The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
This article focused on the the gender patterns that were found in the social media Instagram based on the sociolinguistics point of view. There were two research questions were arisen what types of the gender patterns that were found in the social media Instagram based on the sociolinguistics and the factors of the difference language used based on gender in social media Instagram. Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) was used to analyze the data. The data was taken from all of component of the sociolinguistics aspect in social media network especially for gender patterns that existed on the social media instagram college students’ users id in Pekanbaru. The writer took 30 Instagram users id as sample. The study found that two types of gender patterns, first; gender in writing and second; gender in profile photo, thus there were five main assumptions that caused the differences language in gender in social media Instagram, namely; (1) an audience is active and goal-oriented in their media consumption, (2) media are used for gratifications, (3) media are in competition with other means of need satisfaction, (4) people understand their personal media use, interests, and motives enough to communicate with researchers about their choices, (5) the audience members are the only people who can make judgments regarding the value of the media content. The study recommends that sociolinguistics is an interesting topic to be researched thus future field of study concerns with the rapid changing phenomena in social media.
Form of Sexual Euphemism Used in YouTube Channel “Tonight Show”: A Language a...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aims to find out the form of euphemisms used in interaction that talks about
sexuality. This research focuses on revealing the use of euphemism from gender perspective. The stigma toward
men and women assume that women speak more politely than men. Based on this phenomenon, the researcher
interested to find out the use of language, especially the euphemism between men and women when talking
about sexuality. The data is taken from the interaction in YouTube channel “tonight show”. This study uses agih
method with BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung) as the basic technique. The result of this study indicate that men uses
more euphemism than women. Men and women use the word form as the most frequently used form of
euphemism. This result is in line with the research conducted by Adriana (2012) that stated men tend to speak
less and use shorter expression in informal situation and women uses word as the shortest form of euphemism in
sexual interaction to maintain prestige or self-dignity when discussing something taboo.
KEYWORDS: euphemism, sexuality, stereotype, language and gender, taboo.
Appraisal System Used by Man and Woman Writer in The Article Published by Moj...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research focuses on the analysis of appraisal system employed by the man and woman
writer through their article published in Mojok.co. The researchers examine all of the aspects of appraisal
system and find out how the man and woman writer manifest those aspects. Besides, the researchers elaborate
the use of the appraisal system through gender perspective. This research is included into qualitative which the
data are based on the words, phrase, and clause that contains of appraisal system. These data are investigated
using Spradley's model which are domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, componential analysis, and discovering
cultural themes. The result shows that the use of appraisal system of man and woman writer is different and
gender variable has significant impacts in the use of appraisal system.
KEYWORDS-appraisal, gender, Mojok.co, writer
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
The study is entitled “Analyzing the Extent of Using Gender Fair Language in CMU’s Instructional Materials”. It aimed to 1. Evaluate the system of language choice used in the IMs following the NCTE guidelines; 2. Describe possible explanations for such choice of language; and 3. Determine if there is a relationship between author’s sex/gender and language choice. The data were gathered Instructional Materials Development Center, Central Mindanao University, there were about 52 available Instructional Materials that were used. The books and instructional materials were analysed on the language used in all parts of the books, from preface, to body, discussion and even the examples. The guide used during this stage is the guidelines set by the National Council of Teachers in English (NCTE) in the use of gender-fair language. Results showed Gender-bias language is present among the IMs evaluated. The common biases found were the following: a. generic used of “he his and man” and .gender stereotyping.
This article focused on the the gender patterns that were found in the social media Instagram based on the sociolinguistics point of view. There were two research questions were arisen what types of the gender patterns that were found in the social media Instagram based on the sociolinguistics and the factors of the difference language used based on gender in social media Instagram. Uses and Gratifications Theory (UGT) was used to analyze the data. The data was taken from all of component of the sociolinguistics aspect in social media network especially for gender patterns that existed on the social media instagram college students’ users id in Pekanbaru. The writer took 30 Instagram users id as sample. The study found that two types of gender patterns, first; gender in writing and second; gender in profile photo, thus there were five main assumptions that caused the differences language in gender in social media Instagram, namely; (1) an audience is active and goal-oriented in their media consumption, (2) media are used for gratifications, (3) media are in competition with other means of need satisfaction, (4) people understand their personal media use, interests, and motives enough to communicate with researchers about their choices, (5) the audience members are the only people who can make judgments regarding the value of the media content. The study recommends that sociolinguistics is an interesting topic to be researched thus future field of study concerns with the rapid changing phenomena in social media.
Form of Sexual Euphemism Used in YouTube Channel “Tonight Show”: A Language a...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This study aims to find out the form of euphemisms used in interaction that talks about
sexuality. This research focuses on revealing the use of euphemism from gender perspective. The stigma toward
men and women assume that women speak more politely than men. Based on this phenomenon, the researcher
interested to find out the use of language, especially the euphemism between men and women when talking
about sexuality. The data is taken from the interaction in YouTube channel “tonight show”. This study uses agih
method with BUL (Bagi Unsur Langsung) as the basic technique. The result of this study indicate that men uses
more euphemism than women. Men and women use the word form as the most frequently used form of
euphemism. This result is in line with the research conducted by Adriana (2012) that stated men tend to speak
less and use shorter expression in informal situation and women uses word as the shortest form of euphemism in
sexual interaction to maintain prestige or self-dignity when discussing something taboo.
