1) The physical health of college students is influenced by their exercise habits, nutrition, sleep, and stress management. However, less than half of students meet the recommended 30 minutes of exercise per day.
2) Physical activity provides mental health benefits like reduced depression and anxiety. It also positively impacts academic performance.
3) Male students are more motivated by intrinsic factors like strength and enjoyment, while females are more influenced by extrinsic factors like weight management and appearance due to societal pressures. Long-term exercise motivation requires intrinsic enjoyment of physical activity.
This study examined the impact of healthy lifestyle choices, stress, and self-esteem among college students. Specifically, it investigated whether exercise predicts healthy choices, athletic involvement impacts choices and stress, and gender or international status affect choices. Surveys measured stress, self-esteem, diet, exercise and lifestyle. Results showed exercise predicts healthier choices. Athletes reported healthier choices and more stress than non-athletes. Gender and international status did not impact choices. The study aimed to educate students on making healthy decisions and managing stress.
This document outlines a study on factors associated with physical inactivity among first year undergraduate students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. It includes a literature review on previous research examining relationships between physical inactivity and socio-demographic factors, environmental support, mental health, self-efficacy, and body image. The document presents the study objectives, conceptual framework, and methodology, which will involve a cross-sectional study using cluster sampling of first year undergraduates to examine associations between physical inactivity and various independent variables.
Physical Activity in Australian Adults: A Public Health PerspectiveLouise Miller Frost
Physical inactivity poses health risks for the majority of Australian adults and is a modifiable risk factor for diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. While guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, surveys found about 40% of Australians do not meet this level. Individual education interventions have shown only moderate short-term effectiveness in increasing physical activity levels. Environmental interventions also have limited effectiveness, and population physical activity levels remain largely unchanged. Intersectoral actions across multiple areas may be needed to more successfully promote physical activity.
This document summarizes research on physical activity programs for promoting weight loss in obese adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. It reviewed 8 studies that tested interventions combining nutrition education and exercise programs. The interventions showed some success in short-term weight loss but long-term effectiveness was unclear since most studies lacked follow-up data. Only 1 study directly tested for weight loss effects and found diminishing returns over 6 years. Overall, more research is still needed to identify interventions that can sustainably promote weight loss in this population.
This study examined differences in physical fitness and physical activity self-efficacy among 1,432 4th grade students from urban and suburban schools. It found that minority and low-socioeconomic status (SES) children scored lower than white and higher-SES peers on fitness tests and a self-efficacy scale. Among girls and boys, significant effects were seen for ethnicity and SES. Post-hoc analysis revealed minority and low-SES students scored lower on mile run, curl-ups, push-ups, BMI, and self-efficacy. The study aims to use these findings to develop school-based interventions to improve physical fitness and health among underserved minority youth.
An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
The document discusses physical, social, and cultural barriers that females face in participating in sports. It notes that in many societies, females are restricted from sports and physical activity due to cultural norms. The document examines different types of barriers, including physical barriers like lack of access, socio-cultural barriers like religious restrictions, and knowledge barriers where females may not be aware of the health benefits of activity. It discusses how schools and policies could help address these barriers by providing female-inclusive physical education programs and challenging social stereotypes that depict sports as masculine. The goal is to promote regular physical activity for females by reducing barriers at multiple levels.
Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to ...youth_nex
The document discusses the relationship between childhood fitness, obesity, and cognitive and brain health. It summarizes research showing that higher fitness is associated with better performance on achievement tests and cognitive tasks involving inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Studies find higher fit children have larger basal ganglia volumes and better relational memory. An intervention study found an after-school physical activity program improved cognitive control as measured by ERPs. Higher adiposity is linked to poorer cognitive performance and brain health. Acute exercise benefits cognitive performance. Collectively, the findings suggest physical activity benefits academic performance and cognitive development by supporting brain health.
Evidence based physical activity for school age youthbeatriz9911
This document summarizes an expert panel's review of evidence on the effects of physical activity on health outcomes in school-age youth. The panel identified over 850 relevant articles through a systematic search. They found:
1) Most intervention studies showed benefits of 30-45 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity 3-5 days per week. However, the panel believed greater amounts would be needed for benefits under normal circumstances.
2) The panel concluded that school-age youth should participate in 60 minutes or more per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity from a variety of activities.
3) Physical activity was associated with reduced adiposity, especially for overweight youth, and improved cardiovascular health factors like blood lipid levels and aer
This study examined the impact of healthy lifestyle choices, stress, and self-esteem among college students. Specifically, it investigated whether exercise predicts healthy choices, athletic involvement impacts choices and stress, and gender or international status affect choices. Surveys measured stress, self-esteem, diet, exercise and lifestyle. Results showed exercise predicts healthier choices. Athletes reported healthier choices and more stress than non-athletes. Gender and international status did not impact choices. The study aimed to educate students on making healthy decisions and managing stress.
This document outlines a study on factors associated with physical inactivity among first year undergraduate students at Universiti Putra Malaysia. It includes a literature review on previous research examining relationships between physical inactivity and socio-demographic factors, environmental support, mental health, self-efficacy, and body image. The document presents the study objectives, conceptual framework, and methodology, which will involve a cross-sectional study using cluster sampling of first year undergraduates to examine associations between physical inactivity and various independent variables.
Physical Activity in Australian Adults: A Public Health PerspectiveLouise Miller Frost
Physical inactivity poses health risks for the majority of Australian adults and is a modifiable risk factor for diseases like cardiovascular disease and diabetes. While guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity per week, surveys found about 40% of Australians do not meet this level. Individual education interventions have shown only moderate short-term effectiveness in increasing physical activity levels. Environmental interventions also have limited effectiveness, and population physical activity levels remain largely unchanged. Intersectoral actions across multiple areas may be needed to more successfully promote physical activity.
This document summarizes research on physical activity programs for promoting weight loss in obese adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. It reviewed 8 studies that tested interventions combining nutrition education and exercise programs. The interventions showed some success in short-term weight loss but long-term effectiveness was unclear since most studies lacked follow-up data. Only 1 study directly tested for weight loss effects and found diminishing returns over 6 years. Overall, more research is still needed to identify interventions that can sustainably promote weight loss in this population.
This study examined differences in physical fitness and physical activity self-efficacy among 1,432 4th grade students from urban and suburban schools. It found that minority and low-socioeconomic status (SES) children scored lower than white and higher-SES peers on fitness tests and a self-efficacy scale. Among girls and boys, significant effects were seen for ethnicity and SES. Post-hoc analysis revealed minority and low-SES students scored lower on mile run, curl-ups, push-ups, BMI, and self-efficacy. The study aims to use these findings to develop school-based interventions to improve physical fitness and health among underserved minority youth.
An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
The document discusses physical, social, and cultural barriers that females face in participating in sports. It notes that in many societies, females are restricted from sports and physical activity due to cultural norms. The document examines different types of barriers, including physical barriers like lack of access, socio-cultural barriers like religious restrictions, and knowledge barriers where females may not be aware of the health benefits of activity. It discusses how schools and policies could help address these barriers by providing female-inclusive physical education programs and challenging social stereotypes that depict sports as masculine. The goal is to promote regular physical activity for females by reducing barriers at multiple levels.
