 1999).
For adults, recreation and leisure participation is signif-
icantly related to the development of social support net-
works and to quality of life and well-being. Freysinger et al.
(1993) found that participation by older adults is positive-
ly associated with indicators of mental and physical health
as well as with life satisfaction, that participation decreases
as people get older, and that participation by men is less
than by women. Research indicates that older adults who
volunteer live longer than those who never perform com-
munity service (Menec & Chipperfield, 1997). Although
fewer studies have been done of persons with disabilities,
Viemero and Krause’s (1998) study of quality of life of per-
sons with physical disabilities found that life satisfaction
was significantly associated with occupational status,
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3. 642 November/December 2002, Volume 56, Number 6
involvement in meaningful activities, and social integration.
A recent headline in the popular literature read,
“Believe It or Not—This 91 year old Nun Can Help You
Prevent Alzheimer’s” (Lemonick & Mankato, 2001).
Although dramatized for the media, Snowdon’s (1997) lon-
gitudinal study of nuns indicates that factors such as educa-
tion and participation in activities that stimulate the brain
(e.g., puzzles, learning new skills) may be protective and
enhance participation for persons with and without disabil-
ities. Research in occupational therapy also supports the
positive effects of engagement in occupation for persons
with and without disabilities (Baum, 1995; Baum,
McGeary, Pankiewicz, Braford, & Edwards, 1996; Clark et
al., 1997, Clark et al., 2001).
Although participation is known to enhance life quali-
ty, evidence also exists that lack of participation or occupa-
tional deprivation leads to poor health and well-being. As
Whiteford (2000) stated:
Occupational deprivation is, in essence, a state in which a
person or group of people are unable to do what is neces-
sary and meaningful in their lives due to external restric-
tions. It is the state in which the opportunity to perform
those occupations that have social, cultural and personal
relevance is rendered difficult if not impossible. It is a real-
ity for numerous people living around the world today.
(p. 200)
Indeed, many examples of disruption and deprivation
in occupation exist in the world today, including persons
who are unemployed, refugees, minorities, living in areas of
conflict, and living with disabilities.
Essential Characteristics of Participation
What characteristics define meaningful participation in the
occupations of everyday life? A need exists for both satisfac-
tion and individually determined balance in the daily con-
stellation of our occupations (Christiansen, Backman,
Little, & Nguyen, 1999; Jonsson, Moller, & Grimby,
1999). To achieve meaningfulness in an occupation, a bal-
ance between the challenge in the activity and the skills of
the individual is required (Moneta & Csikszentmihalyi,
1996). The goals must be clear to the participant, and feed-
back about performance must be quick and accurate.
Csikszentmihalyi and colleagues have studied how people
experience “flow” from participation in occupations and
found that flow occurs more often in structured activities
where there is more control, such as games, work, sports,
artistic activities, and ritual events (Csikszentmihalyi, 2000;
Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989). For participation to be
meaningful, there must be a feeling of choice or control
over the activity, a supportive environment to facilitate easy
attention to the activity, a focus on the task and not on the
long-term consequences, a sense of challenge from the
activity, and a sense of mastery. This is what occupational
therapists term the “just right” challenge.
How Participation Is Measured
Because participation in occupations is complex, weaving a
pattern across time and space, capturing its essence through
measurement, is challenging. Participation in occupations
has several dimensions: the person’s preferences and inter-
ests; what he or she does, where, and with whom; and how
much enjoyment and satisfaction he or she finds. In con-
sidering person, environment, and occupation, the mea-
surement of participation occurs at the transactions
between these domains.
Currently, there is increasing interest and work in the
measurement of participation. At a general population
level, time-use surveys have been implemented in many
countries to gather specific information about how people
spend their time. The surveys typically use diary formats or
telephone-based recall. The United Nations has a Web site
listing of time-use surveys from around the world (United
Nations Statistics Division, 2002). The difficulty with time-
use surveys is that they rarely provide information about
activity preferences, meaning, and enjoyment.
Other measures are being developed and validated for
use with adults, including the Craig Handicap and
Assessment Reporting Technique (Whiteneck, Charlifue,
Gerhart, Overholser, & Richardson, 1992), the Commun-
ity Integration Questionnaire (Willer, Rosenthal, Kreutzer,
Gordon, & Rempel, 1993), the Community Integration
Measure (McColl, Davies, Carlson, Johnston, & Minnes,
2001), the Life Habits Assessment (Fougeyrollas et al.,
1998), and the National Institutes of Health Activity
Record (Gerber & Furst, 1992).
