This document summarizes the design of a 3.3 kW onboard battery charger for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The charger uses a two-stage design with an AC-DC power factor correction converter followed by an isolated DC-DC converter. The AC-DC stage uses an interleaved boost converter to achieve high efficiency and power factor. The DC-DC stage is a full-bridge zero-voltage switching converter for high efficiency over a wide output voltage range of 200-450V. Experimental results show the charger achieves up to 93.6% efficiency and meets specifications for power factor, harmonic distortion, and charging time.
Single-Phase Inverter with Energy Buffer and DC-DC Conversion CircuitsAsoka Technologies
This paper proposes a new single-phase inverter topology and describes the control method for the proposed inverter. The inverter consists of an energy buffer circuit, a dc-dc conversion circuit and an H-bridge circuit. The energy buffer circuit and H-bridge circuit enable the proposed inverter to output a multilevel voltage according to the proposed pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The dc-dc conversion circuit can charge the buffer capacitor continuously because the dc-dc conversion control cooperates with the PWM. Simulation results confirm that the proposed inverter can reduce the voltage harmonics in the output and the dc-dc conversion current in comparison to a conventional inverter consisting of a dc-dc conversion circuit and H-bridge circuit. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed inverter can output currents of low total harmonic distortion and have higher efficiency than the conventional inverter. In addition, it is confirmed that these features of the proposed inverter contribute to the suppression of the circuit volume in spite of the increase in the number of devices in the circuit.
Bi directional dc to dc converters for fuel cell systemsLi (Eric) Sun
This document discusses bi-directional DC-DC converters for fuel cell systems. It evaluates different converter topologies for combining a current-fed converter on the low-voltage side with a voltage-fed converter on the high-voltage side. Testing showed that a full-bridge current-fed converter on the low-voltage side paired with a full-bridge voltage-fed converter on the high-voltage side had higher efficiency than a combination using an L-type half-bridge current-fed converter on the low-voltage side. The full-bridge current-fed converter was able to achieve zero-voltage switching and had 5% higher efficiency than the L-type half-bridge converter.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1. The document describes the typical components and structure of a power distribution system, including generation, transmission, substations, distribution lines, and transformers.
2. Distribution systems can be classified based on various factors such as overhead vs underground construction, radial vs ring main vs interconnected schematic, and primary vs secondary voltage levels.
3. Key advantages and disadvantages of overhead and underground distribution systems are compared, noting underground has higher initial cost but lower maintenance costs, while overhead has greater flexibility but higher safety risks.
a switched capacitor bidirectional converter with high gainBIJU K.
The document describes a switched-capacitor bidirectional DC-DC converter proposed for electric vehicles with hybrid energy sources. The converter has advantages of a wide voltage gain range, reduced number of components, low voltage stress, and common ground. A 300W prototype validated the wide voltage gain range from 40-100V input to 300V output, with maximum efficiencies of 94.45% and 94.39% in step-up and step-down modes. Experimental results validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed topology.
This document presents a high efficient loaded resonant converter with feedback for DC-DC energy conversion. The proposed converter consists of a half-bridge inductor-capacitor-inductor resonant inverter connected to a bridge rectifier and load. Soft switching reduces losses and improves efficiency. Simulation results show the converter achieves up to 85.8% efficiency. Feedback control provides accurate output regulation. Analysis and MATLAB simulation demonstrate the converter's improved performance for DC-DC energy conversion applications.
This document discusses the design of a multiple-input power converter (MIPEC) for use in an electric vehicle propulsion system that includes a fuel cell generator and a combined storage unit composed of ultracapacitors and batteries. It presents the topology and dynamic modeling of the MIPEC, which is responsible for power flow management. The design and sizing of the MIPEC, fuel cell, batteries, and ultracapacitors are determined together based on traction drive requirements and standard driving cycles. Experimental results from a 60 kW MIPEC prototype are also mentioned.
Power conditioning circuits are required for the fuel cell systems due to its nature in energetic state. This paper proposed the small signal average modelling of a duel active bridge (DAB) DC-DC converter with LC filter, to generate the single phase AC power by using the H1000 fuel cell system. The controller is designed for the stable operation of the system. Implemented the controller, which gives the constant output voltage to DC-bus from the DAB DC-DC converter, this DC-bus voltage fed to the inverter, which inverts the DC-bus voltage to single Phase AC power with the LC-filter. The proposed system simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink.
Single-Phase Inverter with Energy Buffer and DC-DC Conversion CircuitsAsoka Technologies
This paper proposes a new single-phase inverter topology and describes the control method for the proposed inverter. The inverter consists of an energy buffer circuit, a dc-dc conversion circuit and an H-bridge circuit. The energy buffer circuit and H-bridge circuit enable the proposed inverter to output a multilevel voltage according to the proposed pulse width modulation (PWM) technique. The dc-dc conversion circuit can charge the buffer capacitor continuously because the dc-dc conversion control cooperates with the PWM. Simulation results confirm that the proposed inverter can reduce the voltage harmonics in the output and the dc-dc conversion current in comparison to a conventional inverter consisting of a dc-dc conversion circuit and H-bridge circuit. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed inverter can output currents of low total harmonic distortion and have higher efficiency than the conventional inverter. In addition, it is confirmed that these features of the proposed inverter contribute to the suppression of the circuit volume in spite of the increase in the number of devices in the circuit.
Bi directional dc to dc converters for fuel cell systemsLi (Eric) Sun
This document discusses bi-directional DC-DC converters for fuel cell systems. It evaluates different converter topologies for combining a current-fed converter on the low-voltage side with a voltage-fed converter on the high-voltage side. Testing showed that a full-bridge current-fed converter on the low-voltage side paired with a full-bridge voltage-fed converter on the high-voltage side had higher efficiency than a combination using an L-type half-bridge current-fed converter on the low-voltage side. The full-bridge current-fed converter was able to achieve zero-voltage switching and had 5% higher efficiency than the L-type half-bridge converter.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
1. The document describes the typical components and structure of a power distribution system, including generation, transmission, substations, distribution lines, and transformers.