Charles Hillman, Ph.D. - "The Relation of Childhood Fitness and Adiposity to ...youth_nex
The document discusses the relationship between childhood fitness, obesity, and cognitive and brain health. It summarizes research showing that higher fitness is associated with better performance on achievement tests and cognitive tasks involving inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Studies find higher fit children have larger basal ganglia volumes and better relational memory. An intervention study found an after-school physical activity program improved cognitive control as measured by ERPs. Higher adiposity is linked to poorer cognitive performance and brain health. Acute exercise benefits cognitive performance. Collectively, the findings suggest physical activity benefits academic performance and cognitive development by supporting brain health.
Evidence based physical activity for school age youthbeatriz9911
This document summarizes an expert panel's review of evidence on the effects of physical activity on health outcomes in school-age youth. The panel identified over 850 relevant articles through a systematic search. They found:
1) Most intervention studies showed benefits of 30-45 minutes per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity 3-5 days per week. However, the panel believed greater amounts would be needed for benefits under normal circumstances.
2) The panel concluded that school-age youth should participate in 60 minutes or more per day of moderate to vigorous physical activity from a variety of activities.
3) Physical activity was associated with reduced adiposity, especially for overweight youth, and improved cardiovascular health factors like blood lipid levels and aer
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of an eating disorder prevention program on eating disorder characteristics among adolescent ballet dancers. The study had two aims: 1) to have adolescent ballet dancers complete an eating disorder prevention program and compare outcomes to a control group, and 2) to measure eating disorder characteristics before, immediately after, and 6 months post-intervention using the Eating Disorder Inventory-3. The literature review discusses eating disorder prevalence among adolescent dancers, risk factors like perfectionism, and previous prevention programs aimed at dancers.
This document describes a proposed study to investigate the physical activity interests and participation of students with disabilities at West Virginia University. The study aims to (1) understand past physical activity of these students, (2) identify current activities, and (3) gather suggestions for future offerings. A survey will be distributed to collect data on activities before and during college. The results could help the university determine if current programming is sufficient and identify new classes to support physical activity among students with disabilities.
This document discusses major health issues impacting Australian youth such as eating disorders, depression, anxiety, self-injury, suicide, and substance abuse. It also examines factors influencing youth health like genetics, family, peers, and socioeconomic status. Finally, it explores how physical activity and school programs can help achieve better mental health outcomes for students.
The study surveyed 198 Greek students aged 15-17 years on their physical activity levels using the stages of change model. The majority (63%) were physically active in stages 4 or 5, with 53% in stage 5 having maintained an active lifestyle for over 6 months. Boys showed higher activity levels than girls at 75% versus 54%. Younger students (1st grade) had higher activity levels than older students (78% versus 50% for 3rd grade). Thus, inactivity seemed more pronounced among girls and older students. The researchers concluded that physical activity programs and services should emphasize girls and older students more prone to inactivity.
Matthew Trowbridge, M.D., MPH - "How Our Built Environments Impact Children's...youth_nex
This document discusses how the built environment impacts children's health, with a focus on physical activity. It provides guidelines for designing communities and schools to promote physical activity in children. Some key points:
- Urban sprawl is associated with increased daily driving among teenagers. Teens in more sprawling counties were over twice as likely to drive over 20 miles per day compared to those in more compact counties.
- Factors like school location have significantly reduced walking to school over time. Changes to policy and the built environment may help increase the number of children able to walk to school.
- Designing communities with parks, open spaces, and policies that support walkability and physical activity can provide opportunities for recreational physical activity.
The impact of physical activity participation on the self esteem of the stude...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
Positive self-esteem helps people to feel good about themselves and gives them confidence to do things and confront social challenges. Positive self-esteem is improved by certain factors including increased physical activity. This can be utilized in the university age group, especially when considering medical and health sciences colleges where higher stress levels are recorded. Aim: To assess the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem among medical and health sciences students. Methods: an online questionnaire-based cross sectional study involved 198 students from RAK Medical and Health Sciences University was conducted to identify the level of physical activity and self-esteem score. Results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: there was significant positive correlation between physical activity and self-esteem (r = 0.604). However, the correlation was higher for female students with no significant difference. Correlation among colleges did not show significant differences.
William H. Dietz, M.D., Ph.D. - Keynote - "What Can We Do To Increase Physica...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
William H. Dietz, M.D., Ph.D. - "What Can We Do To Increase Physical Activity in Youth?"
Until July 2012, Dietz was the Director of the Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity at the CDC. Prior to his appointment to the CDC, he was a Professor of Pediatrics at the Tuft's University School of Medicine, and Director of Clinical Nutrition at the Floating Hospital of New England Medical Center Hospitals.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
The influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal developm...jk_l33 mn_3l
This document discusses the influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal development in athletes. It finds that:
1) Intensive training can negatively influence growth, especially in artistic gymnastics where it was found to attenuate growth potential more in males than females.
2) In female rhythmic gymnasts, genetic predisposition to growth was preserved and even exceeded due to a late catch-up growth phenomenon.
3) In most other sports not requiring strict dietary restrictions, no negative impact on growth has been documented.
4) Intensive training and negative energy balance can delay pubertal development and prolong the prepubertal stage in various sports, with effects being more pronounced in gym
This document summarizes a master's project that studied the effects of repetitive motion injuries in youth competitive sports during puberty. Specifically, it aimed to show a correlation between injuries and specializing in one sport from ages 10 to 16. The introduction discusses the rising trend of early sports specialization and notes injuries are often from repetitive motions straining joints and muscles. The literature review covers topics like parents' influence on children's sports, recommendations against specializing before age 12-13 due to injury risk, and studies finding overuse injuries in baseball pitchers and soccer players. The purpose is to encourage participating in multiple activities and sports to develop skills and prevent burnout or chronic injuries from specializing too early.
1) Sport participation provides students with life lessons and motivation that benefit their academic achievement and emotional development. Studies show student athletes have higher GPAs and standardized test scores compared to non-athletes.
2) Participating in sports is linked to improved attendance and better overall mental health for students. Athletes tend to have higher self-esteem which supports their academic motivation and performance.
3) Student athletes are more likely to continue their education beyond high school. Studies found athletes achieved 25-35% higher levels of education compared to non-athletes. Athletic participation is also associated with higher wages and career success.
The study explored whether activating the "freshman 15" myth undermines intentions to practice healthy behaviors and self-efficacy in college freshmen. Participants were randomly assigned to read a vignette activating the myth or personal growth. Measures assessed expected dietary/exercise behaviors and self-efficacy. The manipulation was weak - only 33% in the myth condition mentioned weight gain. No significant differences emerged across conditions for expected behaviors or self-efficacy. The myth activation failed and the small sample limited conclusions. Future research needs stronger manipulations to better understand myth influences on freshman weight gain.
Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury igbenito777
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 72 individuals with spinal cord injuries about perceived barriers to exercise. The top barriers reported were lack of motivation, lack of energy, cost of exercise programs, lack of knowledge about where to exercise, and lack of interest. Barriers related to accessibility of facilities and lack of knowledgeable instructors were also commonly reported. Those with tetraplegia reported greater concerns about exercise difficulty and health limitations. Reporting more barriers was associated with higher stress levels. The study aims to identify barriers to help increase participation in exercise, which can improve health outcomes for those with spinal cord injuries.