Fewer measures exist for children. One example is a
newly developed measure, the Children’s Assessment of
Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE; King et al., 2002).
The CAPE consists of cards that have drawings of children
and youth doing different activities in their time outside of
formal school and gathers data about participation frequen-
cy, enjoyment, location, and with whom participation is
done. Continued development of participation measures is
needed across all ages.
Typical Patterns of Participation
It is important for occupational therapists to develop an
understanding of patterns of participation across locations,
gender, culture, and the life span. What is known about
typical patterns of participation?
Larson and Verma (1999) reviewed how children and
adolescents around the world spend their time and noted
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4. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 643
many differences and changes across countries. For exam-
ple, they noted that the amount of time spent in children’s
play increases as societies transition from nonliterate to lit-
erate. Participation in organized sports has risen over the
past 2 decades, with time spent in other activities such as
hobbies or art and outdoor activities declining. In teenagers,
girls participate in fewer activities than boys (Huston,
Wright, Marquis, & Green, 1999). Posner and Vandell
(1999) found developmental changes in participation, with
unstructured activities decreasing over time and social activ-
ities increasing. On average, youth spend 20% of their time
watching television. Youth in America are spending less
time with their parents (Roth & Brooks-Gunn, 2000). The
National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health in the
U.S. found a direct relationship between high rates of
smoking, drinking, marijuana use, and fights and not eat-
ing dinner with a parent five or more times a week (Council
of Economic Advisors, 2000).
For adults, there is information about average time
spent in different occupations (see Table 1). Adults increas-
ingly describe themselves as time stressed; work time is
increasing, and leisure time is decreasing. Evidence shows
that these trends are similar, if not accelerated, in the
United States (Robinson, 2002). A national study of time
use in the United States is planned to occur over the next 2
years.
For older adults, overall patterns of participation
remain similar, but time spent in specific occupations
decreases. For example, in the United States, participation
in sports events, amusement parks, playing sports, and
computers and hobbies begins to decrease after age 55.
Participation in exercise programs remains remarkably con-
stant until age 75, along with participation in charity work,
home improvement and repairs, and attendance at movies
(U.S. National Endowment for the Arts, 1997).
Research indicates that across all ages, a strong associa-
tion exists between interests and participation. A greater
number of interests usually lead to increased participation,
although this pattern is nonlinear in nature (Garton &
Pratt, 1991).
Life Span and Disability:
Effect on Participation
During their lifetime, people are exposed to different occu-
pations and develop likes and dislikes. Customs and expec-
tations from their culture influence what they learn and do
every day. Each person has unique interests and occupations
through which they find satisfaction. They live in different
environments and take on different roles as they grow up.
What they do every day, how well they do it, and how
much they enjoy the occupations of everyday life depend
on their place, age, family, communities, environmental
supports, and other issues such as disability. It is important
to examine what is known about the effect of disability on
participation across the life span.
Children
Studies of children’s activity patterns show that children
with disabilities participate in fewer active recreation activi-
ties; household tasks; and social engagements, particularly
informal social activities, than children without disabilities
(Brown & Gordon, 1987; Law et al., 1999; Sloper, Turner,
Knussen, & Cunningham, 1990). In a study of youth with
and without disability, Henry (1998) found that interests of
these two groups had many similarities; the top four inter-
ests were listening to music, hanging out with friends,
watching television, and talking on phone. However,
research also indicates that participation changes as children
with disabilities move into adolescence, with fewer activities
occurring outside the home (Brown & Gordon, 1987). A
current study of the participation of children and youth
with disabilities 6 to 15 years of age found that these chil-
dren participate in a broad range of formal and informal
activities (Law et al., 2000). Informal activities are per-
formed more often. There appear to be significant differ-
ences in informal activity intensity and enjoyment across
age groupings, with participation in informal activities
decreasing significantly as age increases.
Adults and Older Adults
Across North America, an average of 15% of adults 25 to
64 years of age report a disability that affects everyday activ-
ities (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). This statistic rises to more
than 38% for people over 65 years of age (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2001). Adults and older adults with disabilities
experience restricted participation and social isolation and
engage in more passive activities (Blake, 1995; Dunn, 1990;
Idler & Kasl, 1997). In a study of time use of 312 men with
spinal cord injury, Pentland, Harvey, Smith, and Walker
(1999) found that most time is spent in leisure occupations,
Table 1. Time Use of Population: Canadian General Social Survey
(Statistics Canada, 1999)
Occupation Average Hours Per Day
Paid work and related activities 7.8
For working adults 11.2
Household work 3.2
Sleep 8.1
Meals and personal activities 2.4
Socializing 1.9
Watching television 2.2
Active leisure 1.0
Note. N = 10,749 persons 15 years of age and older.