2. Distribution systems can be classified based on various factors such as overhead vs underground construction, radial vs ring main vs interconnected schematic, and primary vs secondary voltage levels.
3. Key advantages and disadvantages of overhead and underground distribution systems are compared, noting underground has higher initial cost but lower maintenance costs, while overhead has greater flexibility but higher safety risks.
a switched capacitor bidirectional converter with high gainBIJU K.
The document describes a switched-capacitor bidirectional DC-DC converter proposed for electric vehicles with hybrid energy sources. The converter has advantages of a wide voltage gain range, reduced number of components, low voltage stress, and common ground. A 300W prototype validated the wide voltage gain range from 40-100V input to 300V output, with maximum efficiencies of 94.45% and 94.39% in step-up and step-down modes. Experimental results validated the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed topology.
This document presents a high efficient loaded resonant converter with feedback for DC-DC energy conversion. The proposed converter consists of a half-bridge inductor-capacitor-inductor resonant inverter connected to a bridge rectifier and load. Soft switching reduces losses and improves efficiency. Simulation results show the converter achieves up to 85.8% efficiency. Feedback control provides accurate output regulation. Analysis and MATLAB simulation demonstrate the converter's improved performance for DC-DC energy conversion applications.
This document discusses the design of a multiple-input power converter (MIPEC) for use in an electric vehicle propulsion system that includes a fuel cell generator and a combined storage unit composed of ultracapacitors and batteries. It presents the topology and dynamic modeling of the MIPEC, which is responsible for power flow management. The design and sizing of the MIPEC, fuel cell, batteries, and ultracapacitors are determined together based on traction drive requirements and standard driving cycles. Experimental results from a 60 kW MIPEC prototype are also mentioned.
Power conditioning circuits are required for the fuel cell systems due to its nature in energetic state. This paper proposed the small signal average modelling of a duel active bridge (DAB) DC-DC converter with LC filter, to generate the single phase AC power by using the H1000 fuel cell system. The controller is designed for the stable operation of the system. Implemented the controller, which gives the constant output voltage to DC-bus from the DAB DC-DC converter, this DC-bus voltage fed to the inverter, which inverts the DC-bus voltage to single Phase AC power with the LC-filter. The proposed system simulated in the MATLAB/Simulink.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a dual inverter topology for open-ended winding induction motor drives. The topology uses a single DC source and a floating capacitor bank to achieve multi-level output voltages. Switching combinations are used to control the voltage of the floating capacitor bank and charge it to half the main DC link voltage. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the motor drive operating with open-loop V/f control and closed-loop field oriented control.
New Topology for Transformer less Single Stage -Single Switch AC/DC ConverterIJMER
This paper presents a transformer less single-stage single-switch ac/dc converter suitable for universal line applications (90–270 Vrms). The topology consists of a buck-type power-factor correction (PFC) cell with a buck–boost dc/dc cell and part of the input power is directly coupled to the output after the first power processing. With this direct power transfer and sharing capacitor voltages, the converter is able to achieve efficient power conversion, high power factor, low voltage stress on intermediate bus (less than 120 V) and low output voltage without a high step-down transformer. The absence of transformer reduces the size of the circuit , component counts and cost of the converter. Unlike most of the boost-type PFC cell, the main switch of the proposed converter only handles the peak inductor current of dc/dc cell rather than the superposition of both inductor currents. Tight voltage regulation is provided by using PID controller. Detailed analysis and design procedures and simulation of the proposed circuit are given .
The FHA Analysis of Dual-Bridge LLC Type Resonant ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
The dual bridge resonant converter is designed in this paper. In this converter the LLC type resonance configuration is proposed. This types is compared with the other configurations and its benefits are narrated in this paper. The steady-state analysis of the LLC configuration is done using fundamental harmonics approximation method and the values for the components of resonance configuration is found and used for simulation. The simulation results shows that the converter is able to achieve the zero voltage switching for the wide load range and attains a good efficiency.
The document summarizes a proposed non-isolated ZVZCS resonant PWM converter for high step-up and high power applications. The proposed converter uses an interleaved structure of basic cells connected in series and parallel to achieve flexibility in device selection. It allows soft-switching turn-on of switches via zero-voltage switching and turn-off of diodes via zero-current switching through the use of an auxiliary circuit. Simulation results are provided to validate the converter's operation and advantages over conventional hard-switched converters, such as reduced switch voltage and current stresses leading to higher efficiency.
A phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost power factor corrected converter for PHEVsMurray Edington
The document proposes a phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost power factor corrected converter for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery chargers. It aims to improve efficiency at light loads and low lines compared to conventional boost, bridgeless boost, and interleaved boost topologies. The proposed topology introduces two slow diodes to link the ground of the power factor correction stage to the input line while maintaining many advantages of existing solutions. Experimental results on a prototype show a power factor over 0.99 from 750W to 3.4kW, total harmonic distortion less than 5% from half to full load, and peak efficiency of 98.6% at 240V input and 1kW load, verifying the proposed topology.