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health-Related Quality of Life"
Valovich McLeod is the John P. Wood, D.O., Endowed Chair for Sports Medicine and a Professor in the Athletic Training Program at A.T. Still University.
Panel 5 -- Injury Prevention and Treatment. While being physically active is important for positive youth development, injuries can result. This panel will discuss ways to minimize injury, particularly concussions, while addressing the impact of sport-related injury on quality of life. The panel will also provide a blueprint for encouraging life-long physical activity.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and Physical ActivityAdonisGoldenRatioSystems
This report describes school health guidelines for promoting healthy eating and physical activity, including coordination of school policies and practices.
supportive environments; school nutrition services. physical education and physical activity programs; health education; health, mental health, and social services; family and community involvement; school employee wellness; and professional development for school staff members.
These guidelines, developed in collaboration with specialists from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations, are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and best practices in healthy eating and physical activity promotion in school health, public health, and education. Because every guideline might not be appropriate or feasible for every school to implement, individual schools should determine which guidelines have the highest priority based on the needs of the school and available resources.
This document summarizes a research article that applies the salutogenic model of health to research on positive youth development through sport. The salutogenic model focuses on how individuals maintain health and well-being when facing stressors. The key points are:
1) The salutogenic model provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying life skill development in sports, such as enhancing comprehension, manageability, and meaningfulness.
2) It recognizes that youth development arises from the interaction between an individual's resources, sense of coherence, and stressors across different life domains, not just in sports.
3) Sense of coherence plays a vital role in transferring life skills between domains, so youth programs should aim to
Effect of socio economic status on the effective students participation in ph...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
The socio-economic status make-up of an individual Influences habitual physical activity and plays an important role in one’s achievements in every field of life, including performance in sports. The current study aimed to assess the effect of socio-economic status determined by parental education and family income on the effective students’ participation in physical activity sessions at RAK Medical& Health Sciences University. The study demonstrated significant positive correlation between physical activity levels of the students and mother education (r=0.139, p=0.05) and family income (r = 0.182, p= 0.01), while father education had no significant effect on the level of students’ physical activity (r =0.030, p=0.676). Conversely, a significant negative correlation was noted between the physical activity levels of the students and number of family members (r = -0.130, p= 0.068). The study also revealed that the majority (114/198, 52%) of students were in the medium socio-economic status category. In addition, students with low socio-economic status were more likely to display low physical activity whereas students with high socio-economic status were more likely to display high physical activity.
Hartselle Junior High School is making an IMPACT!LEAN Frog
The document outlines an IMPACT Wellness Initiative at Hartselle Junior High School to address obesity issues. It provides data on the obesity epidemic in Alabama and the United States. The initiative's mission is to provide an environment supporting healthy lifestyles through physical activity and nutrition. In year one, it will implement "Desk to 5K" programs and establish a wellness center for before/after school physical activity programs to encourage students and staff to be more active.
Adobe Flash es un programa que permite crear animaciones para la web usando vectores gráficos. Flash importa imágenes estáticas de diferentes formatos como PSD de Photoshop y permite agregar animaciones a estas imágenes. Las animaciones en Flash están compuestas de fotogramas que representan momentos en el tiempo, y la cantidad y velocidad de fotogramas determina la duración y velocidad de reproducción de la animación. El programa provee herramientas como símbolos, botones y líneas de tiempo para organizar y crear las animaciones.
Know All About Microdermabrasion Treatment for Flawless Skinthenewyousocial
Nothing can prevent the signs of aging like pigmentation, age spots, scars. But these can be lighten effectively with advanced microdermabrasion treatment. For more details: http://goo.gl/M2PMQG
El documento compara las tradicionales 4P del marketing (Producto, Precio, Plaza y Promoción) con las nuevas 4C del marketing digital (Contenido, Costumer, Conexiones y Conveniencia). Explica que en el marketing digital es más importante enfocarse en generar contenido valioso, satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes, conectar con audiencias específicas en redes sociales relevantes y facilitar la experiencia de compra para los consumidores.
The document discusses rainwater harvesting in India. It notes that despite higher average annual rainfall than the global average, India does not have sufficient water due to most rain rapidly flowing away without recharging groundwater. As a result, most parts experience lack of water. Surface water and groundwater sources are unable to meet rising demand. This has led to declining groundwater levels and quality. To address this, the document emphasizes the need to implement measures to tap rainwater as fully as possible through rainwater harvesting. It provides an overview of various traditional rainwater harvesting systems used in India such as tankas, khadins, vavs, and ahar pynes. The document also discusses components, design considerations, and best practices
Órganos estatales encargados de las Relaciones InternacionalesMarije Carvajal
Este documento describe los órganos estatales encargados de las relaciones internacionales. Explica que los órganos centrales incluyen a jefes de estado, primeros ministros y ministros de relaciones exteriores. Los órganos exteriores son misiones diplomáticas permanentes, misiones especiales y consulados. Todos estos órganos trabajan para establecer y mantener vínculos entre naciones a nivel político, económico y cultural.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of an eating disorder prevention program on eating disorder characteristics among adolescent ballet dancers. The study had two aims: 1) to have adolescent ballet dancers complete an eating disorder prevention program and compare outcomes to a control group, and 2) to measure eating disorder characteristics before, immediately after, and 6 months post-intervention using the Eating Disorder Inventory-3. The literature review discusses eating disorder prevalence among adolescent dancers, risk factors like perfectionism, and previous prevention programs aimed at dancers.
This document describes a proposed study to investigate the physical activity interests and participation of students with disabilities at West Virginia University. The study aims to (1) understand past physical activity of these students, (2) identify current activities, and (3) gather suggestions for future offerings. A survey will be distributed to collect data on activities before and during college. The results could help the university determine if current programming is sufficient and identify new classes to support physical activity among students with disabilities.
This document discusses major health issues impacting Australian youth such as eating disorders, depression, anxiety, self-injury, suicide, and substance abuse. It also examines factors influencing youth health like genetics, family, peers, and socioeconomic status. Finally, it explores how physical activity and school programs can help achieve better mental health outcomes for students.
The study surveyed 198 Greek students aged 15-17 years on their physical activity levels using the stages of change model. The majority (63%) were physically active in stages 4 or 5, with 53% in stage 5 having maintained an active lifestyle for over 6 months. Boys showed higher activity levels than girls at 75% versus 54%. Younger students (1st grade) had higher activity levels than older students (78% versus 50% for 3rd grade). Thus, inactivity seemed more pronounced among girls and older students. The researchers concluded that physical activity programs and services should emphasize girls and older students more prone to inactivity.
Matthew Trowbridge, M.D., MPH - "How Our Built Environments Impact Children's...youth_nex
This document discusses how the built environment impacts children's health, with a focus on physical activity. It provides guidelines for designing communities and schools to promote physical activity in children. Some key points:
- Urban sprawl is associated with increased daily driving among teenagers. Teens in more sprawling counties were over twice as likely to drive over 20 miles per day compared to those in more compact counties.
- Factors like school location have significantly reduced walking to school over time. Changes to policy and the built environment may help increase the number of children able to walk to school.
- Designing communities with parks, open spaces, and policies that support walkability and physical activity can provide opportunities for recreational physical activity.