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5. 644 November/December 2002, Volume 56, Number 6
followed by productivity and personal care. Men with
spinal cord injury spend 39% more time on personal care,
20% more time in leisure, and 40% less time in productiv-
ity than men without spinal cord injury.
In summary, disability has a substantial and prolonged
effect on participation across all age groups. A significant
association exists between disability severity and social iso-
lation. The presence of disability has been found to lead to
participation that is less diverse, is located more in the
home, involves fewer social relationships, and includes less
active recreation.
Factors That Influence Participation
Knowledge about factors that affect participation can help
to develop a more in-depth understanding of how partici-
pation evolves. It is important to know what environmen-
tal, family, and personal factors facilitate participation. As
well, what are the most important barriers?
Environment
Researchers in social ecology have investigated environ-
ments and their effects on behavior. Using streams of
behavior recording, they discovered that environmental set-
tings such as coffee shops, recreation centers, churches, or
bowling lanes lead to persistent behaviors (e.g., level of
noise, degree of formality) that remain constant for years in
particular settings (Barker, 1978). Over our life span, we
learn these patterns of behavior and activity through social-
ization; therefore, experience in a wide variety of settings is
essential for the development of participation patterns and
interactions with others encountered in daily life routines.
What do we know about the effects of environments
on participation for persons with disabilities? Through his
analysis of classification practices used for social restraint
(e.g., persons with disability as a minority group), French
historian and philosopher Michel Foucault asserted that
power and knowledge have been used to develop a society
and health care system that marginalizes people who are dif-
ferent from the “norm” (Foucault, 1973, 1975).
Indeed, research has shown that institutional environ-
mental factors (economic, political, attitudinal) significant-
ly affect the participation of persons with disabilities (Law
et al., 1999). Issues of poverty, cost of programs, affordable
housing, lack of information and physical assistance, lack of
inclusion of persons with disabilities in planning, and staff
training and attitudes limit participation (Dunn, 1990;
Imrie & Kumar, 1998; LaPlante, Kennedy, Kaye, &
Wenger, 1996).
The social environment, in particular social attitudes
and availability of social support, are particularly important
in facilitating participation. One of the most interesting
findings is that believing that people could become involved
has important positive effects on participation and success in
life (King, Cathers, Polgar, MacKinnon, & Havens, 2000).
Social support, including a relationship with a caring adult,
promotes development and adaptation in children and
youth with disabilities (Masten & Coatsworth, 1998).
Research on resilience cites major environmental risk factors
such as poverty, a violent neighborhood, a peer group that
acts as a barrier to participation; protective factors include
school experiences, work outside home, participation in
extracurricular activities, and a good relationship with other
adults (Rutter, 1990). In a study of 2,812 community-
dwelling older adults, Idler and Kasl (1997) found a signifi-
cant association between higher levels of religious participa-
tion and social activity and social support—social support
has been shown to be a predictor of health and well-being.
Constructing the built environment to suit the needs of
the average person restricts accessibility. On a broad level,
we must consider societal production of space or the whole
organization of our cities and towns, including places of
employment, households, shopping districts, and trans-
portation networks. For example, over the past century,
changes in economic activity have led to greater spatial sep-
aration of work and home, resulting in greater travel dis-
tances and transportation difficulties for families and per-
sons with disabilities. Participation is affected by location.
For example, Garton and Pratt (1991) found that rural
schools had more sports in their school activities but less
overall participation. The separation of private and public
space, decreased political influence of the family, and acces-
sibility difficulties combine to impede the inclusion of per-
sons with disabilities. Often, institutional attitudes limit
accessibility rather than technological capability.
Family
No matter what our age, family and persons close to us have
a major impact on our participation. First, family socioeco-
nomic status has been shown to determine participation.
For example, children’s participation in sports and other
community programs is directly influenced by income, dif-
ferential availability of opportunities, values, and role mod-
els (Law et al., 2000). The presence of psychosocial support
from family members or close friends promotes participa-
tion. For example, Loomis, Javornisky, Monahan, Burke,
and Lindsay (1997) found that a supportive family envi-
ronment improves employment, mobility in the communi-
ty, and social activity for young adults with spina bifida.
