This document summarizes the innovative approach used to rehabilitate the runway at Treviso Airport in Italy. The rehabilitation project fully recycled all demolition materials from the old runway. Several recycling techniques were used, including cement stabilization of the soil subgrade, cement treatment of milled concrete from the old runway, and cement-bitumen treatment of reclaimed asphalt. Laboratory and field testing was conducted to determine the optimal mix designs and construction procedures for the recycled materials. The project resulted in a more durable pavement structure that maximized reuse of existing materials.
Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavementSalih Taner YILDIRIM
Abut, Y., & Yildirim, S. T. (2017, October). Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavement with recycled aggregates. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 2, p. 022064). IOP Publishing.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
GEOTECHNICAL INTERPRETATION OF SOIL FOR PROPOSED UTILITY TUNNEL FROM KURIL TO...Johana Sharmin
This presentation was prepared for our published paper in IASTEM publications. And this paper was based on research in geotechnical perspective for feasibility study in proposed utility tunnel from Kuril to Malibagh in Dhaka city.
A new soil tunnelling machine with waterjet technologyPatricia Faria
Atualmente, a hidrodemolição com jato d’água é uma tecnologia bem estabelecida na construção civil, especialmente para remoção de concreto. No entanto, o uso desta tecnologia em construções subterrâneas é ainda pouco explorado. Comparado com ferramentas de escavação convencionais (baseadas em atrito, fratura e desgaste), a hidrodemolição tem características vantajosas de maior relação potência-peso etaxas de avanço e causandomenor desgaste das partes mecânicas. Todas essas vantagens podem ter impactos significativos na concepção de uma nova geração de máquinas de perfuração de túneis, com menor custo e maior eficiência. Outra possibilidade é o do desenvolvimento de um projeto incremental de baixo custo, como um método parcialmente mecanizado com um escudo protetor e remoção do solo por meios manuais. O presente artigo descreve um método semi-mecanizadoinovador de escavação de túneis em solo que utiliza a tecnologia de jato d'água de alta pressão. Basicamente, o equipamento proposto compreende um escudo cilíndrico, com um sistema móvel de bicos de jato d’água e elementos de drenagem
Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavementSalih Taner YILDIRIM
Abut, Y., & Yildirim, S. T. (2017, October). Structural design and economic evaluation of roller compacted concrete pavement with recycled aggregates. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 245, No. 2, p. 022064). IOP Publishing.
Development of Recycled Aggregates In The Implementation ofthe Concrete:Liter...IJERA Editor
Civil engineering is rapidly evolving with the natural, political and environmental development. Due to
a shortage of natural resources, to sustainable development and environmental certificationsrequirements,
recycling of aggregates is increasingly valued.Research is done everywhere in the world (in 2016, more
than a hundred doctoral subjects were proposed in this sense) in order to normalize the use of recycled aggregates,
specify the domain and restrictionsof using concrete constructions design protocols based on recycled
aggregates.Since the 80s, researches are based on the type of the recycled (concrete aggregates,
remains aggregates , glass, rubbers…) and the percentage of it compared to natural aggregates to
study the influence on the basic characteristics of concrete..
The main characteristics studied are the porosity of the concrete, the tensile strength and the compressive
strength. In comparison with natural aggregates, concrete based on recycled aggregates has
lower resistance values of approximately 20% but has better thermal characteristics than about 5% .These
characteristics are basic for the dimensioning especially of the carrier elements so they are demanding
bettertechnical and experimental studies to determine the optimum proportion of recycled aggregates for use in
the preparation of concrete.
In Morocco, recycled aggregates, does not have any specific standards, and is used mainly in roads
and pavements construction. Even if it’s not normalized this use is not recent, in 1999 during the rehabilitation
of the expressway road from Casablanca which was severely damaged on both channels,
the authorities have opted for the reuse of aggregates instead of reloading the existing pavement with
a new one.