MODELLING OF 200W LED DRIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN WITH LLC CONVERTERJournal For Research
LED is a recent technology, which has replaced all other conventional light sources in the past few years and since it is current controlled, accurate driver design is necessary. The LED driver should have the capability of providing constant current regardless of the LED forward voltage variations. The LLC converter is controlled to operate as a constant current mode LED driver. A 100 kHz, 200W LLC LED driver is designed and calculated to verify the proposed circuit and design method. This paper proposes mathematical model of 200W LED driver circuit design with LLC resonant converter. The proposed circuit uses a full bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC and increases the rectified output voltage using boost converter which is operated in continuous conduction mode and a quasi-half bridge resonant converter to drive the LED lamp load with coupling transformer. The LLC converter is designed such that solid state switches of quasi half bridge are working under zero switching scheme to reduce switching losses. The analysis, design and modelling of 200 W LED driver is carried out by mathematical model and stability analysis for universal AC mains.
Fpga implementation of race control algorithm for full bridge prcp convertereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides a list of 57 technical papers published between 2010-2013 related to electrical engineering topics like power electronics, renewable energy, and control systems. It includes the paper titles and their respective years of publication. Contact information is also provided to inquire about further details.
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) use power electronics to enhance control and increase power transfer capability on AC transmission lines. A flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controller can control one or more AC transmission system parameters using power electronics. There are several types of FACTS controllers including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-series or series-shunt controllers. Thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSCs) are widely used series controllers that control power flow by varying the reactance of a thyristor-switched capacitor bank.
In this paper, a Wavelet modulated isolated two-stage three-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter is proposed for electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. Half-bridge resonant CLLC converter is proposed due to its high efficiency, wide gain range, galvanic isolation and bidirectional power flow. Wavelet modulation technique is used for three-phase six leg AC-DC converter due to its benefits of high DC component and lower harmonic contents. The proposed two-stage converter is developed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment. The contribution of this paper is on the implementation and performance analysis of Wavelet modulation in bidirectional AC-DC converters. The results show that Wavelet modulation is suitable to be implemented for the proposed bidirectional converter. The performance of the proposed converter delivers very low output voltage ripple and total harmonic distortion output current of less than 10% which is within the expected results.
This document summarizes a commercial fast charger for electric vehicle batteries. The charger is designed as a dual-stage ac/dc converter. The input stage uses a three-phase diode rectifier combined with three single-phase active power filters to regulate power quality while complying with grid codes. The output stage uses twelve interleaved buck converters arranged in six groups to charge the battery within 1 hour while minimizing current ripple. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the charger's ability to operate in different charging modes and regulate power quality within specified limits.
A high performance-single-phaseac-dcpowerfactorcorrectedboostconverterforplugiMurray Edington
The document describes a new bridgeless interleaved (BLIL) power factor corrected (PFC) boost converter topology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery chargers. The BLIL topology improves efficiency over existing topologies by eliminating the rectifier bridge, while maintaining the benefits of interleaving such as reduced ripple current. Simulation and experimental results for a 3.4 kW prototype verify the analytical work and proof of concept. The BLIL topology is proposed as a high-performance solution for PHEV chargers requiring over 3 kW power.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
An automotive onboard 3.3kw battery charger for phev applicationsMurray Edington
The document describes a 3.3 kW two-stage battery charger design for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The charger consists of an AC-DC power factor correction rectifier followed by an isolated DC-DC converter. The AC-DC stage uses an interleaved boost converter topology for high efficiency. The DC-DC stage is a full-bridge zero-voltage switching converter. Design details are provided for key components like the transformer and output inductor. Experimental results show the charger achieves up to 94% efficiency and meets specifications like operating over a 200-450V output voltage range.
This document presents a simulation study of a photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a cascade three-level inverter topology. The PV system consists of a PV array, boost converter, and inverter. A cascade three-level inverter is formed by connecting two two-level inverters in series. Space vector PWM control is used to generate switching pulses. MATLAB/Simulink studies are performed to analyze the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms when supplying an inductive load. The simulation results demonstrate the operation of the proposed PV system with the cascade three-level inverter.
Application of Distribution Power Electronic Transformer for Medium VoltageIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper a distribution power electronic transformer (DPET) for feeding critical loads is presented. The PE based transformer is a multi-port converter that can connect to medium voltage levels on the primary side. Bidirectional power flow is provided to the each module. The presented structure consists of three stages: an input stage, an isolation stage, and an output stage. The input current is sinusoidal, and it converts the high AC input voltage to low DC voltages. The isolated DC/DC converters are then connected to the DC links and provide galvanic isolation between the HV and LV sides. Finally, a three-phase inverter generates the AC output with the desired amplitude and frequency. The proposed DPET is extremely modular and can be extended for different voltage and power levels. It performs typical functions and has advantages such as power factor correction, elimination of voltage sag and swell, and reduction of voltage flicker in load side. Also in comparison to conventional transformers, it has lower weight, lower volume and eliminates necessity for toxic dielectric coolants the DPET performance is verified in MATLAB simulation.