Families who live with persons with disabilities experi-
ence increased demands on their daily occupational rou-
tines, leading to changes in patterns of family participation,
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6. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 645
with more involvement of small groups within the family in
activities rather than the whole family (Crowe, 1993; Laws
& Radford, 1998; Mactavish, Schleien, & Tabourne,
1997). Participation also is influenced by family prefer-
ences. For example, children with Down syndrome whose
families prefer active recreational activities participate more
frequently in organized activities (Sloper et al., 1990).
In summary, across the age spectrum, families who
function well and provide clear expectations and positive
support to persons with disabilities help to reduce the risk
of limited participation.
Person
Among personal factors, it is common to think that a per-
son’s skills are the most important influence on participa-
tion, but other factors are equally influential. Gender is an
important factor, particularly for leisure participation
(Freysinger et al., 1993; Garton & Pratt, 1991). A person’s
preference for participation significantly affects choice and
actual participation. Similarly, sense of control and compe-
tence often determine participation and enjoyment
(Kimiecik, Horn, & Shurin, 1996; Lovell, Datillo, &
Jekubovich, 1996).
Skills and abilities, particularly interpersonal, commu-
nication, problem solving, and decision making, are impor-
tant factors in determining participation. Studies of adults
and older adults indicate that difficulties in performing
activities of daily living (ADL), decreased mobility, and
depressive symptoms are associated with less participation;
whether they are causal in nature, we do not know (Idler &
Kasl, 1997; Patrick, Kinne, Engelberg, & Pearlman, 2000).
What the effect of severity of disability and condition has
on participation is less clear, as some research, particularly
with children, indicates that environmental and family fac-
tors are more influential (Law et al., 1999). The impact of
functional abilities may be differential. For example,
Mancini, Coster, Trombly, and Herren (2000) found that
physical variables predicted limited school participation,
whereas both physical and cognitive-behavioral factors pre-
dicted full participation.
Participation is a complex issue, with many factors
influencing the occupations that a person does every day.
Examination of the literature is helpful in identifying fac-
tors that appear to have the most important relationship
and influence on participation (King et al., in press). These
include environmental factors (e.g., the physical accessibili-
ty of buildings, attitudes of community members), family
factors (e.g., parents’ own interests in recreation), and per-
sonal factors (e.g., the child’s physical function or social
competence). More knowledge is needed about the relative
influence of these factors on participation.
Implications for Occupational Therapy
Knowledge gained from research about participation is
only useful if we look at how it can positively affect occu-
pational therapy education, research, and practice. What
are the implications for what occupational therapists do
every day?
In the area of research, developing an understanding of
how factors work together to influence participation is
paramount. The use of qualitative methods and more com-
plex quantitative methods will enable researchers to disen-
tangle the complex relationship among person, environ-
ment, and participation in occupations. Without such
information, the focus of occupational therapy interven-
tions may not be targeted effectively. For example, the
largest part of therapy practice focuses on developing abili-
ties in ADL. Research on participation may indicate that
skill in ADL is much less important for participation than
program availability or knowledge and beliefs of program
staff members. This kind of information provides evidence
to support innovative approaches to occupational therapy
intervention.
A great tendency exists in research to do only what is
considered possible. What can result is research stating the
correlations of many variables to each other without exam-
ining their relative contribution to outcome. Although this
statement sounds harsh, it highlights the need to acknowl-
edge the complexity of the human experience with occupa-
tion and to develop research strategies to fit. Researchers
also have a responsibility to communicate findings in ways
that are easily understood and that can be put into everyday
practice.
For education and practice, occupational therapy, at its
best, is informed by our values, knowledge, and reasoning
about participation in everyday occupations. First, occupa-
tional therapy, at its best, is evidence-based and client-centered.
As Dunn (2000) wrote:
Best practices are a professional’s decisions and actions
based on knowledge and evidence that reflect the most cur-
rent and innovative ideas available. Best practice is a way of
thinking about problems in imaginative ways, applying
knowledge creatively to solve performance problems while
also taking responsibility for evaluating the effectiveness of
the innovations to inform future practices. (pp. 1–2)
Evidence indicates that a client-centered approach to occu-
pational therapy practice leads to greater satisfaction with
services and improved outcomes for clients and their fami-
lies (Law et al., 1998).
Occupational therapy, at its best, focuses on occupations
important to each person within his or her environment.
Through a focus on choice, therapists facilitate control for
persons receiving our services. Participation in occupations
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7. 646 November/December 2002, Volume 56, Number 6
is the experience of how everyone seeks meaning in life. It
can delight—it can defeat. Participation implies being
involved, making choices, and taking risks. Clients of occu-
pational therapy services deserve no less from therapists.