KEYWORDS: euphemism, sexuality, stereotype, language and gender, taboo.
Appraisal System Used by Man and Woman Writer in The Article Published by Moj...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research focuses on the analysis of appraisal system employed by the man and woman
writer through their article published in Mojok.co. The researchers examine all of the aspects of appraisal
system and find out how the man and woman writer manifest those aspects. Besides, the researchers elaborate
the use of the appraisal system through gender perspective. This research is included into qualitative which the
data are based on the words, phrase, and clause that contains of appraisal system. These data are investigated
using Spradley's model which are domain analysis, taxonomy analysis, componential analysis, and discovering
cultural themes. The result shows that the use of appraisal system of man and woman writer is different and
gender variable has significant impacts in the use of appraisal system.
KEYWORDS-appraisal, gender, Mojok.co, writer
A research paper about Gender Discourse Analysis in "Hamlet". Gender discrimination has been highlighted in perspective of discussion between the characters of the drama.
The study is entitled “Analyzing the Extent of Using Gender Fair Language in CMU’s Instructional Materials”. It aimed to 1. Evaluate the system of language choice used in the IMs following the NCTE guidelines; 2. Describe possible explanations for such choice of language; and 3. Determine if there is a relationship between author’s sex/gender and language choice. The data were gathered Instructional Materials Development Center, Central Mindanao University, there were about 52 available Instructional Materials that were used. The books and instructional materials were analysed on the language used in all parts of the books, from preface, to body, discussion and even the examples. The guide used during this stage is the guidelines set by the National Council of Teachers in English (NCTE) in the use of gender-fair language. Results showed Gender-bias language is present among the IMs evaluated. The common biases found were the following: a. generic used of “he his and man” and .gender stereotyping.
ABSTRACT:By analyzing the previous literature, this paper looks into the salient features of women’s
language from the perspective of sociolinguistics. It is find that women are not necessarily using more lexicon
of colors, particles, intensifiers, hedges, or more tag questions, polite forms, phatic stress, etc. What they
actually do has to be analyzed with a mixed factors like social position, topic, relationship with the interlocutor,
her personality, the particular occasion, etc; Women are not necessarily less dominant or with less power in the
interaction with men. Social position and the specific context are two other major elements impacting on their
linguistic performance; Both theoretical and empirical methods are applicable to studying women’s language,
and research design should be attached great importance to, involving the two groups of moderators,
methodological moderators and contextual moderators. Based on the findings, future study on women’s
language can be further contextualized and further categorized. For instance, when looking into women’s talk in
court, we should specify her position. We may further compare women’s different uses of language between
judge, prosecution attorney, defence attorney, jury, or defendant in different cases such as finance, divorce,
criminal offence, or others.
KEYWORDS: sociolinguistics, conventional, theoretical, empirical, women’s language
Running head: RESOURCE PACKET 1
Annotated bibliography for the Resource Packet
Darnetta Glover
Jeremy Lormis
CCMH/510CA
October 21, 2019
RESOURCE PACKET 2
Howard, J. L. (2014). Library Resources and Services for Bisexuals. Serving
LGBTIQ Library and Archives Users: Essays on Outreach, Service, Collections and Access,
7.
In this article, the authors and the researchers focus on the diversity that is associated
with bisexuality. The author focuses on different genders, ages, cultural as well as the social-
economic activities which include the pansexual. This article is unique since its resource
packet dwells on sexuality as the main idea and how the sexuality of these communities faces
discrimination and societal challenges. Moreover, the article relates the bisexuals to the needs
of the gays and lesbians which is a major struggle that has led to increased discrimination
under the umbrella of gay and lesbian issues. The bisexuals face critics due to some view of
indecision related sexual orientation as well as their unique set of needs which are also a
result of bisexuality and resulting discrimination. As part of their struggles, the act of being
bisexual is not an identity which would be a root of suppressing or denying their bisexuality.
Ceruti, E. C. (2018). Disability, Faith, and the Church: Inclusion and
Accommodation in Contemporary Congregations by Courtney Wilder. Toronto Journal of
Theology, 34(2), 299-300.
This article discusses a study on the struggle of people with disabilities and under
the Christian church. The study dwells on research articles that had been conducted earlier
focusing on the same topic. The first article identifies the crucial areas where people with
disabilities are discriminated against. It illustrates how the people with disabilities are placed
under the victim theology where the theology discusses the theological issues thus blaming
and victimizing the individuals with disabilities. These are the major struggles that are
illustrated in this article. The uniqueness of the articles that it dwells on the use of religion on
victimizing the people with disabilities and the struggles that these people go through as they
try to be normal. The article illustrates these issues through the healing of bodies and the
1
Jeremy Lormis @ 2019-10-26T06:23:37-07:00
Good article choice, but you need to check your formatting to be sure that it will comply with APA formatting guidelines.