Power loss analysis of current-modules based multilevel current-source power ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A power loss analysis of multilevel current-source inverter (MCSI) circuits developed from two basic configurations of three-level current-source inverters, i.e. H-bridge and common-emitter inverter configurations is presented and discussed. The first circuit topology of the MCSI is developed by using DC current modules connected to the primary three-level H-bridge inverter. The second MCSI circuit is created by connecting the current-modules to a three-level common-emitter inverter. The DC current modules work generating the intermediate level waveform of the inverter circuits. Power loss analysis of the both topologies was carried out to explore the efficiency performance of the inverter circuits. The results showed that for the H-bridge and common-emitter MCSI using DC current modules, the amount of conduction losses in the inverter circuits could be diminished when the level number of AC output current increase. The measurement test results have also proved that using these MCSI topologies, the power conversion efficiency will also increase.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
This project is proposed to integrate the Fuel cell emulator with a boost converter and load the DC motor
and the performance analysis is done. Fuel cell as a renewable energy source is considered to be one of the most
promising sources of electrical power. The characteristics of fuel cell is such that the DC power extracted from it is
at low voltage level, this project proposes a prototype of a new power electronics based fuel cell emulator. After
proposing a fuel cell emulator, it is integrated with a boost converter and DC motor is loaded. After the successful
working of the boost converter, it can be directly connected with the actual Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) to satisfy the
DC motor load which is integrated with fuel cell emulator and boost converter.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Evaluation and efficiency comparison of front end ac dc plug-in hybrid charge...Murray Edington
This document evaluates different front-end AC-DC converter topologies for use in plug-in electric vehicle chargers. It presents experimental results comparing the performance of five prototype converters: conventional boost, interleaved boost, phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost, bridgeless interleaved boost, and bridgeless interleaved resonant boost. The results show that the phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost converter is well-suited for 120V Level 1 charging applications due to its high efficiency, especially at light loads. The bridgeless interleaved boost converter achieves even higher power levels and is suitable for 240V Level 2 charging applications.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a dual inverter topology for open-ended winding induction motor drives. The topology uses a single DC source and a floating capacitor bank to achieve multi-level output voltages. Switching combinations are used to control the voltage of the floating capacitor bank and charge it to half the main DC link voltage. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the motor drive operating with open-loop V/f control and closed-loop field oriented control.
New Topology for Transformer less Single Stage -Single Switch AC/DC ConverterIJMER
This paper presents a transformer less single-stage single-switch ac/dc converter suitable for universal line applications (90–270 Vrms). The topology consists of a buck-type power-factor correction (PFC) cell with a buck–boost dc/dc cell and part of the input power is directly coupled to the output after the first power processing. With this direct power transfer and sharing capacitor voltages, the converter is able to achieve efficient power conversion, high power factor, low voltage stress on intermediate bus (less than 120 V) and low output voltage without a high step-down transformer. The absence of transformer reduces the size of the circuit , component counts and cost of the converter. Unlike most of the boost-type PFC cell, the main switch of the proposed converter only handles the peak inductor current of dc/dc cell rather than the superposition of both inductor currents. Tight voltage regulation is provided by using PID controller. Detailed analysis and design procedures and simulation of the proposed circuit are given .
The FHA Analysis of Dual-Bridge LLC Type Resonant ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
The dual bridge resonant converter is designed in this paper. In this converter the LLC type resonance configuration is proposed. This types is compared with the other configurations and its benefits are narrated in this paper. The steady-state analysis of the LLC configuration is done using fundamental harmonics approximation method and the values for the components of resonance configuration is found and used for simulation. The simulation results shows that the converter is able to achieve the zero voltage switching for the wide load range and attains a good efficiency.
The document summarizes a proposed non-isolated ZVZCS resonant PWM converter for high step-up and high power applications. The proposed converter uses an interleaved structure of basic cells connected in series and parallel to achieve flexibility in device selection. It allows soft-switching turn-on of switches via zero-voltage switching and turn-off of diodes via zero-current switching through the use of an auxiliary circuit. Simulation results are provided to validate the converter's operation and advantages over conventional hard-switched converters, such as reduced switch voltage and current stresses leading to higher efficiency.
A phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost power factor corrected converter for PHEVsMurray Edington
The document proposes a phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost power factor corrected converter for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery chargers. It aims to improve efficiency at light loads and low lines compared to conventional boost, bridgeless boost, and interleaved boost topologies. The proposed topology introduces two slow diodes to link the ground of the power factor correction stage to the input line while maintaining many advantages of existing solutions. Experimental results on a prototype show a power factor over 0.99 from 750W to 3.4kW, total harmonic distortion less than 5% from half to full load, and peak efficiency of 98.6% at 240V input and 1kW load, verifying the proposed topology.
MODELLING OF 200W LED DRIVER CIRCUIT DESIGN WITH LLC CONVERTERJournal For Research
LED is a recent technology, which has replaced all other conventional light sources in the past few years and since it is current controlled, accurate driver design is necessary. The LED driver should have the capability of providing constant current regardless of the LED forward voltage variations. The LLC converter is controlled to operate as a constant current mode LED driver. A 100 kHz, 200W LLC LED driver is designed and calculated to verify the proposed circuit and design method. This paper proposes mathematical model of 200W LED driver circuit design with LLC resonant converter. The proposed circuit uses a full bridge rectifier to convert AC to DC and increases the rectified output voltage using boost converter which is operated in continuous conduction mode and a quasi-half bridge resonant converter to drive the LED lamp load with coupling transformer. The LLC converter is designed such that solid state switches of quasi half bridge are working under zero switching scheme to reduce switching losses. The analysis, design and modelling of 200 W LED driver is carried out by mathematical model and stability analysis for universal AC mains.
Fpga implementation of race control algorithm for full bridge prcp convertereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document provides a list of 57 technical papers published between 2010-2013 related to electrical engineering topics like power electronics, renewable energy, and control systems. It includes the paper titles and their respective years of publication. Contact information is also provided to inquire about further details.
Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) use power electronics to enhance control and increase power transfer capability on AC transmission lines. A flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) controller can control one or more AC transmission system parameters using power electronics. There are several types of FACTS controllers including series controllers that inject voltage in series with a line, shunt controllers that inject current, and combined series-series or series-shunt controllers. Thyristor-controlled series capacitors (TCSCs) are widely used series controllers that control power flow by varying the reactance of a thyristor-switched capacitor bank.