The impact of physical activity participation on the self esteem of the stude...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
Positive self-esteem helps people to feel good about themselves and gives them confidence to do things and confront social challenges. Positive self-esteem is improved by certain factors including increased physical activity. This can be utilized in the university age group, especially when considering medical and health sciences colleges where higher stress levels are recorded. Aim: To assess the relationship between physical activity and self-esteem among medical and health sciences students. Methods: an online questionnaire-based cross sectional study involved 198 students from RAK Medical and Health Sciences University was conducted to identify the level of physical activity and self-esteem score. Results were tabulated and analyzed using SPSS. Results: there was significant positive correlation between physical activity and self-esteem (r = 0.604). However, the correlation was higher for female students with no significant difference. Correlation among colleges did not show significant differences.
William H. Dietz, M.D., Ph.D. - Keynote - "What Can We Do To Increase Physica...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
William H. Dietz, M.D., Ph.D. - "What Can We Do To Increase Physical Activity in Youth?"
Until July 2012, Dietz was the Director of the Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity at the CDC. Prior to his appointment to the CDC, he was a Professor of Pediatrics at the Tuft's University School of Medicine, and Director of Clinical Nutrition at the Floating Hospital of New England Medical Center Hospitals.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
The influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal developm...jk_l33 mn_3l
This document discusses the influence of intensive physical training on growth and pubertal development in athletes. It finds that:
1) Intensive training can negatively influence growth, especially in artistic gymnastics where it was found to attenuate growth potential more in males than females.
2) In female rhythmic gymnasts, genetic predisposition to growth was preserved and even exceeded due to a late catch-up growth phenomenon.
3) In most other sports not requiring strict dietary restrictions, no negative impact on growth has been documented.
4) Intensive training and negative energy balance can delay pubertal development and prolong the prepubertal stage in various sports, with effects being more pronounced in gym
This document summarizes a master's project that studied the effects of repetitive motion injuries in youth competitive sports during puberty. Specifically, it aimed to show a correlation between injuries and specializing in one sport from ages 10 to 16. The introduction discusses the rising trend of early sports specialization and notes injuries are often from repetitive motions straining joints and muscles. The literature review covers topics like parents' influence on children's sports, recommendations against specializing before age 12-13 due to injury risk, and studies finding overuse injuries in baseball pitchers and soccer players. The purpose is to encourage participating in multiple activities and sports to develop skills and prevent burnout or chronic injuries from specializing too early.
1) Sport participation provides students with life lessons and motivation that benefit their academic achievement and emotional development. Studies show student athletes have higher GPAs and standardized test scores compared to non-athletes.
2) Participating in sports is linked to improved attendance and better overall mental health for students. Athletes tend to have higher self-esteem which supports their academic motivation and performance.
3) Student athletes are more likely to continue their education beyond high school. Studies found athletes achieved 25-35% higher levels of education compared to non-athletes. Athletic participation is also associated with higher wages and career success.
The study explored whether activating the "freshman 15" myth undermines intentions to practice healthy behaviors and self-efficacy in college freshmen. Participants were randomly assigned to read a vignette activating the myth or personal growth. Measures assessed expected dietary/exercise behaviors and self-efficacy. The manipulation was weak - only 33% in the myth condition mentioned weight gain. No significant differences emerged across conditions for expected behaviors or self-efficacy. The myth activation failed and the small sample limited conclusions. Future research needs stronger manipulations to better understand myth influences on freshman weight gain.
Perceived barriers to exercise in people with spinal cord injury igbenito777
This document summarizes a study that surveyed 72 individuals with spinal cord injuries about perceived barriers to exercise. The top barriers reported were lack of motivation, lack of energy, cost of exercise programs, lack of knowledge about where to exercise, and lack of interest. Barriers related to accessibility of facilities and lack of knowledgeable instructors were also commonly reported. Those with tetraplegia reported greater concerns about exercise difficulty and health limitations. Reporting more barriers was associated with higher stress levels. The study aims to identify barriers to help increase participation in exercise, which can improve health outcomes for those with spinal cord injuries.
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health...youth_nex
The Youth-Nex Conference on Physical Health and Well-Being for Youth, Oct 10 & 11, 2013, University of Virginia
Tamara Valovich McLeod, Ph.D. - "The Impact of Sport-Related Injury on Health-Related Quality of Life"
Valovich McLeod is the John P. Wood, D.O., Endowed Chair for Sports Medicine and a Professor in the Athletic Training Program at A.T. Still University.
Panel 5 -- Injury Prevention and Treatment. While being physically active is important for positive youth development, injuries can result. This panel will discuss ways to minimize injury, particularly concussions, while addressing the impact of sport-related injury on quality of life. The panel will also provide a blueprint for encouraging life-long physical activity.
Website: http://bit.ly/YNCONF13
School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and Physical ActivityAdonisGoldenRatioSystems
This report describes school health guidelines for promoting healthy eating and physical activity, including coordination of school policies and practices.
supportive environments; school nutrition services. physical education and physical activity programs; health education; health, mental health, and social services; family and community involvement; school employee wellness; and professional development for school staff members.
These guidelines, developed in collaboration with specialists from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations, are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and best practices in healthy eating and physical activity promotion in school health, public health, and education. Because every guideline might not be appropriate or feasible for every school to implement, individual schools should determine which guidelines have the highest priority based on the needs of the school and available resources.
This document summarizes a research article that applies the salutogenic model of health to research on positive youth development through sport. The salutogenic model focuses on how individuals maintain health and well-being when facing stressors. The key points are:
1) The salutogenic model provides a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying life skill development in sports, such as enhancing comprehension, manageability, and meaningfulness.
2) It recognizes that youth development arises from the interaction between an individual's resources, sense of coherence, and stressors across different life domains, not just in sports.
3) Sense of coherence plays a vital role in transferring life skills between domains, so youth programs should aim to
Effect of socio economic status on the effective students participation in ph...Dr. Mohammed Abou Elmagd
The socio-economic status make-up of an individual Influences habitual physical activity and plays an important role in one’s achievements in every field of life, including performance in sports. The current study aimed to assess the effect of socio-economic status determined by parental education and family income on the effective students’ participation in physical activity sessions at RAK Medical& Health Sciences University. The study demonstrated significant positive correlation between physical activity levels of the students and mother education (r=0.139, p=0.05) and family income (r = 0.182, p= 0.01), while father education had no significant effect on the level of students’ physical activity (r =0.030, p=0.676). Conversely, a significant negative correlation was noted between the physical activity levels of the students and number of family members (r = -0.130, p= 0.068). The study also revealed that the majority (114/198, 52%) of students were in the medium socio-economic status category. In addition, students with low socio-economic status were more likely to display low physical activity whereas students with high socio-economic status were more likely to display high physical activity.
Hartselle Junior High School is making an IMPACT!LEAN Frog
The document outlines an IMPACT Wellness Initiative at Hartselle Junior High School to address obesity issues. It provides data on the obesity epidemic in Alabama and the United States. The initiative's mission is to provide an environment supporting healthy lifestyles through physical activity and nutrition. In year one, it will implement "Desk to 5K" programs and establish a wellness center for before/after school physical activity programs to encourage students and staff to be more active.