RESOURCE PACKET 3
victimization of the people with disabilities as well as the healing and association of disability
to issues of faith and theology of Anger whe ...
Running head SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 1 SEXUALITY,.docxtodd521
Running head: SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 1
SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 2
SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 23
Sexual Priming, Physical Attractiveness, and the Media: An Analysis
A Prior Student
Florida International University
Abstract
Methods One Students: Typically, authors add their abstract for the paper here on the second page. As you can see, the abstract for this paper is missing. Your job is to supply that abstract!
Read over the following paper, which is an actual paper turned in by a former student taking
Research Methods and Design II at FIU. This is similar to a paper you will write next semester.
Review the studies in this paper, and spot the hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, participants, results, and implications, and write it up in one paragraph (no more than 200 words maximum). Make sure to include keywords as well (keywords are words or short phrases that researchers use when searching through online databases like PsycInfo – they need to be descriptive of the paper, so come up with three or four that seem to suit this paper). Good luck!
Keywords: Methods II Paper, Abstract Assignment, Methods II Preview
Sexual Priming, Physical Attractiveness, and the Media: An Analysis
Imagine watching the news and seeing a picture of a man with a ski mask and knife in hand. What words that come to mind with regard to this mental image? Might the man to be a murderer? Do words like “scary,” “frightening,” and “dangerous” arise unbidden? Media outlets like the news, movies, and T.V. shows off paint the image of a serial killer as one with a ski mask and knife. People have been primed to make these associations to then respond accordingly, perhaps in fear, shock, or caution. Priming is when a stimulus, in the form of a cue, triggers a reaction in our cognition and releases as set of subsequent behavior (White, Danek, Herring, Taylor, & Crites, 2018). According to Alhabash, McAlister, Wonkyung, Lou, Cunningham, Quilliam, and Richards (2017), priming makes it so that, after a participant is exposed to a cue, they respond to the following stimulus with the information related to and triggered by the cue to then make decisions. Now, if the cues were sexually-implicit, would it provoke a pattern of similarly sexual thoughts and concepts? What, then, are the effects of sexually-primed advertisements on an individual’s judgment of character?
Alhabash et al. (2017) reported that there are about a billion people who use social networking sites like Facebook daily. As a result, marketers, particularly those in the alcohol business, are making the switch and investing more of their resources into advertising on social media, where it is both cost-effective and less-restrictive. The authors found that alcoholic ads promoted drinking behavior in those who were already predisposed to drinking at a moderate to high level. In this case, exposure to the ads served as catalysts t.
APA Annotated Bibliography (Haddad)Source Diana Hacker (B.docxrossskuddershamus
APA Annotated Bibliography (Haddad)
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
This paper follows the style guidelines in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
(2010).
Arman Haddad
Professor Andrews
Psychology 101
14 October XXXX
Patterns of Gender-Related Differences in
Online Communication: An Annotated Bibliography
Bruckman, A. S. (1993). Gender swapping on the Internet.
Proceedings of INET '93. Retrieved from http://www.cc
.gatech.edu/elc/papers/bruckman/gender-swapping
-bruckman.pdf
In this brief analysis, Bruckman investigates the
perceptions of males and females in electronic environments.
She argues that females (or those posing as females) receive
an inordinate amount of unwanted sexual attention and offers
of assistance from males. She also suggests that females (and
sexually unthreatening males) are welcomed more willingly
than dominant males into virtual communities. She concludes
that behavior in electronic forums is an exaggerated reflection
of gender stereotypes in real-life communication. The article
is interesting and accessible, but it is quite old, and it relies
almost entirely on quotations from four anonymous forum
participants.
Crowston, C., & Kammerer, E. (1998). Communicative style and
gender differences in computer-mediated communications.
In B. Ebo (Ed.), Cyberghetto or cybertopia? Race, class,
and gender on the Internet (pp. 185-203). Westport, CT:
Praeger.
This brief study examines how the dominant
Gender and Online Communication 1
Marginal annotations indicate APA-style formatting and effective writing.
In APA style, each
entry begins at
the left margin;
subsequent lines
indent 1⁄2".
The annotation
begins on a
new line and is
indented 1⁄2".
Summary is
followed by a short
evaluation of
the source that
notes its age and
questionable
research technique.
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
communication style (masculine versus feminine) of an online
discussion group affects men’s and women’s desire to
participate. The findings, while limited, provide evidence that
in fact both women and men were less interested in joining
forums that were dominated by masculine-style language.
These findings seem to contradict the pronounced gender
inequality found in the other sources in this bibliography.
Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in on-line
communication. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The
handbook of language and gender (pp. 202-228). Oxford,
England: Blackwell.
Herring investigates empowerment opportunities for
women online. She points out that, although more than half
of Web users in the United States are women, men continue
to dominate technical roles such as network administrators,
programmers, and Web masters. Even in anonymous online
settings, males tend to dominate discussions. And online
“anonymity,” argues Herring, may not really be possible:
Writing.