In this paper, a Wavelet modulated isolated two-stage three-phase bidirectional AC-DC converter is proposed for electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. Half-bridge resonant CLLC converter is proposed due to its high efficiency, wide gain range, galvanic isolation and bidirectional power flow. Wavelet modulation technique is used for three-phase six leg AC-DC converter due to its benefits of high DC component and lower harmonic contents. The proposed two-stage converter is developed and simulated in MATLAB Simulink environment. The contribution of this paper is on the implementation and performance analysis of Wavelet modulation in bidirectional AC-DC converters. The results show that Wavelet modulation is suitable to be implemented for the proposed bidirectional converter. The performance of the proposed converter delivers very low output voltage ripple and total harmonic distortion output current of less than 10% which is within the expected results.
This document summarizes a commercial fast charger for electric vehicle batteries. The charger is designed as a dual-stage ac/dc converter. The input stage uses a three-phase diode rectifier combined with three single-phase active power filters to regulate power quality while complying with grid codes. The output stage uses twelve interleaved buck converters arranged in six groups to charge the battery within 1 hour while minimizing current ripple. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate the charger's ability to operate in different charging modes and regulate power quality within specified limits.
A high performance-single-phaseac-dcpowerfactorcorrectedboostconverterforplugiMurray Edington
The document describes a new bridgeless interleaved (BLIL) power factor corrected (PFC) boost converter topology for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) battery chargers. The BLIL topology improves efficiency over existing topologies by eliminating the rectifier bridge, while maintaining the benefits of interleaving such as reduced ripple current. Simulation and experimental results for a 3.4 kW prototype verify the analytical work and proof of concept. The BLIL topology is proposed as a high-performance solution for PHEV chargers requiring over 3 kW power.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
An automotive onboard 3.3kw battery charger for phev applicationsMurray Edington
The document describes a 3.3 kW two-stage battery charger design for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). The charger consists of an AC-DC power factor correction rectifier followed by an isolated DC-DC converter. The AC-DC stage uses an interleaved boost converter topology for high efficiency. The DC-DC stage is a full-bridge zero-voltage switching converter. Design details are provided for key components like the transformer and output inductor. Experimental results show the charger achieves up to 94% efficiency and meets specifications like operating over a 200-450V output voltage range.
This document presents a simulation study of a photovoltaic (PV) system that uses a cascade three-level inverter topology. The PV system consists of a PV array, boost converter, and inverter. A cascade three-level inverter is formed by connecting two two-level inverters in series. Space vector PWM control is used to generate switching pulses. MATLAB/Simulink studies are performed to analyze the total harmonic distortion in the output voltage and current waveforms when supplying an inductive load. The simulation results demonstrate the operation of the proposed PV system with the cascade three-level inverter.
Application of Distribution Power Electronic Transformer for Medium VoltageIAES-IJPEDS
In this paper a distribution power electronic transformer (DPET) for feeding critical loads is presented. The PE based transformer is a multi-port converter that can connect to medium voltage levels on the primary side. Bidirectional power flow is provided to the each module. The presented structure consists of three stages: an input stage, an isolation stage, and an output stage. The input current is sinusoidal, and it converts the high AC input voltage to low DC voltages. The isolated DC/DC converters are then connected to the DC links and provide galvanic isolation between the HV and LV sides. Finally, a three-phase inverter generates the AC output with the desired amplitude and frequency. The proposed DPET is extremely modular and can be extended for different voltage and power levels. It performs typical functions and has advantages such as power factor correction, elimination of voltage sag and swell, and reduction of voltage flicker in load side. Also in comparison to conventional transformers, it has lower weight, lower volume and eliminates necessity for toxic dielectric coolants the DPET performance is verified in MATLAB simulation.
Power loss analysis of current-modules based multilevel current-source power ...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A power loss analysis of multilevel current-source inverter (MCSI) circuits developed from two basic configurations of three-level current-source inverters, i.e. H-bridge and common-emitter inverter configurations is presented and discussed. The first circuit topology of the MCSI is developed by using DC current modules connected to the primary three-level H-bridge inverter. The second MCSI circuit is created by connecting the current-modules to a three-level common-emitter inverter. The DC current modules work generating the intermediate level waveform of the inverter circuits. Power loss analysis of the both topologies was carried out to explore the efficiency performance of the inverter circuits. The results showed that for the H-bridge and common-emitter MCSI using DC current modules, the amount of conduction losses in the inverter circuits could be diminished when the level number of AC output current increase. The measurement test results have also proved that using these MCSI topologies, the power conversion efficiency will also increase.
IEEE 2015-15 Power Electronics and Power System Project titles for ME and BE Students,Bangalore.power electronics and power system projects in bangalore.
This project is proposed to integrate the Fuel cell emulator with a boost converter and load the DC motor
and the performance analysis is done. Fuel cell as a renewable energy source is considered to be one of the most
promising sources of electrical power. The characteristics of fuel cell is such that the DC power extracted from it is
at low voltage level, this project proposes a prototype of a new power electronics based fuel cell emulator. After
proposing a fuel cell emulator, it is integrated with a boost converter and DC motor is loaded. After the successful
working of the boost converter, it can be directly connected with the actual Fuel Cell Systems (FCS) to satisfy the
DC motor load which is integrated with fuel cell emulator and boost converter.
A ZVS Interleaved Boost AC/DC Converter Using Super Capacitor Power for Hybri...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Evaluation and efficiency comparison of front end ac dc plug-in hybrid charge...Murray Edington
This document evaluates different front-end AC-DC converter topologies for use in plug-in electric vehicle chargers. It presents experimental results comparing the performance of five prototype converters: conventional boost, interleaved boost, phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost, bridgeless interleaved boost, and bridgeless interleaved resonant boost. The results show that the phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost converter is well-suited for 120V Level 1 charging applications due to its high efficiency, especially at light loads. The bridgeless interleaved boost converter achieves even higher power levels and is suitable for 240V Level 2 charging applications.