There are reliable and valid methods by which clients can
identify occupations important to them but with which
they are encountering difficulty (McColl & Pollock, 2000).
The goals identified by clients may be more challenging for
us as therapists: Facilitating play is more challenging than
focusing on developing fine motor skills. But the process of
a client setting goals focuses occupational therapy interven-
tion, enhances motivation, and saves time. Resilience is fos-
tered when a person has control over his or her participation
and can affect how it is shaped within his or her life (Rutter,
1993).
Occupational therapy, at its best, acknowledges the power
of engagement in occupation. If a clear message has come
from research over the past decade, it is that performance of
an activity is best learned by practicing the activity itself.
Research in motor learning (Ma & Trombly, 2001; Ma,
Trombly, & Robinson-Podolski, 1999), critical reviews of
interventions (Baker & Tickle-Degnen, 2001; Carlson,
Fanchiang, Zemke, & Clark, 1996; Law et al., 1998;
Murphy & Tickle-Degnen, 2001), studies of the effect of
activity for persons with and without disabilities (Baum,
1995; Clark et al., 1997, 2001; Everard, Lach, Fisher, &
Baum, 2000), and information about the effects of disrup-
tion in occupation (Whiteford, 2000) all confirm the pow-
erful effects of engagement in occupation. Patterns of social
restriction and isolation begin very early, whether early in
life or early after a significant disruption in occupation, sup-
porting the need for early intervention (Blake, 1995; Brown
& Gordon, 1987).
Occupational therapy, at its best, recognizes the force of the
environment as a means of intervention. For participation,
interests often precede participation, but interests may not
lead to participation because of environmental barriers.
Focusing intervention on changing environments has
potential to enhance outcomes (Law, 1991). For example,
Strong (1998) recently found that persons with severe men-
tal illnesses working in an affirmative business environment
experienced positive changes in their sense of self-efficacy
and participation. Mann, Ottenbacher, Fraas, Tomita, and
Granger (1999) found that assistive technology and envi-
ronmental modifications in the home maintain function
and reduce health care costs in frail older adults. In a ran-
domized trial examining outreach services linking adults
after traumatic brain injury to community services, Powell,
Heslin, and Greenwood (2002) found that this focus of
intervention led to significant improvements in activity and
participation.
Occupational therapy, at its best, has a broad intervention
focus. Although occupational therapists spend time focused
on specific areas of occupation, such as ADL or work, we
rarely look at occupational routine and overall use of time.
How a person focuses his or her time in order to participate
is an important focus for occupational therapy. A focus on
participation enlarges the scope of interventions to include
organizations and community agencies where factors that
hinder participation can be addressed. Emerging research
indicates that this community-based approach may be more
effective than institutionally based interventions (Clark et
al., 1997; Helewa et al., 1991; Powell et al., 2002). We will
understand that there are multiple risk and protective fac-
tors for participation; intervention can focus on cumulative
protection through decreasing risk, increasing resources,
and facilitating protective processes.
Occupational therapy, at its best, measures outcomes of
participation. A client-centered approach to occupational
therapy intervention will naturally lead us to measure out-
comes of occupational performance and participation. As
outcome measures increase in their sophistication, thera-
pists will be able to evaluate the effects of interventions on
participation, an outcome most meaningful to persons with
disabilities and their families.
Facilitating participation in everyday occupations is the
reason for occupational therapy. As Wilcock (1998) noted:
Occupational therapists are in the business of helping peo-
ple to transform their lives through enabling them to do
and to be. We are part of their process of becoming and we
should constantly bear in mind the importance of this task.
(p. 248)
Occupational therapy, at its best, focuses on occupations
important to each person within his or her environment. The
person receiving occupational therapy services leads the way
in making decisions about the focus and the nature of ther-
apy intervention. The relationship among that person, his
or her family, and the occupational therapist is a collabora-
tive partnership, the goal of which is to enhance health and
well-being through participation. L
Acknowledgments
I thank the American Occupational Therapy Association
for the honor to deliver the Distinguished Scholar Lecture,
on which this article is based, at the 2002 AOTA Annual
Conference. I thank my colleagues in the School of
Rehabilitation Science and CanChild Centre for Childhood
Disability Research at McMaster University for the won-
derful environment in which we work. I am particularly
grateful to Sue Baptiste, MHSc, FCAOT, for her thoughts
and discussion as I was writing the lecture.
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8. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy 647
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