Should the age limits on access to profane content be changed.docxaryan532920
Should the age limits on access to profane content be changed?
Community Unit Source Pool
Instructions: Copy (ctrl + c) and paste (ctrl + v) each of your annotated bibliography entries into the provided space as you complete each entry. Source should be organized alphabetically by the first word in the works cited entry. Be sure that your name is clearly labeled beneath your entry. As you copy and paste, be careful not to split someone else’s entry. Once an entry is added to this space, it becomes property of the class, able to be used by any member for their Community Annotated Bibliography.
A
Profanity
Adams, Michael. In praise of profanity. (pp 1-50). Oxford University Press, 2016.
Adams begins the book by talking about the debate over profane language. He says that our society has made the use of profane language an ordinary thing. He quotes examples of media that use profane language in them and about how young children use the language even though they may not understand the meaning. They hear it on a daily basis and think it is okay to use it themselves. The younger children do not think it could be a word that has sacrilegious meaning because their elders use it on a normal basis. The fact that profane language is used on mass media means that it is able to be gotten away with anywhere. He says that even though profanity is a big topic of discussion, having a voted resolution to stop it would be pointless. Voting would be pointless because no matter what the conclusion of the resolution is, people will still continue to use it. These people are considered an outlaw and Adams says that you are supposed to shun people like that. If we continue to live like we are in today’s transitional time period things that were once extreme vulgarity will continue to become the new norm for our society.
This source passes the TRAAP evaluation and gives me useful resources pertaining to the class research question. It was written in 2016 so the timeliness of the source is very relevant. This source is not the most relevant source for our research question because it simply talks about the use of the language today rather than focusing on the impact it has on children. The source is accurate while comparing two different sides of profane language. Adams compares the people who see profanity as sacrilegious and wrong to the people who use it as a normal form of communication. He mainly sides with the group of people who see profanity as swearing and uses the arguments of the opposite group to explain why the language should not be used. The author of the source, Adams, is able to be trusted because he says that English language is what he studied, and he was a professor. The purpose of my source, In Praise of Profanity, is to show the use of profanity in communication today. He says that profanity is oversimplified in today's time and that we use it based on emotions or relationships of those around.
Brooke Ladner
Adams, Michae ...
HISTORY AS A DETERMINANT OF MALAWIMOZAMBIQUE RELATIONS: THE CASE OF THE NSANJ...John1Lorcan
Using the Nsanje international inland port saga as a case study, this paper employs the realism theory to
examine the historically difficult relationship between Malawi and Mozambique. Based on data gathered
from interviews and previously published studies, the study's final conclusion is that Malawi’s bilateral
relations with Mozambique are the product and continue to be shaped by history. Because the relationship
between the two states is historically based on the provision of services especially port facilities, the
Nsanje inland port is at loggerheads with Mozambique’s national economic interests as it seeks to put an
end to the historically rooted modus operandi of the relationship. The study recommends mandatory
feasibility studies before starting projects, placing the port project on hold, continuing with the current
foreign policy which to a great extent appeases Mozambique and finding some use for the port structures
which currently constitute a white elephant.
MEASURING INCLUSIVE GROWTH IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA FROM 1996 TO 2019: EVIDENCE ...John1Lorcan
Since inception, the concept of inclusive growth has been defined and measured differently among scholars
and policymakers. This paper measures inclusive growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 1996 to 2019.
A principal component analysis and weighted mean approaches have been applied following the Eurasian
Economic Commission, and 20 methodologies. The study findings show that the inclusive growth index is
sensitive to the measurement approach used due to different sets of indicators and dimensions. However,
the methodologies provide a basis for comparing country performance. In addition, in both methodologies,
economic performance was found to be a significant contributor to inclusive growth. Countries with higher
economic performance witnessed higher inclusive growth. From the findings, policymakers could rely on
more than one measurement approach to determine inclusive growth. This will enable them develop policy
measures which address various dimensions that each of the SSA countries need to robustly invest and
improve.
More Related Content
Similar to AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON INSTAGRAM
ABSTRACT:By analyzing the previous literature, this paper looks into the salient features of women’s
language from the perspective of sociolinguistics. It is find that women are not necessarily using more lexicon
of colors, particles, intensifiers, hedges, or more tag questions, polite forms, phatic stress, etc. What they
actually do has to be analyzed with a mixed factors like social position, topic, relationship with the interlocutor,
her personality, the particular occasion, etc; Women are not necessarily less dominant or with less power in the
interaction with men. Social position and the specific context are two other major elements impacting on their
linguistic performance; Both theoretical and empirical methods are applicable to studying women’s language,
and research design should be attached great importance to, involving the two groups of moderators,
methodological moderators and contextual moderators. Based on the findings, future study on women’s
language can be further contextualized and further categorized. For instance, when looking into women’s talk in
court, we should specify her position. We may further compare women’s different uses of language between
judge, prosecution attorney, defence attorney, jury, or defendant in different cases such as finance, divorce,
criminal offence, or others.