The chosen alternative combinesthe replacement of existing material by a bituminous mixture and a
cold instead reprocessing depending of differences of damage and requirement on the structural capacity for
slow and fast lanes.This paper, part of my doctoral research, discusses different aspects of the problem beginning
with a brief description of the advantages of recycling in all of the levels: social, economic… and a review
of the international and national standards in terms of construction and demolition waste generated, recycled
aggregates producedand their utilization in concrete. It also gives a benchmarking of the engineering properties
of recycled aggregates and concludes by proposing some market opportunities and development paths and potential
uses of recycled aggregates
GEOTECHNICAL INTERPRETATION OF SOIL FOR PROPOSED UTILITY TUNNEL FROM KURIL TO...Johana Sharmin
This presentation was prepared for our published paper in IASTEM publications. And this paper was based on research in geotechnical perspective for feasibility study in proposed utility tunnel from Kuril to Malibagh in Dhaka city.
A new soil tunnelling machine with waterjet technologyPatricia Faria
Atualmente, a hidrodemolição com jato d’água é uma tecnologia bem estabelecida na construção civil, especialmente para remoção de concreto. No entanto, o uso desta tecnologia em construções subterrâneas é ainda pouco explorado. Comparado com ferramentas de escavação convencionais (baseadas em atrito, fratura e desgaste), a hidrodemolição tem características vantajosas de maior relação potência-peso etaxas de avanço e causandomenor desgaste das partes mecânicas. Todas essas vantagens podem ter impactos significativos na concepção de uma nova geração de máquinas de perfuração de túneis, com menor custo e maior eficiência. Outra possibilidade é o do desenvolvimento de um projeto incremental de baixo custo, como um método parcialmente mecanizado com um escudo protetor e remoção do solo por meios manuais. O presente artigo descreve um método semi-mecanizadoinovador de escavação de túneis em solo que utiliza a tecnologia de jato d'água de alta pressão. Basicamente, o equipamento proposto compreende um escudo cilíndrico, com um sistema móvel de bicos de jato d’água e elementos de drenagem
DSD-INT 2016 From regional model to local iMOD model and back - PanteleitDeltares
Presentation by Björn Panteleit (Geological Survey of Bremen) at the iMOD International User Day, during Delft Software Days 2016. Tuesday 1 November 2016, Delft.
Using Recycled & Lightweight Material in Construction - Cost & Environmental Benefits. From the session on 'Environmental Impact' at 'Saint-Gobain Days' held at Yas Island, Abu Dhabi on 14th and 15th April, 2015. Presented by Jason Hird, Senior Technical Development Manager - Gyproc Middle East and Daniel Easter, Plant Manager - Gyproc Middle East.
Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
and asphalt pavements. The optimized use of reclaimed aggregates along with fresh aggregates helps
decrease construction cost without compromising strength and durability. It also minimizes the use of
virgin aggregate and helps decrease crude oil import for producing paving bitumen. Reclaimed material is
first crushed and screened before using. Tests are then conducted to analyse its properties. Only those
batches which satisfy standard conditions are used. Reclaimed aggregate pavements hence help pavement
rehabilitation with minimum energy expenditure. This paper deals with the tests on reclaimed aggregate
and their property study. The various sources and means of retrieving aggregate from reclaimed material
are also dealt with.
Presentation about Under-construction Mahakali Bridge Project in 3 days Training Program on Construction and Quality Control of PSC Bridges चैत्र ११,१२,१३ ,२०७७ organized by
Federal Road Supervision and Monitoring Office, Surkhet
A Two-Lift concrete Paving (2LCP) workshop was organized as a part of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project 0-6749: Feasibility Study of Two-Lift Concrete Paving (2LCP). This workshop was conducted at the J. J. Pickle Research Campus (PRC), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX on May 23rd, 2013. Dr. Jiong Hu, Texas State University, Research Supervisor, and Dr. David Fowler, The University of Texas at Austin, Co-Research Supervisor, co-chaired the workshop. The workshop offered the option of attending in person or remotely through webinar. Fifty-one attendees were present remotely or in person; 28 in person and 23 persons remotely.
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
Incorporating one-dimensional bar elements with two-dimensional quadrilateral axisymmetrical elements to tackle problems of consolidation of clay with vertical drains.