Adobe Flash es un programa que permite crear animaciones para la web usando vectores gráficos. Flash importa imágenes estáticas de diferentes formatos como PSD de Photoshop y permite agregar animaciones a estas imágenes. Las animaciones en Flash están compuestas de fotogramas que representan momentos en el tiempo, y la cantidad y velocidad de fotogramas determina la duración y velocidad de reproducción de la animación. El programa provee herramientas como símbolos, botones y líneas de tiempo para organizar y crear las animaciones.
Know All About Microdermabrasion Treatment for Flawless Skinthenewyousocial
Nothing can prevent the signs of aging like pigmentation, age spots, scars. But these can be lighten effectively with advanced microdermabrasion treatment. For more details: http://goo.gl/M2PMQG
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Pradosh Kumar is seeking a new role that allows him to leverage over 13 years of experience in administration, facilities, transportation, and vendor management. He currently works as a Senior Manager of Transportation and Travel at Societe General Global Service Centre, where he manages transportation logistics for over 1,600 employees across 3 locations. Previously, he held manager roles at IBM Global Process Services and HP India, where he oversaw transportation operations and achieved cost reductions. Pradosh Kumar has a diploma in computer programming and postgraduate diplomas in personnel management and industrial relations.
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Manuel Obregon is a creative services director and owner of Cha-Pin Productions. He has over 15 years of experience in video production, photography, and editing. He is fully bilingual in Spanish and English. His resume outlines his extensive skills in software such as Adobe Premiere, After Effects, and Photoshop as well as cameras including the Canon 5D Mark III. He has worked on projects including marketing videos, event videos, and reality television production.
Classical country-based trade theories and Modern Firm-based trade theoriesHelmee Halim
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120 students participated in a survey about body image consisting of questions on knowledge, physical activity, environment, and attitude. The majority were sophomores aged 21, with 76 living off-campus and 44 on-campus. Results showed that knowledge of nutrition and exercise recommendations was highest for grains and fruits/vegetables, and lowest for oils. 31.7% engaged in low-impact activity 8+ times a week, with 63.3% of off-campus students attending the gym more than on-campus (26.7%). Females and younger students relied more on friends/family for health info and had less knowledge. The study aims to determine the dominant factor influencing body image and support past findings
Running head: PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 1
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SELF-EFFICACY 2
The Relationship between Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy in Schools
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship between physical activities and health outcomes among adolescents. The majority of the adult population knows much about health-risk behaviours of adolescents, and knows less about their health-promoting behaviours. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between physical activity levels and self-efficacy among adolescents.
Introduction
According to Start Active, regular physical activity associates with benefits for physical and mental health (as cited in Roberts et al, 2015). Studies have indicated that health life traits and styles have an impact on lifelong health and life quality. Childhood poor diet and physical inactivity have been risk factors for a multitude of chronic health condition in adulthood (Matthews et al, 2015). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for children, only 42% of children and 8% of adolescents achieve current recommended physical activity.
Most students studying in Hoca Ahment Yesevi University were hound to have health issues emanating from lack of physical exercise and personal fitness programs (Ozkan, 2015). Up to 70 per cent of university students are reported as not participating in regular free-time physical activity or exercise (Haase et al, 2004, as cited in Roberts et al, 2014). Simon et al (2015) mentioned that majority of the adult population fails to achieve recommended daily exercise, 30-minutes moderate intensity exercise. When physical activity is conducted regularly as the researchers found out, it is likely to improve the physical fitness of the students and generally of people and therefore contributing heavily to better healthy life styles. Achieving daily exercise was shown to promote better sleep quality and higher psychological functioning in adolescents (Kalak et al, 2012, as cited in Rew et al, 2015).
Styles and activities that promote the health of humans increase their chances of wellbeing and therefore promote healthy living. In achieving well-being in health, there must be a mentioned engagement in activities which are likely to enhance the same such as proper exercises and fitness methods. Health promotion takes quite a multidimensional structure, that is, intellectual, mental, physical and social and therefore a number of behaviours which are meant at promoting behaviours are identified by health professionals and other researchers. These behaviours include life appreciation, stress management, health responsibility, social support, exercise and better nutrition. Therefore a general conclusion is arrived at that physical activity and exercise have an impact on the quality of human life and can actually aid its improveme.
This document discusses anxiety levels among college students. It notes that college is a stressful time with high workloads, activities, and expectations that can trigger anxiety. Statistics show anxiety is very common among college students. While college environments increase stress, activities like exercise can help reduce it. A study found students with high physical activity had lower anxiety and stress. The document emphasizes the importance of physical fitness for college student mental and physical health.
An elaborative view about the physical, social and cultural barriers faced by...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses physical, social, and cultural barriers that prevent females from participating in sports, particularly in developing countries. It outlines barriers like gender discrimination in society, cultural restrictions, lack of access to sports facilities, and lack of role models.
2) It also examines perceived barriers reported by female students, including socio-cultural factors, practical barriers like cost and time, and a lack of knowledge about the benefits of physical activity.
3) The document argues that policies to increase female participation in sports need to adopt a multifaceted approach that challenges gender stereotypes and provides attainable role models while also addressing practical barriers like access to facilities and programs.
Understanding the College Lifestyle_ A research proposal by Jeff HarmeyerJeff Harmeyer
The document summarizes several research studies that examined factors affecting stress levels in college students. One study found that females reported higher stress than males, and that stressors included academic demands and social adjustments to college life. Another study found over 90% of medical students reported experiencing stress, with common stressors being exams, academics, relationships, and finances. A third study found that higher aspiration levels, poorer study habits, and more study problems were correlated with higher reported academic stress in pre-university students. The studies suggest implementing wellness programs and counseling to help students better cope with stress.
draft adult participation in excercise-3Oliver Oxby
This study examined barriers and motivations for exercise participation among adults in South Bradford. Questionnaires were given to two groups - a weight maintenance group and weight loss group. Barriers identified included lack of time, cost, lack of confidence in joining a gym, and associating exercise with boredom. The weight maintenance group exercised more minutes per week than the weight loss group, but the weight loss group exercised more times per week. Limitations included a small sample size focused only on clients of one company.
This document provides biographies for four students involved in a stress management program called "More Sweat, Less Stress" at Georgia Southern University. It then summarizes research showing high levels of stress among college students and the need for stress management programs. The program consisted of a powerpoint presentation and two interactive activities (Zumba and meditation) to teach stress management techniques. Pre- and post-tests were used to evaluate the program, finding an 8-point increase in stress management knowledge among participants who reported a mean pre-test score of 25.8 increasing to a mean post-test score of 33.1. The summary concludes the data suggests techniques like Zumba and meditation are effective ways to reduce college student stress.
Brazendale et al. 2015 - Children’s Enjoyment and Perceived Competence in Phy...Keith Brazendale
This study examined the relationship between children's enjoyment in physical education (PE), perceived competence in PE, and their physical activity participation outside of school. The researchers surveyed 100 students about their enjoyment and perceived competence in PE, and their physical activity in the past week outside of school. They found that higher perceived competence in PE predicted greater total physical activity and team activity participation outside of school. Higher enjoyment in PE did not predict greater outside physical activity. Perceived competence had a moderate effect on physical activity, while enjoyment had a low effect. Boys reported higher enjoyment in PE than girls. The results suggest that improving children's perceived competence in PE may increase their physical activity outside of school.