KEYWORDS: sociolinguistics, conventional, theoretical, empirical, women’s language
Running head: RESOURCE PACKET 1
Annotated bibliography for the Resource Packet
Darnetta Glover
Jeremy Lormis
CCMH/510CA
October 21, 2019
RESOURCE PACKET 2
Howard, J. L. (2014). Library Resources and Services for Bisexuals. Serving
LGBTIQ Library and Archives Users: Essays on Outreach, Service, Collections and Access,
7.
In this article, the authors and the researchers focus on the diversity that is associated
with bisexuality. The author focuses on different genders, ages, cultural as well as the social-
economic activities which include the pansexual. This article is unique since its resource
packet dwells on sexuality as the main idea and how the sexuality of these communities faces
discrimination and societal challenges. Moreover, the article relates the bisexuals to the needs
of the gays and lesbians which is a major struggle that has led to increased discrimination
under the umbrella of gay and lesbian issues. The bisexuals face critics due to some view of
indecision related sexual orientation as well as their unique set of needs which are also a
result of bisexuality and resulting discrimination. As part of their struggles, the act of being
bisexual is not an identity which would be a root of suppressing or denying their bisexuality.
Ceruti, E. C. (2018). Disability, Faith, and the Church: Inclusion and
Accommodation in Contemporary Congregations by Courtney Wilder. Toronto Journal of
Theology, 34(2), 299-300.
This article discusses a study on the struggle of people with disabilities and under
the Christian church. The study dwells on research articles that had been conducted earlier
focusing on the same topic. The first article identifies the crucial areas where people with
disabilities are discriminated against. It illustrates how the people with disabilities are placed
under the victim theology where the theology discusses the theological issues thus blaming
and victimizing the individuals with disabilities. These are the major struggles that are
illustrated in this article. The uniqueness of the articles that it dwells on the use of religion on
victimizing the people with disabilities and the struggles that these people go through as they
try to be normal. The article illustrates these issues through the healing of bodies and the
1
Jeremy Lormis @ 2019-10-26T06:23:37-07:00
Good article choice, but you need to check your formatting to be sure that it will comply with APA formatting guidelines.
RESOURCE PACKET 3
victimization of the people with disabilities as well as the healing and association of disability
to issues of faith and theology of Anger whe ...
Running head SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 1 SEXUALITY,.docxtodd521
Running head: SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 1
SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 2
SEXUALITY, MEDIA, AND ATTRACTION 23
Sexual Priming, Physical Attractiveness, and the Media: An Analysis
A Prior Student
Florida International University
Abstract
Methods One Students: Typically, authors add their abstract for the paper here on the second page. As you can see, the abstract for this paper is missing. Your job is to supply that abstract!
Read over the following paper, which is an actual paper turned in by a former student taking
Research Methods and Design II at FIU. This is similar to a paper you will write next semester.
Review the studies in this paper, and spot the hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, participants, results, and implications, and write it up in one paragraph (no more than 200 words maximum). Make sure to include keywords as well (keywords are words or short phrases that researchers use when searching through online databases like PsycInfo – they need to be descriptive of the paper, so come up with three or four that seem to suit this paper). Good luck!
Keywords: Methods II Paper, Abstract Assignment, Methods II Preview
Sexual Priming, Physical Attractiveness, and the Media: An Analysis
Imagine watching the news and seeing a picture of a man with a ski mask and knife in hand. What words that come to mind with regard to this mental image? Might the man to be a murderer? Do words like “scary,” “frightening,” and “dangerous” arise unbidden? Media outlets like the news, movies, and T.V. shows off paint the image of a serial killer as one with a ski mask and knife. People have been primed to make these associations to then respond accordingly, perhaps in fear, shock, or caution. Priming is when a stimulus, in the form of a cue, triggers a reaction in our cognition and releases as set of subsequent behavior (White, Danek, Herring, Taylor, & Crites, 2018). According to Alhabash, McAlister, Wonkyung, Lou, Cunningham, Quilliam, and Richards (2017), priming makes it so that, after a participant is exposed to a cue, they respond to the following stimulus with the information related to and triggered by the cue to then make decisions. Now, if the cues were sexually-implicit, would it provoke a pattern of similarly sexual thoughts and concepts? What, then, are the effects of sexually-primed advertisements on an individual’s judgment of character?
Alhabash et al. (2017) reported that there are about a billion people who use social networking sites like Facebook daily. As a result, marketers, particularly those in the alcohol business, are making the switch and investing more of their resources into advertising on social media, where it is both cost-effective and less-restrictive. The authors found that alcoholic ads promoted drinking behavior in those who were already predisposed to drinking at a moderate to high level. In this case, exposure to the ads served as catalysts t.
APA Annotated Bibliography (Haddad)Source Diana Hacker (B.docxrossskuddershamus
APA Annotated Bibliography (Haddad)
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
This paper follows the style guidelines in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th ed.
(2010).
Arman Haddad
Professor Andrews
Psychology 101
14 October XXXX
Patterns of Gender-Related Differences in
Online Communication: An Annotated Bibliography
Bruckman, A. S. (1993). Gender swapping on the Internet.