BHADANIS Construction Material Estimation Guide - Estimation of Civil Works Material Consumption Statement Sheet - Concrete Work Material Estimation Concrete Work Estimation Shuttering Work Estimation Road Work Estimation
A comparative study between traditional method and mix design with industrial...Premier Publishers
Generally bituminous pavements face problems like cracks, rutting, depression and corrugation during it’s period of service. In this paper, we attempted various method of experiments both in traditional and mix design with bi products and therefore a comparative study has been made for extracting the finest results for the betterment of highway pavements (flexible) and for that our key elements were fly ash, geo-polymer and pieces of waste conveyer belt, added to bitumen for increasing the strength and overall capacity of pavements. Fly ash added to bitumen in the penetration test has shown improvement of 52 mm which was 40mm traditionally. Whereas, geo polymer and bitumen give the result of 74mm penetration. Ductility test with fly ash showed 37.23cm, very rigid. But geo-polymer and bitumen gave the result of 75.77cm. For increasing the bearing capacity of base soil we added pieces of waste conveyer belts and CBR value has shown the increment of 35% from 30%. So, those results convey that, the waste materials and bi products have enough quality to increase the strength and flexibility of pavements which will further help to the construction workers and engineers for maintaining and repairing flexible pavements which last long.
DSD-INT 2016 From regional model to local iMOD model and back - PanteleitDeltares
Presentation by Björn Panteleit (Geological Survey of Bremen) at the iMOD International User Day, during Delft Software Days 2016. Tuesday 1 November 2016, Delft.
Using Recycled & Lightweight Material in Construction - Cost & Environmental Benefits. From the session on 'Environmental Impact' at 'Saint-Gobain Days' held at Yas Island, Abu Dhabi on 14th and 15th April, 2015. Presented by Jason Hird, Senior Technical Development Manager - Gyproc Middle East and Daniel Easter, Plant Manager - Gyproc Middle East.
Eco friendly construction techniques are gaining immense importance nowadays. Many innovations have
come in pavement construction and design. The use of reclaimed aggregates in constructing pavements is
one among them. Reclaimed aggregates come mainly from two sources - construction & demolition waste
and asphalt pavements. The optimized use of reclaimed aggregates along with fresh aggregates helps
decrease construction cost without compromising strength and durability. It also minimizes the use of
virgin aggregate and helps decrease crude oil import for producing paving bitumen. Reclaimed material is
first crushed and screened before using. Tests are then conducted to analyse its properties. Only those
batches which satisfy standard conditions are used. Reclaimed aggregate pavements hence help pavement
rehabilitation with minimum energy expenditure. This paper deals with the tests on reclaimed aggregate
and their property study. The various sources and means of retrieving aggregate from reclaimed material
are also dealt with.
Presentation about Under-construction Mahakali Bridge Project in 3 days Training Program on Construction and Quality Control of PSC Bridges चैत्र ११,१२,१३ ,२०७७ organized by
Federal Road Supervision and Monitoring Office, Surkhet
A Two-Lift concrete Paving (2LCP) workshop was organized as a part of the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) project 0-6749: Feasibility Study of Two-Lift Concrete Paving (2LCP). This workshop was conducted at the J. J. Pickle Research Campus (PRC), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX on May 23rd, 2013. Dr. Jiong Hu, Texas State University, Research Supervisor, and Dr. David Fowler, The University of Texas at Austin, Co-Research Supervisor, co-chaired the workshop. The workshop offered the option of attending in person or remotely through webinar. Fifty-one attendees were present remotely or in person; 28 in person and 23 persons remotely.
Efficiency of vertical drains using finite element method may 2017Dr Mazin Alhamrany
Incorporating one-dimensional bar elements with two-dimensional quadrilateral axisymmetrical elements to tackle problems of consolidation of clay with vertical drains.
BHADANIS Construction Material Estimation Guide - Estimation of Civil Works Material Consumption Statement Sheet - Concrete Work Material Estimation Concrete Work Estimation Shuttering Work Estimation Road Work Estimation
A comparative study between traditional method and mix design with industrial...Premier Publishers
Generally bituminous pavements face problems like cracks, rutting, depression and corrugation during it’s period of service. In this paper, we attempted various method of experiments both in traditional and mix design with bi products and therefore a comparative study has been made for extracting the finest results for the betterment of highway pavements (flexible) and for that our key elements were fly ash, geo-polymer and pieces of waste conveyer belt, added to bitumen for increasing the strength and overall capacity of pavements. Fly ash added to bitumen in the penetration test has shown improvement of 52 mm which was 40mm traditionally. Whereas, geo polymer and bitumen give the result of 74mm penetration. Ductility test with fly ash showed 37.23cm, very rigid. But geo-polymer and bitumen gave the result of 75.77cm. For increasing the bearing capacity of base soil we added pieces of waste conveyer belts and CBR value has shown the increment of 35% from 30%. So, those results convey that, the waste materials and bi products have enough quality to increase the strength and flexibility of pavements which will further help to the construction workers and engineers for maintaining and repairing flexible pavements which last long.