The document discusses body image and satisfaction in females. It summarizes previous research that found using the Whole Body Experience Questionnaire improved body satisfaction in females by encouraging consideration of multiple body parts. The current study investigated this effect in dieting and non-dieting females, finding dieters had greater increases in satisfaction after using the questionnaire. However, the study did not attempt to raise body esteem in dissatisfied participants.
This document outlines the author's personal philosophy on health and physical education. It begins by defining physical education as the development of physical fitness and skills through activities, while health education focuses on behaviors that promote wellness. The author discusses the importance of developing health and physical literacy. Five key reasons for incorporating these subjects in schools are then provided: to prevent disease, fight obesity, promote lifelong fitness, prepare children for an active lifestyle, and encourage positive behaviors. The author's primary goal as an educator is to serve as a role model for students and help them establish fitness and nutrition goals through a variety of motivating activities.
This document discusses research on the relationship between physical activity and academic achievement in school-aged children. It finds that aerobic fitness activities at high intensities for a certain duration and frequency produced the strongest academic results. Specifically, it was found that aerobic exercise had a large effect on mental processing, and that greater aerobic fitness as measured by PACER tests was positively correlated with math and reading test scores. The document analyzes different studies on the effects of various types and amounts of physical activity.
Evidence Based Practice and Policy ReportsA Structured Pee.docxturveycharlyn
This document describes a structured peer-mentoring method for promoting physical activity among adolescents in school settings. The method trains high school students to mentor younger peers and deliver a physical activity curriculum. Research shows peer mentoring improves social support and self-efficacy which can lead to sustained behavior change. The authors developed a peer-mentoring program over several studies that improved physical activity levels and health outcomes in students. The summary outlines key steps to implementing a structured peer-mentoring program in schools, including obtaining a curriculum, securing infrastructure support, and selecting peer mentors with strong interpersonal skills.
This document outlines a proposed intervention to increase physical activity among freshmen at Kansas State University. The intervention includes physical activity classes, laboratory sessions teaching exercises, and providing exercise kits for dorms. An evaluation plan involves initial and final surveys of freshmen to assess changes in physical activity, as well as monthly process surveys to track program participation and feedback. The goal is to increase physical activity knowledge and self-efficacy, leading to higher physical activity levels and potential long-term health benefits for students.
Gender Differences in Motivational Factors towards Medical Career Choiceiosrjce
The present study aims to study motivations of students in choosing the medical profession and
whether these motivations are different, gender wise along with their demographic features. The study was
conducted on 150 students of MIMER Medical College, Pune. Demographic result of the study indicated that
enrolment in medical faculty was more by girls (83) than by boys (67) and majority of students came from
medical family. A primary motivation factor in girls was patient care, interest in science, career opportunity
and personal skills. While in boys it was patient care, interest in science, status –security, self-employment. To
pursue the medical profession other motivating factors was number of attempts in medical entrance exam held,
there was no difference found in both gender statistically. But statistically significance was found gender wise,
in getting encouragement from family, in girls it was more encouragement. Also statistic significance was found
in girls for deciding the career choice before X classes compare to boy students, indicating girls are early
decider
This document is a literature review on factors that influence physical activity levels in primary school children. It discusses three factors: parental influence, participation in sports/muscular fitness, and physical education programs in schools. The literature review analyzes three studies that examined these factors and their relationship to children's physical activity and health outcomes. The studies used methods like observing children's activity during recess, examining links between parental activity levels and children's activity and health metrics, and assessing effects of physical education programs on activity levels. The review found that all three factors can positively influence children's physical activity.
Adolescent athletes face unique physical and mental health challenges due to the cognitive, emotional, and physical changes during this developmental period. It is important to support healthy nutrition, prevent overtraining and injuries, address potential eating disorders, and promote cognitive development in adolescent athletes. Coaches, trainers, parents, and schools all play a role in educating young athletes to make choices that optimize both physical performance and long-term well-being.
Physical activity can effectively enhance self-esteem through improving physical self-worth and overall well-being. Exercise interventions with choice, feedback on progress, and realistic goals best support self-esteem gains by increasing perceptions of physical ability. Providing social support and a positive coaching style can also positively impact self-esteem.
Managment of stress among unikl mestech students (Research)
Sorochan Literature Review FINAL DRAFT
1. Running head: COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 1
The Influence of Exercise and Nutrition:
Physical Health Among College Students
Michelle Sorochan
University of Southern California
2. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 2
The Influence of Exercise and Nutrition:
Physical Health Among College Students
When the topic of college student health is discussed, some individuals may think of
binge drinking at fraternity parties or the “Freshman 15,” where first-year students are believed
to gain 15 pounds in their freshman year of college. However, the physical health of college
students is a combination of more than the above concerns of many administrators. Physical
health includes the exercise habits, nutritional intake, sleep patterns, and mindfulness practices of
students in college. A combination of these factors contributes to the overall physical health of
students and their ability to succeed in college. Lack of attention in physical health of college
students led to weight gain and increasing numbers of students with obesity over the past few
years (Egli, Bland, Melton, & Czech, 2011). With the young adult years being strongly
influential on health for the remainder of one’s life, college students’ habits are crucial to set up
the healthy lifestyle choices that will carry on after graduation.
As increasing research shows, “there are numerous health risk factors associated with
being overweight and obese, including hypertension, high cholesterol, diabetes mellitus,
detrimental blood lipid profiles, and cardiovascular disease” (Egli et al., 2011, p. 399). Currently,
34.9 percent of adults in the United States are considered obese, and that percentage is only
increasing (Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014). Students are attending university at a crucial
time in their lives where the habits they practice during a traditional undergraduate career will
largely influence their habits later on in life. As future university administrators, we must
understand the issues involved with student health and take an active approach to improve
students’ lives. This paper will address the following questions: How do undergraduate students
maintain their physical health while in college? What motivates college students to make
3. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 3
particular choices about their physical health and nutrition? This paper will examine the exercise
and nutritional habits of college students, gender differences between male and female students,
and areas for future research.
Exercise Habits of College Students
Physical exercise is an important factor of overall health in individuals. According to
Pauline (2013), a person should participate in at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise
five or more days per week. The American College Health Assessment (ACHA) surveyed
college students and their health habits in fall of 2013. The results revealed that 50.7 percent of
male students met the recommended guidelines for physical activity, while 44 percent of female
students met the recommended guidelines (2013, p. 12). The statistics show that not even half of
college students meet the recommended guidelines, which may have an effect in the classroom
as well. Pauline (2013) noted that “physical activity provides positive effects on mental health
and mood such as reduced depression and anxiety, positive well-being, enhanced vigor, and
better cognitive function” (p. 64). The positive side effects of physical activity can play a huge
role in the academics of students, yet is not a priority for many individuals. In fact, Keating,
Guan, Piñero, and Bridges (2005) reported that there has been no increase in physical activity
patterns in students in the past five years. With the large amount of literature on the topic of
physical health, colleges should be accessing information about student physical health to
address the apathy toward physical exercise and help students develop habits that they will carry
with them after graduation.