A phase shifted semi-bridgeless boost power factor corrected converter for PHEVMurray Edington
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An automotive onboard 3.3kw battery charger for PHEV applications
1. An Automotive On-Board 3.3 kW Battery Charger
for PHEV Application
Deepak Gautam, Fariborz Musavi, Murray Edington
Delta-Q Technologies Corp.
dgautam@delta-q.com, fmusavi@delta-q.com, medington@delta-q.com
Abstract-An on-board charger is responsible for charging the
battery pack in a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). In this
paper, a 3.3kW two stage battery charger design is presented for
a PHEV application. The objective of the design is to achieve
high efficiency, which is critical to minimize the charger size,
charging time and the amount and cost of electricity drawn from
the utility. The operation of the charger power converter
configuration is provided in addition to a detailed design
procedure. The mechanical packaging design and key
experimental results are provided to verify the suitability of the
proposed charger power architecture.
I. INTRODUCTION
A plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) is a hybrid
vehicle with rechargeable batteries that can be restored to full
charge by connecting the vehicle plug to an external electric
power source. In recent years, PHEV motor drive and energy
storage technology has developed at a rapid rate in response
to expected market demand for PHEVs. Battery chargers are
another key component required for the emergence and
acceptance of PHEVs. For PHEV applications, the accepted
approach involves using an on-board charger [1]. An onboard 3.3 kW charger can charge a depleted 16 kWh battery
pack in PHEVs to 95% charge in about four hours from a 240
V supply. The most common charger power architecture
includes an AC-DC converter with power factor correction
(PFC) [2] followed by an isolated DC-DC converter.
Selecting the optimal topology and evaluating power loss in
power semiconductors are important steps in the design and
development of these battery chargers [3]. In this paper a two
stage battery charger is presented, including an AC-DC
converter with an interleaved boost PFC followed by a PWM
ZVS full-bridge DC-DC converter. The charging solution
presented achieves a peak efficiency of 93.6%, while
maintaining the ability to operate over a wide output voltage
variation of 200V to 450V. The solution achieves a compact
size of 5.46 L, 6.2 kg in weight and 273×200×100 mm in
Fig. 1. Proposed battery charger configuration for a PHEV application.
Wilson Eberle, William G. Dunford
The University of British Columbia
wilson.eberle@ubc.ca, wgd@ece.ubc.ca
dimension. This paper presents the operation, design and
experimental results of the battery charging solution
proposed.
II. THE PROPOSED TWO STAGE BATTERY CHARGER
The two stage battery charger configuration is illustrated in
Fig. 1. In this configuration, an interleaved boost PFC circuit
is used for the front-end converter, which is followed by an
isolated full-bridge DC-DC converter.
A. Front-End First Stage AC-DC PFC Rectifier
The interleaved PFC consists of two CCM boost converters
in parallel, which operate 180° out of phase [4-6]. The input
current is the sum of the inductor currents in LB1 and LB2.
Since the inductor ripple currents are out of phase, they tend
to cancel each other and reduce the input ripple current. The
maximum input inductor ripple current cancellation occurs at
50% duty cycle. The output capacitor current is the sum of
the two boost diode currents less the dc output current.
Interleaving reduces the output capacitor ripple current as a
function of the duty cycle [7]. As the duty cycle approaches
0%, 50%, and 100% duty cycle, the sum of the two diode
currents approaches dc. At these points, the output capacitor
only has to filter the inductor ripple current.
The interleaved boost converter inherently takes advantage
of paralleled semiconductors to reduce conduction loss.
Furthermore, by having the converters switched out of phase,
it doubles the effective switching frequency, therefore
reducing the input current ripple, resulting in a reduction of
the size of the input EMI filter.
In order to design the interleaved PFC converter, it should
be treated as two conventional boost PFC converters with
each operating at half of the load power rating. With this
approach, all equations for the inductor, switch and diode in
the conventional PFC remain valid, since the stresses are
unchanged with the only exception being the reduced ripple
current through the output capacitors.
2. ߬=
గ
ଶ
ଵ
భ
ೃమ
ඨ
ି
ಽೃ× ర×(ಽೃ)మ
(1)
where τ is the resonant transition time, LR is the leakage
inductance, C is the parasitic capacitance, and R is the
equivalent resistance in series with LR and C.
When Q3 and Q4 toggle, the primary current that was
flowing through Q4 now finds an alternate path and it
charges/discharges the parasitic capacitance of switches Q4
and Q2 until the body diode of Q2 is forward biased. If the
resonant delay is set properly, switch Q2 will be turned on
with ZVS at this time. The output inductor does not assist this
transition. It is purely a resonant transition driven by the
resonant inductor.
The second power transfer period commences when Q2
turns on and primary current flows through Q2-LR-
Vg1
Vg2
Vg3
Vg4
Duty Cycle Loss
+400V
Available Duty
Cycle on
Secondary
Side
iLr
vab
-400V
time (µs)
+400V
Q1, Q4
Q2, Q3
Q3, D4
D1, D4
vRec_in
Q4, D3
D2, D3
B. Second Stage ZVS Full-Bridge DC-DC Converter
The full-bridge zero-voltage switching (ZVS) converter [811], behaves like a traditional hard-switched topology, but,
rather than driving the diagonal bridge switches
simultaneously, the lower switches (Q3 and Q4) are driven at
a fixed 50% duty cycle and the upper switches (Q1 and Q2)
are pulse width modulated on the trailing edge [12].
As shown in Fig. 1, the power semiconductor switches
have been modeled with parallel diodes and parasitic
capacitances. All parasitic capacitances in the circuit
including winding and heatsink capacitance have been
lumped together as switch capacitance. The output rectifiers
are considered ideal and the external resonant inductor also
includes the transformer leakage inductance. The beginning
of the cycle, shown in Fig. 2, is arbitrarily set as having
switches Q1 and Q4 on and Q3 and Q4 off. This is a power
transfer period and the primary current flows through Q1transformer primary-LR-Q4. This power transfer period
terminates when switch Q1 turns off as determined by the
PWM signal. As the current flowing in the primary cannot be
interrupted instantaneously, it finds an alternate path and
flows through the parasitic switch capacitance of Q3 and Q1
which discharges the node b to 0V and then forward biases
the body diode D3.