Use of Demolished and Construction Building Waste in Paver Block with Coir FibreAnil Shirgire
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
Use of Demolished and Construction Building
Waste in Paver Block with Coir Fibre
ANALYSIS OF FRICTION AND LUBRICATION CONDITIONS OF CONCRETE/FORMWORK INTERFACESIAEME Publication
Concrete friction plays a fundamental role during various stages of construction and public works operations, including pumping, formwork filling and the production of facings. A tribometer for fluid materials has thus been developed to better study this friction. Tests performed with certain modifications of interface conditions show that friction is governed by interfacial characteristics (e.g. type of demoulding agent, roughness, velocity, pressure). The investigation showed that the tribometer is sensitive to obtain a real understanding of the mechanical behaviour of the Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC). The tests and observations made reveal that friction mechanisms depend on the properties of the interface. The interface appears to undergo two types of phenomena which depend of the pressure. The demoulding oil generates a reduction of the friction between the SCC and the formwork. Parameters specific to facing appearance are also addressed in this paper.
Numerical Simulations of Residues Areas in different phases: Filling and Upst...IJERA Editor
Currently in Brazil, the deposition technique of bauxite residues provides an initial operation to discharge waste within artificial lakes, in a slurry form (wet disposal). After achieving the storage capacity of the reservoir and drying the waste, the embankment is raised by the upstream method. So, the slurry is discharged on top of a material which is undergoing a consolidation process. The prediction of bauxite wastes behavior is a challenge for geotechnical engineers, since these materials show a distinct response of the materials usually found in natural deposits. The present work aims at simulation of a bauxite residue area in different stages of operation: wet disposal and upstream, using a finite element program. The geotechnical parameters were defined according field and laboratory tests executed in the area. The numerical prediction was compared with the instrumentation field, located in different phases of operation. The results show the applicability of the numerical program in predicting the behavior of waste areas.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269368802
Runway Pavement Reconstruction with Full Material Recycling: The Case of
the Airport of Treviso
Article in Advanced Materials Research · August 2013
DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.723.1044
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3. The first design proposal for the runway rehabilitation involved the construction of the following
pavement structure (including the new heads):
• wearing course in HMA with SBS modified bitumen: 4 cm;
• binder course in HMA with neat bitumen: 6 cm;
• base course in HMA with neat bitumen: 10 cm;
• sub-base course in stabilized RA with foamed bitumen and cement: 20 cm;
• foundation course in granular mixture: 35 cm;
• subgrade in silty sand characterized by a California bearing ratio (CBR) 9%.
During the first phase of the construction, three key factors led to a new design:
• the discovery of the old military runway that lied under about 2/3 of the old runway (1500 m
length and 45 m width). The old military runway, dating back to the beginning of the last century,
consisted of 20-cm thick of non-reinforced cement concrete and it was placed at a depth of about 40
cm from the surface. The cement slab represented a discontinuity element and interfered with the
constructive techniques considered (Fig. 1);
• the heterogeneity of the subgrade materials, very different from those assumed in the first
design hypothesis, especially around the military runway;
• the larger amount of the reclaimed materials if compared with the amount supposed in the
first design hypothesis.
In order to minimize the environmental impact, the rehabilitation project adopted several
recycling techniques aimed to the full material recycling and considering the construction and
demolition material (C&D) [6, 7, 8] and RA [9, 10].
Fig. 1 Cavities under the cement concrete layer
The combination of above-mentioned factors and the need to maximize the daily production,
forced to seek a new technical alternative using specific recycling techniques.
Exploiting the RA (about 40,000 m3
), the crushed cement concrete (CCC) of the heads of the
(25,000 m3
), the CCC from the old military runway (27,000 m3
), and the granular material of the
foundation (13,600 m3
) the following pavement structure was considered:
• wearing course in HMA with SBS modified bitumen: 4 cm;
• binder course in HMA with SBS modified bitumen: 5 cm;
• base course in HMA with SBS modified bitumen: 8 cm;
• subbase course in stabilized RA with cement and bituminous emulsion: 18 cm;
• foundation course in cement stabilized reclaimed materials (50% of CCC and 50% of RA):
20 cm;
• capping course in cement stabilized sandy gravel: 20 cm;
• subgrade in cement stabilized silty sand: 30 cm.