Proceedings of INET '93. Retrieved from http://www.cc
.gatech.edu/elc/papers/bruckman/gender-swapping
-bruckman.pdf
In this brief analysis, Bruckman investigates the
perceptions of males and females in electronic environments.
She argues that females (or those posing as females) receive
an inordinate amount of unwanted sexual attention and offers
of assistance from males. She also suggests that females (and
sexually unthreatening males) are welcomed more willingly
than dominant males into virtual communities. She concludes
that behavior in electronic forums is an exaggerated reflection
of gender stereotypes in real-life communication. The article
is interesting and accessible, but it is quite old, and it relies
almost entirely on quotations from four anonymous forum
participants.
Crowston, C., & Kammerer, E. (1998). Communicative style and
gender differences in computer-mediated communications.
In B. Ebo (Ed.), Cyberghetto or cybertopia? Race, class,
and gender on the Internet (pp. 185-203). Westport, CT:
Praeger.
This brief study examines how the dominant
Gender and Online Communication 1
Marginal annotations indicate APA-style formatting and effective writing.
In APA style, each
entry begins at
the left margin;
subsequent lines
indent 1⁄2".
The annotation
begins on a
new line and is
indented 1⁄2".
Summary is
followed by a short
evaluation of
the source that
notes its age and
questionable
research technique.
Source: Diana Hacker (Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2008).
communication style (masculine versus feminine) of an online
discussion group affects men’s and women’s desire to
participate. The findings, while limited, provide evidence that
in fact both women and men were less interested in joining
forums that were dominated by masculine-style language.
These findings seem to contradict the pronounced gender
inequality found in the other sources in this bibliography.
Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in on-line
communication. In J. Holmes & M. Meyerhoff (Eds.), The
handbook of language and gender (pp. 202-228). Oxford,
England: Blackwell.
Herring investigates empowerment opportunities for
women online. She points out that, although more than half
of Web users in the United States are women, men continue
to dominate technical roles such as network administrators,
programmers, and Web masters. Even in anonymous online
settings, males tend to dominate discussions. And online
“anonymity,” argues Herring, may not really be possible:
Writing.
Should the age limits on access to profane content be changed.docxaryan532920
Should the age limits on access to profane content be changed?
Community Unit Source Pool
Instructions: Copy (ctrl + c) and paste (ctrl + v) each of your annotated bibliography entries into the provided space as you complete each entry. Source should be organized alphabetically by the first word in the works cited entry. Be sure that your name is clearly labeled beneath your entry. As you copy and paste, be careful not to split someone else’s entry. Once an entry is added to this space, it becomes property of the class, able to be used by any member for their Community Annotated Bibliography.
A
Profanity
Adams, Michael. In praise of profanity. (pp 1-50). Oxford University Press, 2016.
Adams begins the book by talking about the debate over profane language. He says that our society has made the use of profane language an ordinary thing. He quotes examples of media that use profane language in them and about how young children use the language even though they may not understand the meaning. They hear it on a daily basis and think it is okay to use it themselves. The younger children do not think it could be a word that has sacrilegious meaning because their elders use it on a normal basis. The fact that profane language is used on mass media means that it is able to be gotten away with anywhere. He says that even though profanity is a big topic of discussion, having a voted resolution to stop it would be pointless. Voting would be pointless because no matter what the conclusion of the resolution is, people will still continue to use it. These people are considered an outlaw and Adams says that you are supposed to shun people like that. If we continue to live like we are in today’s transitional time period things that were once extreme vulgarity will continue to become the new norm for our society.
This source passes the TRAAP evaluation and gives me useful resources pertaining to the class research question. It was written in 2016 so the timeliness of the source is very relevant. This source is not the most relevant source for our research question because it simply talks about the use of the language today rather than focusing on the impact it has on children. The source is accurate while comparing two different sides of profane language. Adams compares the people who see profanity as sacrilegious and wrong to the people who use it as a normal form of communication. He mainly sides with the group of people who see profanity as swearing and uses the arguments of the opposite group to explain why the language should not be used. The author of the source, Adams, is able to be trusted because he says that English language is what he studied, and he was a professor. The purpose of my source, In Praise of Profanity, is to show the use of profanity in communication today. He says that profanity is oversimplified in today's time and that we use it based on emotions or relationships of those around.
Brooke Ladner
Adams, Michae ...
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AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY ON INSTAGRAM
1. International Journal of Humanities, Art and Social Studies (IJHAS), Vol. 8, No.3, August 2023
83
AN ANALYSIS OF GENDER AND SWEAR
WORDS: A CASE STUDY OF IRANIAN COMMUNITY
ON INSTAGRAM
Arezou Darvishi
Department of Romance Languages, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
ABSTRACT
The relationship between language and gender has been the subject of discussion and investigation for
many years, with the goal of understanding the societal norms and expectations of gender. This article
aims to explore the relationship between gender and the swear words in the comment section of Iranian
celebrities Instagram accounts. This study found that each gender tends to post swear words in comments
of the same gender celebrity. This research also discovered that female users tend to auto-censor strong
swear words and are more likely to body-shame the content creator, while men are more open to posting
strong swear words.