The primary resonant inductor LR, maintains the current
which circulates around the path of D3-transformer primaryLR-Q4. When switch Q1 opens, the output inductor current
free-wheels through all four output diodes, DR1-DR4. During
this switch transition, the output inductor current assists the
resonant inductor in charging the upper and lower bridge FET
capacitance. At the end of the free-wheeling period, Q3 and
Q4 toggle. The actual timing of this toggle is dependent on
the resonant delay which occurs prior to Q2 turning on. The
ZVS transition occurs during this resonant delay period after
Q3 and Q4 toggle and before Q2 turns on. The required
resonant delay is 1/4 of the period of the LR×C resonant
frequency of the circuit formed by the resonant inductor and
the parasitic capacitance. The resonant transition may be
estimated by (1),
Q1, Q4
-400V
Fig. 2. Typical operating waveforms to illustrate the operation of the ZVS
Full-Bridge converter.
transformer primary-Q3. The rest of the circuit operation can
be explained in a similar manner.
A clamp network consisting of DC, RC and CC is needed
across the output rectifier to clamp the voltage ringing due to
diode junction capacitance with the leakage inductance of the
transformer. This DC-DC converter also suffers from duty
cycle loss as illustrated in Fig. 2. Duty cycle loss occurs for
converters requiring inductive output filters when the output
rectifiers commutate enabling all of the diodes conduct,
which effectively shorts the secondary winding [12]. This
causes a decrease in the output voltage and thus a higher
transformer turns ratio is needed, which increases the primary
peak current.
III. SPECIFICATIONS AND DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED CHARGER
This section provides the design details for the two stage
3.3kW battery charger [13], which was designed to meet the
specifications given in Table I.
The full-bridge DC-DC converter was designed to operate
at a PFC bus voltage (VPFC) of 400V and an output voltage
(Vo) of 400V at full load. Initially, a peak-to-peak output
ripple (∆IO) of 1A was assumed. Accounting for dead-time
and duty cycle loss, an initial duty ratio of Deff = 0.75 was
assumed.
Then the transformer turns ratio is given by [14]:
݊௧ =
×
= 0.75
(2)
A custom planar type ferrite transformer was designed
using turns ratio of 12(Np):16(Ns).
An inductor value of 400 µH was selected using (3):
3. ܮ =
ೇ
( ି )×
∆ூ ×ଶೞ
(3)
TABLE I
DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PROPOSED CHARGER
Parameters
Value[Units]
Input AC Voltage
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The internal component organization of the battery charger
is provided in Fig. 3. The AC input power is fed through the
top left connector which then feeds the inrush current
protection circuit followed by the EMI filter. The inrush
protection and EMI filter circuit is placed in a shield to meet
stringent FCC Class B conducted and radiated emission
requirements.
85 – 265 [V]
Maximum Input AC Current
16 [A]
Power Factor @ F.L. and 240 V in
99 [%]
AC Input Frequency
47 – 70 [Hz]
THD at F.L. and 240V in
< 5 [%]
Overall Efficiency
Up to 94 [%]
Output DC Voltage Range
200 to 450 [V]
Maximum Output DC Current
11 [A]
Maximum Output Power
3.3 [kW]
Output Voltage Ripple
< 2 [Vp-p]
PFC Switching Frequency
70 [khz]
DC-DC Switching Frequency
Fig. 3. The internal component organization of the charger.
200 [kHz]
Cooling
Liquid
Dimensions
273 x 200 x 100 [mm]
Mass/Volume
6.2 [Kg] / 5.46 [L]
Operating Temperature
-40°C to +105°C Ambient
Coolant Temperature
-40°C to +70°C
A toroidal, iron powder core was used in the design for the
resonant inductor. An 8µH inductor was selected using (4):
ܮோ =
× (ଵି )
ସ ∆ூ ×ೞ
≈ 8ߤܪ
(4)
A toroidal (iron powder core) inductor was used to obtain
6µH and an additional 2µH was obtained using the
transformer leakage inductance.
A 600V, 80 mΩ Rdson, 450 pF Cds (parasitic capacitance)
MOSFET with a fast body diode was selected for the four
primary switches. A 12A silicon carbide diode was selected
for the four output rectifier diodes. A 33 µF/500V electrolytic
capacitor was selected for output ripple current filtering.
For the PFC section, a 600 V, 99 mΩ Rdson was selected
for each channel of the interleaved PFC. A 600 V, and 6 A
silicon carbide diode was selected for PFC boost diode.
Gapped ferrite cores were used to obtain 400 µH inductances
for each of the PFC inductors. A standard two-phase
interleaved CCM PFC controller from Texas Instruments,
UCC28070, was used to implement the control for the PFC
front end.
The interleaved PFC circuit consists of the PFC block
where the AC rectifier diodes, boost MOSFET’s and diodes
are mounted. There are two boost inductors and 12×82
µF/450V PFC bus capacitors. The 400V DC from the PFC
output is fed to the HV primary block on which the fullbridge MOSFET’s and resonant inductor are mounted. The
HV transformer is placed in between the primary and
secondary block. The output rectifier diodes and the clamp
resistor RC is mounted on the secondary block. The output
filter inductor and capacitor are also shown. Finally the HV
DC output power is delivered through the bottom left
connector. All of the power components and blocks are
connected to the base plate of the chassis for cooling through
the liquid channels. Fig. 4 illustrates the mechanical
packaging of the charger.