Mental Health Benefits
Physical exercise has positive effects on mental health for college students. Edman,
Lynch, and Yates (2014) found that “even low levels of physical activity might produce a
4. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 4
protective effect against depression” (p. 24). For those living with depression, an increase in
physical activity could have a long-lasting impact on mental health and ability to perform well in
classes. According to the ACHA report, 30.9 percent of college students felt so depressed that
they found it challenging to function (2013, p. 14). With such a large number of students who
experience the symptoms of depression, educating them on the positive effects of physical
activity could positively influence their mental health.
Exercise Motivation
Gender Differences. Of the students who regularly exercise, their motivation to maintain
an active lifestyle differed from student to student. When arranged by demographics, the
researchers found that male students were motivated by intrinsic factors, such as strength,
positive health, and enjoyment, while female students were motivated by extrinsic factors, such
as weight management and appearance (Egli et al., 2011). Kilpatrick, Hebert, and Bartholomew
(2005) studied the reasons college students participate in exercise and in a sport. Their results
showed that students who participated in exercise were motivated by “appearance, strength and
endurance, stress management, [and] weight management” (p. 90). However, students who
participated in sports were motivated by “affiliation, challenge, competition, enjoyment, and
social recognition” (Kilpatrick, Hebert, & Bartholomew, 2005, p. 90).
Kilpatrick, Hebert, and Bartholomew (2005) also noted a difference in male and female
motivation, noting that females were more likely to exercise due to weight management and
appearance, while males were influenced by challenge and competition. Pauline (2013) noted
similar differences in motivation between men and women: “women were found to be more
motivated by weight management, appearance, nimbleness, positive health, and stress
management" while “men are more motivated than women by performance and ego-oriented
5. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 5
factors, such as challenge, strength and endurance, competition, affiliation, and social
recognition” (pp. 71-72).
Differences in gender also occurred in social support when it came to exercise. Gruber
(2008) found that females experienced more support from their female friends when it came to
making a decision of whether or not to exercise. Gruber (2008) noted, “the women reported that
their peers were more likely to get on them about exercising than men did” (p. 564). Individuals
with more female friends did not receive a large amount of support for exercising, while students
with more male friends received greater support surrounding exercise (Gruber, 2008). Hale,
Hannum, and Espelage (2005) found that women “seek out and make use of more support, form
and sustain more supportive relationships, use support in times of need, and are sought out for
and provide support more than men do” (p. 282). Women are more influenced by their peers than
men to exercise and maintain good physical health.
Societal and Cultural Influence. McArthur and Raedeke (2009) studied the race and
gender differences in motivation of college students. Their sample of 649 college students
showed that 18 percent of the population was overweight and 9 percent were obese according to
Body Mass Index (BMI) standards (McArthur & Raedeke, 2009). McArthur and Raedeke (2009)
noted, “female and white students placed more importance on appearance-related motives
compared to male and black students, which may be in part attributable to societal and cultural
influences” (p. 88). Female students may be influenced by societal expectations of appearance,
as “young girls may diet more often and have less body satisfaction than young boys, perhaps in
response to contemporary societal standards of female body shape” (Kilpatrick, Hebert, &
Bartholomew, 2005, p. 93). Allen and Morey (2010) also noted that “women’s frequent multiple
roles, involving both work and family responsibilities, may be a particularly significant barrier to
6. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 6
regular physical activity” (p. 15). Cultural factors influence female exercise patterns as well.
Walcott-McQuigg, Sullivan, Dan, and Logan (1995) found that 25 percent of African American
women believed that “African American men like women with a rounded, more shapely figure,
described by the women as ‘more meat on their bones’” (p. 514). These societal and cultural
factors may have an influence on the health choices college students make during their time in
college.
Long-Term Effects. While extrinsic factors are effective for motivating some college
students to exercise, it is not a long-term motivation factor. McArthur and Raedeke (2009) noted
that these extrinsic factors are less effective for long-term activity because “health/fitness and
appearance-related benefits from exercise are distal, and not directly connected to each exercise
session” (p. 88). They reported that if students are motivated to exercise because they enjoy the
activity, the students receive an immediate reward for their physical activity (McArthur &
Raedeke, 2009). Kilpatrick, Hebert, and Bartholomew (2005) noted that “motives associated
with sport participation may be more likely to lead to long-term adherence than the motives
associated with exercise, and that some of the difficulties in long-term maintenance of exercise
programs are a result of the extrinsic goal motivations underlying exercise” (p. 92). If college
students are able to receive an immediate benefit to exercising, they are more likely to continue
with the physical activity in the long-term.
Implications for Exercise
With the amount of available information on physical activity among college students,
higher education institutions should start implementing supportive initiatives to improve the
health of students. As earlier noted, gender differences play a large factor in the motivation of
students to exercise. Female students are more likely to exercise due to extrinsic factors, while
7. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 7
male students are more likely to exercise due to intrinsic factors. Because females are less likely
to exercise, “it is imperative, then, that university health and wellness promotion programs aim
to (a) create optimally challenging experiences for women, (b) help them to relate their successes
to being fit and healthy, and (c) help them to connect their internal criteria to the criteria created
by health and fitness professionals” (Dinger, Brittain, & Hutchinson, 2014, p. 74). Pauline
(2013) noted that “health promotion professionals should consider gender differences when
designing physical activity programs for college aged adults” (p. 71). The differences in
motivation can influence whether or not a student continues the exercise activity in the long-
term. Exercise activities such as sports resulted in intrinsic satisfaction, which researchers noted
as the type of motivation that has long-term effects. For this reason, “[m]ore appropriate and
effective health promotion efforts may include the promotion of sport activities that are less
likely to include the types of motivations that impair participation and adherence” (Kilpatrick,
Hebert, & Bartholomew, 2005, p. 93). Initiating intramural sports tournaments or recreation
classes that teach students certain physical skills is a strategy that may be more effective in
retaining physical activity motivation for college students.
Nutritional Habits of College Students
Food intake is another crucial component of physical health in college students. While
suggested servings of each food group has changed in the past decade, generally individuals are
recommended to consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables and small amounts of
processed foods and fat. However, Kolodinsky, Harvey-Berino, Berlin, Johnson, and Reynolds
(2007) noted that “for the five major food categories, about one third of students reported eating
the recommended amounts” (p. 1410). Students also reported that on average their fruit and
vegetable intake decreased by one quarter of a serving since they began college (Yeh et al.,
8. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 8
2010). Yeh et al. (2010) attributed this lack of fruit and vegetable intake to the lack of fresh
meals: “Comparing individual characteristics and attributes revealed that students who currently
ate the majority of their meals at restaurants consumed nearly twice as many servings of fruits
and vegetables than students who currently consumed most of their meals at fast food
establishments” (p. 324). The influence of fast food restaurants negatively affected students in
their consumption of the recommended serving of fruits and vegetables.
Fruit and vegetable intake is not the only factor studied among college students; the study
of other healthy food habits, including whole-grain intake, is another widely examined issue.
Researchers found that the recommended serving of whole-grains in individuals leads to a
reduction of chronic health issues as well as a lower BMI (Rose, Hosig, Davy, Serrano, & Davis,
2007). Rose, Hosig, Davy, Serrano, and Davis (2007) noted that “[w]hole-grain intake is very
low in college students and similar to the level consumed in the general population” (p. 92). Lack
of whole-grain, fruit, and vegetable consumption among college students poses an issue for the
long-term health of individuals. While students generally understand the consequences of their
health choices, they had specific reasons as to why they chose their diet. Boek, Bianco-Simeral,
Chan, and Goto (2012) reported that “[t]aste (45.4%) was the most common determinant of food
likes among study participants, followed by convenience (27.0%) and low cost (11.0%)” (p.