KEYWORDS
Swear Words, Gender, Instagram, Body Shame, Iran
1. INTRODUCTION
Language is a social construction produced within a society wherein gender is constructed in
relation to personal characteristics and under the power dynamic [1]. Studying language in the
context of gender not only allows us to recognize how language defines, constructs, and
reproduces gender identity but it also allows us to realize the role of gender in language
construction [2]. To study language within a society, we should utilize critical discourse analysis
that helps us to criticize and analyze the discourse in social structures. CDA, thus, reveals how
social structures are related to social patterns, discourses, and relations and allows researchers to
treat such patterns in a critical way and to understand the relation of language and gender [3].
This paper focuses on the relationship between swear words, a very important feature of
language, and gender to confirm the previous studies on language and its role in gender identity.
More specifically, it explores how and why women and men use swear words on Instagram in the
comment section of five Iranian celebrities' pages. It also reveals certain patterns of social
behavior exist around users of this social media. Men tend to use strong swear words and women
tend to auto-censor when using strong swear words and more likely to use body shaming or
comment on the look or voice of the celebrity. Furthermore, the study shows that there is a
gender alignment among content users and content creators, whereby men share comments on
men’s post, while women are more engaged with female celebrity posts. This establishes a
relatively a social community where the language of users affects others. If a user initiates swear
words, it tends to provoke others to do the same.
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2. LITERATURE REVIEW
One of the features that make human beings distinctive is the ability to use language and
communicate with others. However, the use of swear words as an aspect of failure in appropriate
communication has been discussed by Jay and Janschewitz [4]. They argue that communicators
sometimes cannot communicate appropriately, and thus they fail to satisfy their individual,
practical, and social needs. Consequently, swear words are used as a sign of this failure. They
discovered by studying thousands of recorded examples of swearing that swearing has never been
followed by any form of corporal attack. So, they argue that swearing is either polite or impolite
and used under any emotional condition [4]. In their study, they examined how native and non-
native English speakers assume swearing offensive under what circumstances. The result showed
that learning when, where, and to whom to swear takes time [4]. Schippers in their study argues
about the richness and innovation of swearing “The language of swearing is rich in diversity, and
to a certain degree innovative in word choices and usage, and productive in derivation and
compounding” [5].
There are various categories of swear words in terms of functions and motives. Jay proposed a
classification of bad language as cursing, profanity, blasphemy, taboo, obscenity, vulgarity,
slang, epithets, insults and slurs, scatology, and swearing [6]. Related to the last category, Jay and
Janschewitz claim that people use swearing words to express emotions [4]. They also propose
categorizing swearing into four categories to give a clearer distinction: Expletive swearing,
abusive swearing, humorous swearing, and auxiliary swearing. Expletive swearing is a type of
swearing that does not address anyone and is used to show personal emotion like sh*t, da*n, h*ll;
abusive swearing is used to address someone and often includes name calling such as go to h*ll,
God da*n you; humorous swearing is used to address others but it is not as offensive as abusive
swearing, it might cause bitter laughter like eat my *ss, and auxiliary swearing does not address
anyone but yet has bad words like this fu**ing thing [7]. A study by Lakoff [8] shows two types
of strong swear words and weak swear words, the former is used to hurt someone having an
offensive essence while the latter is not as rude as strong swear words. Both of these two types
and humorous swearing from Jay’s categorization are used in our study.
3. METHODOLOGY
The data for this study was a corpus from the content section of the Instagram application.
Instagram is the most popular entertainment/social media application in Iran partly because it has
not been filtered yet like other social media applications. According to Social Media Stats Islamic
Republic of Iran Website, the recent data in June 2023 indicates that around 59% of Iranians use
Instagram, compared to a filtered app like Twitter with only about 7% of users [9]. Instagram
provides authentic language data and allows the researchers to have access to the community of
the followers of each page. This enables scholars to find behavioral patterns, shared interest,
common social class by a close study on each page’s content and its followers. The data in this
study was collected from five different Instagram pages owned by Iranian celebrities, three of
them female the other two male, with thousands to millions of followers and hundreds of
comments on each post. The pages are selected as follows: Pouyan Mokhtari (male
blogger/singer), Mr. Taster (male food blogger), Neda Yasi (female blogger) Sahar Ghoreyshi
(blogger/actress), Donya Dadrasan (female singer). These pages receive comments in Farsi and
this study analyses 50 comments containing bad language on one of the most liked or seen posts
of the content creators.
The way that the data was collected is by reading through 50 comments containing bad language
on one post. Further, the comments were classified according to the users’ gender. This was done
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through careful consideration of the following factors: whether their profile was real or fake, the
number of followers and followings they had, the number of posts they had made, the description
in their bio section, and the pronouns they chose to be called by. Swear words were categorized
based on their type into body-shaming words, strong swear words containing sexual or genital-
related meaning, weak swear words such as stupid, or shit, and humorous/disrespectful swear
words such as “ahang-e ghashangiye makhsoosan oonjaha ke to nemikhooni” (in English : This
is a beautiful song but only when you don’t sing it) (a female commentor on Pouyan Mokhtari’s
page).