Fig. 4. The mechanical packaging of the charger.
4. for 120 V and 230 V input. All converter harmonics are well
below IEC standard, which is required for PHEV chargers.
1
0.995
Power factor
0.99
0.985
0.98
Vin=240
0.975
Vin=120
0.97
Fig. 5. Experimental waveforms of input current, input voltage and PFC Bus
voltage of an interleaved boost converter at Vin = 240 V and Full
Load.Ch1= Iin 10A/div. Ch3= Vin 100V/div. Ch4= VPFC 100V/div.
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
Output Power (W)
Fig. 7. Experimental measured PF as a function of output power at 240 V
and 120 V input.
25
20
Vin=240
THD (%)
Waveforms of the input voltage, input current and PFC bus
voltage of the charger are provided in Fig. 5 for the following
test conditions: Vin = 240 V, Iin = 15 A, Po = 3300 W, Vo =
300 V, fsw = 70 kHz (PFC) and 200 kHz (DC-DC). The input
current is in phase with the input voltage, and its shape is
nearly perfectly sinusoidal, as expected.
The HV output voltage and current is also shown in Fig. 6
for Vo = 400 V and Io = 8 A. As seen the HV output is a low
frequency ripple free output. This is very favorable for
charging the electric vehicle batteries.
0.965
15
Vin=120
10
5
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
Output Power (W)
Fig. 8. Experimental measured THD as a function of output power at 240 V
and 120 V input.
2.5
Fig. 6. Experimental waveforms of HV output voltage and current.Ch1= Vo
100V/div. Ch4= Io 2A/div.
Amplitude (A)
2
Amplitude (A) Vin = 120 V
1.5
Amplitude (A) Vin = 230 V
1
0.5
0
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
Power factor is another useful parameter to show the
quality of input current. The charger input AC power factor is
provided in Fig. 7 for the entire load range at 120 V and 240
V input. The power factor is greater than 0.99 from half load
to full load.
Curves of the input current total harmonic distortion are
provided in Fig. 8 for full load at 120 V and 240 V input. It is
noted that the input current THD is less than 5% from half
load to full load.
In order to verify the quality of the input current in the
proposed topology, its harmonics up to the 39th harmonic are
given and compared with the IEC 1000-3-2 standard in Fig. 9
EN 61000-3-2 Class D Limits (A)
Harmonics Order
Fig. 9. Experimental measured individual harmonics as a function of
harmonic number for at 120 V, 1700 W and 230 V, 3300 W.
5. Figs. 10 and 11 illustrate zero voltage turn-on for
MOSFETs Q1 and Q3 respectively, at 300 V output voltage
and 3.3 kW load.
The efficiency of the PFC stage, the DC-DC stage and the
overall efficiency for the battery charger are illustrated in
Figs. 12-14, respectively.
100.0
98.0
96.0
Efficiency (%)
94.0
92.0
90.0
88.0
86.0
200 V Output
84.0
300 V Output
82.0
400 V Output
450 V Output
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
Fig. 10. Experimental waveforms of MOSFET Q1 voltage and current
during Turn-ON at Vo = 300 V and Io = 11 A.
Ch1= VDS-Q1 100V/div. Ch2= IDS-Q1 5A/div.
0.50
0.00
80.0
Output Power (kW)
Fig. 13. Experimental measured efficiency as a function of Efficiency
versus output power at different output voltages DC-DC converter.
0.960
0.940
Efficiency (%)
0.920
0.900
0.880
0.860
0.840
240V Input - 400 V Output
0.820
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
Fig. 11. Experimental waveforms of MOSFET Q3 voltage and current
during Turn-ON at Vo = 300 V and Io = 11 A.
Ch1= VDS-Q3 100V/div. Ch2= IDS-Q3 5A/div.
500
0
0.800
Output Power (W)
Fig. 14. Experimental measured efficiency of the charger as a function of
output power at 240 V input and 400 V output voltages.
100
99
With the proposed charging solution a peak charger
efficiency of 93.6 % was reached at 240 V input and 3.3 kW
output power. High efficiency over the entire load range is
achieved with this solution. Furthermore, high efficiency
means that more of the limited input power is available to
charge the batteries, reducing charging time and electricity
costs.
98
Efficiency (%)
97
96
95
94
Vin = 90 V
93
Vin = 120 V
92
Vin = 220 V
91
Vin = 240 V
V. CONCLUSIONS
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
90
Output Power (W)
Fig. 12. Experimental measured efficiency as a function of Efficiency
versus output power at different input voltages for interleaved PFC boost
converter.
A high performance two stage AC-DC battery charger
topology has been presented in this paper for PHEV battery
charging application. The detailed operation, design and
performance characteristics of the proposed converter are
presented.
Experimental results presented include waveforms, and
efficiency and input current harmonic data. The input current
6. harmonics at each harmonic order were compared with the
IEC 1000-3-2 standard limits. The input current THD is less
than 5% from half load to full load and the converter is
compliant with the IEC 1000-3-2 standard. The charger
power factor was also provided for the full load power range
at 120 V and 240 V input. The power factor is greater than
0.99 from half load to full load. The proposed charger
achieved a peak efficiency of 93.6 % at 70 kHz and 200 kHz
switching frequency for PFC and DC-DC stages respectively,
240 V input and 3.3 kW output power.The converter meets all
required design specifications. It operates over a wide output
voltage range of 200V to 450V and is packaged in a compact
size of 5.5L.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Jon Stroud, project
manager, Tom Unger, product development team lead, Jake
Liang, hardware engineer, Ryan Truss, engineering
technologist and Dale Wager, CAD Designer for QMX
project for their valuable effort and contributions towards this
project.
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