374). For college students, satisfaction from taste and convenience seemed to be the largest
indicators of food choice.
Knowledge of Healthy Foods
The literature on the topic of nutritional knowledge shows that college students who have
a general understanding of food intake are more likely to make healthy choices when it comes to
food selection. Yeh et al. (2010) described student food choices using the behavioral choice
9. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 9
theory. In behavioral choice theory, “the chosen food option is considered the reinforcer of the
behavior leading to the choice” (Yeh et al., 2010, p. 322). If the costs or barriers of the food
types are all equal, individuals are most likely to choose the food item that is the most
reinforcing (Yeh et al., 2010). College students have differing opinions on which foods are the
most reinforcing; some individuals will choose convenient foods, while others choose foods with
nutritional value.
When examining students who have knowledge of nutritional benefits of foods,
Kolodinsky, Harvey-Berino, Berlin, Johnson, and Reynolds (2007) reported that they were more
likely to make healthy choices. In fact, “[t]hose who consumed greater than the recommended
amount of fruit had greater food knowledge than those who reported eating less than the
recommended amount” (Kolodinsky et al., 2007, p. 1411). While researchers found that
nutritional knowledge led to healthy food choices, the opposite causation was found in students
who did not have an understanding of nutrition. Marquis (2005) found that students who did not
have an understanding of how to eat well were more likely to choose foods that were convenient.
Knowledge of nutrition and healthy foods is a strong indication of the choices that students make
while in college.
Gender Differences in Nutrition
Food intake for college students also varied significantly by gender. Overall, females
maintained healthier nutritional choices than males. Li et al. (2012) reported that “female
students consumed a lower percentage of energy from fat and fewer servings of fruits and
vegetables than male students” (p. 249). While female college students tend to consume less
fruits and vegetables, they also consume less fatty foods than males, which overall contributes to
a healthier nutritional balance in their diet. Li et al. (2012) suggested that “male students have a
10. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 10
more urgent need to reduce fat content, whereas female students should try to increase fiber
intake as well as fruit and vegetable consumption” (p. 250). A difference in the amount of
protein consumed was also significant for men versus women; female students ate less than the
recommended value for protein compared to male students, who ate more than the recommended
amount of protein on average (Kolodinsky et al., 2007).
There were also differences in the preferences of where male and female students ate on
campus. Boek, Bianco-Simeral, Chan, and Goto (2012) found that “males (70.1%) more than
females (51.2%) preferred the large dining facility, whereas females (22.1%) were more likely
than males (7.6%) to enjoy eating at a café dining setting” (p. 373). The study noted that foods at
the large dining facility were typically fast food restaurants that were geared more toward
convenience, while foods at the café were homemade from scratch with healthier and fresher
ingredients (Boek, Bianco-Simeral, Chan, & Goto, 2012). Li et al. (2012) also found that female
students were more likely than their male counterparts to eat in a campus dining hall, eat less fast
food, read food labels, and eat breakfast. Eating breakfast was found to be an indicator of weight
management and positively correlated to lower BMI among college students. Reading food
labels indicated an understanding of nutritional health, which lead to healthier food choices (Li et
al., 2012). Differences were also present in attitudes toward healthy behavior among male and
female college students. Cluskey and Grobe (2009) found that “males more often suggested that
being healthy was common sense and that they did not worry about it much,” while “females
more often described efforts to determine strategies that they hoped would foster healthful
behaviors” (p. 329). These gender differences in food choice, location, and attitude toward
healthy behaviors interact with one another to influence college students in their nutritional
intake.
11. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 11
University Influence
While college students are generally responsible for making their own choices regarding
food, the university system and setting play an influential role in determining what students
ultimately choose. Boeks et al. (2012) found that “the majority (58.6%) of study participants
preferred to purchase food from the large food court on campus over other locations” (p. 373).
As previously noted, the food court often contains fast food restaurants that offer little nutritional
value for students. Though students are aware that little nutritional benefit is provided by fast
food consumption, both male and female college students noted that they choose to eat at these
locations due to their convenience, low price, and pleasure (Marquis, 2005). Cluskey and Grobe
(2009) reported that “campus food was not perceived as offering healthful options among the
alternatives offered, which included fast-food courts, all-you-can-eat cafeterias, or snack stores”
(p. 328). Generally, universities’ lack of concern surrounding unhealthy food options negatively
influenced college students in their choices for nutritional food intake. In fact, Waldron & Dieser
(2010) found that all of their participants mentioned that they understood eating healthy meals
was important, but attending a university was a major constraint to healthy eating. Although
students acknowledged the benefits of healthy eating, lack of food options at their respective
institutions created a challenge for them to adequately consume their preferred healthy food
choice.
Implications for Nutrition
Researchers have studied nutritional and food intake of college students for many years,
and even the most recent studies found that college students are still not receiving proper
nutrition. The differences in food consumption by gender are an important factor to consider
when implementing programs to aid college students. Li et al. (2012) noted that gender-specific
12. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 12
“intervention strategies may remain necessary because the areas in need of improvement in terms
of eating habits and nutrient intake are different” (p. 249). University food options were also
found to largely impact student health. Li et al. (2012) suggested that “university food service
organizations should be encouraged to promote nutrition education and more healthful food
choice options” (p. 250). Providing easily accessible fruit and vegetable options in dining halls or
even alongside fast food restaurants can help college students select convenient, nutritional food
choices. Lastly, because a large number of college students select certain foods based on taste,
Boek et al. (2012) noted that “it is time nutrition educators consider the importance of addressing
taste and convenience, in addition to food quality and nutrition, when attempting to influence
college students’ food choices” (p. 376). Providing tasty, yet healthy recipes for students in
dining halls and cafés can help individuals prioritize nutrition and satisfaction while selecting
their meals.
Conclusion
College students are faced with a large amount of fitness and food options at higher
education institutions. While some students maintain healthy standards of exercise and nutrition,
the majority of college students do not meet the guidelines. Students are largely motivated by
extrinsic factors, such as peers and environment, to maintain their physical health. Current
literature provides an in-depth understanding of college student physical health, but additional
studies could provide more information. Future studies include researching how previous family
life influences students’ health habits while in college as well as whether sharing meals with
other students has an influence on nutritional content (Marquis, 2005). Cluskey and Grobe
(2009) also suggest that “efforts to understand the college transition and interventions addressing
the broad context of behavior are needed in order to help college students develop lifelong
13. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 13
healthful habits” (p. 328). Lastly, because several studies used BMI as a scale to rate college
student obesity, Racette, Deusinger, Strube, Highstein, and Deusinger (2008) suggest that
additional studies should include an in-depth analysis about college weight gain due to “adipose
tissue, lean body mass, and bone mineral content,” as an increase in muscle can often show as an
unhealthy weight gain in the BMI scale (p. 42). Providing effective and convenient health
options for students at higher education institutions will hopefully improve the physical health of
students and give them an opportunity to create life-long habits to take with them after they
finish their college careers.
14. COLLEGE STUDENT PHYSICAL HEALTH 14
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