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
As obvious from Table 1, there is a clear pattern of male users predominantly commenting on
male celebrity pages. Mr. Taster's page, for instance, received 41 comments from men and only 9
reactions from women, indicating a substantial gender-based difference. Conversely, on Donya
Dadrasan’s and Sahar Ghoreyshi’s page, reactions including bad language from women are more
than men, with 36 and 32 comments, respectively. These findings are in line with Muhanovic,
Babic and Latic who found that pages with more swear words from female users were the ones of
female celebrities _ Niki Minaj and Miley Cirus_ thus, women find the courage to use swear
words in these pages [10]. The study by Fakhri Jdetawy also demonstrated that most people are
likely to swear around the listeners of the same gender [7].
Although the data for Pouyan Mokhtari and Neda Yasi’s pages shows a narrower gap between
swear words shared by men or women users, it still suggests a tendency for users to comment on
the pages of the same gender. Men are more likely to comment on Pouyan Mokhtari’s page and
women tend to comment on Neda Yasi’s page.
Table 1. Number of Comments Containing Swear Words from Female or Male Users.
Gender Donya
Dadrasan
Sahar
Ghoreyshi
Neda Yasi Pouyan
Mokhtari
Mr. Taster
Male 13 18 23 29 41
Female 36 32 27 21 9
Another important finding is that the nature of disrespectful comments varies from men to
women. More specifically, as evident in Table 2, men are more likely to use strong swear words
having sexual connotations or containing genital area names, 68 comments, while women tend to
auto-censor when using strong swear words as exemplified by a comment from a female
commentor on Sahar Ghoreyshi’s page: “Maro chiz_e khodet farz kardi, Sahar” in English (you
assume us you th*ng). In this stance, the word “thing” is a euphemism for a certain male
anatomy, which the female user chooses to censor. It is noteworthy that the choice of
disrespectful language differs based on the commenter's gender which reveals different discourse
behavior of male and female users.
Table 2: Number of Comments Containing Swear Words Classified by their Type
Gender Body
shaming
Humorous
swear words
Weak swear
words
Strong swear
words
Male 13 18 23 29
Female 36 32 27 21
Furthermore, female users are prone to body shame or voice shame the celebrity with a total
number of 47 comments compared to men whose body-shaming comments are 15 in the five
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pages studied. While weaker swear words and humorous insults show a smaller difference
between women's and men’s tendencies in social media, it is still apparent that male users tend to
share weaker swear words than women and women have a higher probability to use humorous
swear words than men. Our findings confirm the study done by Fakhri Jdetawy who found that
females tend to be ‘super polite’ and avoid using swear words but if they want to do so, they
prefer the milder ones, while men are more likely to use strong swear words [7]. The study by
Muhanovic, Babic, and Latic on the Instagram pages of five American celebrities showed that
women swear in comments out of exaggeration while men do so out of anger [9]. While in our
study, the different nature of swearing by women and men commentors shows the cultural
difference between these two communities of social media users in the US and in Iran. Women
Instagram users in Iran are found to be excessively concerned about appearance; therefore, they
tend to be body shamers.
5. CONCLUSION
This study showed that both women and men swear on social media but the type of swearing and
the context in which the swear words are shared are different for both genders. More specifically,
men were found to comment on profiles where the same-gender community exists, while females
were found to do so in a community of female users on a female celebrity page. Furthermore, the
results have shown that women tend to body shame, give opinions on look, voice, hair color, or
clothing of the celebrity and use more of a humoristic language that does not have genital-related
words inside. Conversely men were found to use both weak and strong swear words, whether
sexual ones, on social media.
The differentiation of swear words based on gender implies the existence of societal norms and
expectations regarding language use for men and women. By employing Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA) in this study, we uncovered how swear words play a role in shaping different
identities for men and women. Numerous factors might contribute to the tendency for men to use
stronger swear words. One such reason is that men are often perceived as more dominant and
assertive, facing fewer repercussions for their use of strong language. On the other hand, women
are commonly expected to be polite and demure, leading them to self-censor their language more
frequently. Additionally, our research using CDA shed light on the issue of women body shaming
other women, indicating an internalized misogyny that pressures women to conform to specific
beauty standards in order to gain acceptance.
The scope of the study could be broadened to non-binary social media users and creators, as well
as considering other demographic factors such as age, level of education and the commentors’
living environment. The platform itself had some limitations such as the prevalence of numerous
fake accounts. Despite carefully selecting real users, leveraging Natural Language Processing
approaches to acquire a larger and more precise data corpus would enhance the study’s accuracy.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to professor Mokaya Bosire for his insightful comments on my paper.
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AUTHORS
Arezou Darvishi is a graduate student in French at the Department of Romance
Languages, University of Oregon, double majoring in Language Teaching Studies at the
Linguistics Department. Born and raised in Iran, her passions lie in Iran’s women
studies, gender and language, and digital feminism. She is currently working on her
thesis titled “French feminism perspective on women, life, freedom movement in Iran.”