The verification of the new pavement structure was performed with the FAARFIELD software
[11]. The new design led to an increase of the pavement in-service life of about 10% with huge
benefits in terms of amount of reused materials, time consumption and costs.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 723 1045
4. In situ soil stabilization for the subgrade
After a preliminary survey, the subgrade resulted very heterogeneous in the whole area and
classified as A4 and A2-4 soil according to the Highway research board (HRB). Since there was no
clay soils, the cement stabilization technique was chosen in order to ensure appropriate and
standardized bearing capacity and stability over time. To obtain a homogeneous bearing capacity
(deformation modulus ≥ 50 MPa at 24 hours after construction) and on the basis of a preliminary
laboratory investigation, two technical solutions were compared.
A trial section was built using the subgrade materials and considering two alternatives:
stabilization (30 cm depth) with 2,5 and 3% of cement.
The results of the mentioned trial section are reported in Table 1.
From the trial section, the stabilization with 3% of cement was selected because it ensured higher
bearing capacity over time.
Table 1 Results of static plate load tests on the trial section for the subgrade stabilization
Deformation modulus [N/mm2
]
Cement dosage [%] Curing period [days]
1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2.5 21 39 - - - 64 - 81
3 52 - - 127 128 133 -
Specifications [N/mm2
] > 50
In situ recycling of CCC and RA for the foundation course
For the foundation course the in situ stabilization with cement (II/B-LL 32,5 R, EN 197-1) was
chosen to treat a granular mix of 50% CCC and 50% RA.
The mix design was carried out through a laboratory study and a trial section. The comparison
of laboratory results and in situ survey allowed the determination of reference performance
parameters (density, water content, mechanical performance of the mixture) for the subsequent
monitoring process during construction and the determination of technical phases.
The experimental program in laboratory considered indirect tensile strength test (ITS) complying
with EN 13286-42 and unconfined compressive test (UCS) complying with EN 13286-41 on
specimens compacted by means of a shear gyratory compactor (SGC). The recycled mixture was
stabilized using four dosage of cement: 2, 2.5, 3 and 3.5. Specimens were divided into two series
and subjected to a curing period of 2 and 7 days at 25°C before testing. From Table 2 it can be
asserted that all mixtures allowed the respect of the relative specifications.
Table 2 ITS and UCT values of recycled mixtures for the foundation course
Curing period: 2 days at 25°C Curing period: 7 days at 25°C
Cement dosage [%] ITS [MPa] UCS [MPa] ITS [MPa] UCS [MPa]
2 0.24 2.40 0.26 5.00
2.5 0.26 3.80 0.28 5.20
3 0.27 4.10 0.29 4.50
3.5 0.29 4.50 0.32 6.70
Specifications [MPa] > 0.15 > 1.50 - -
To determine the practical procedure in situ and to validate the design mixture, a trial section
using the same mixtures was built (Fig. 2) and tested in situ by means of plate load test.
Table 3 shows the results obtained from the plate load tests on the trial section.
Considering the results from the laboratory study and the trial section investigation, the mixture
using 50% CCC and 50% RA stabilized with 2.5% of cement satisfied specification requirements
minimizing the costs and was selected as design mixture.
1046 Innovation and Sustainable Technology in Road and Airfield Pavement
5. Fig. 2 Laying and compaction of the recycled stabilized mixtures for foundation course
Table 3 Deformation modulus values of recycled mixtures for the foundation course
Deformation modulus [N/mm2
]
Cement dosage [%] Curing period [days]
1 5 7
2 71 125 159
2.5 82 113 160
3 55 115 133
3.5 68 147 135
Specifications [N/mm2
] > 80 - > 120
In situ recycling of RA for the subbase course
The cement-bitumen treated material (CBTM) for the subbase course was studied through the
monitoring of a trial section and laboratory tests, in order to find the optimal combination of binders
and to fix the construction procedure and the reference performance to be checked in the
construction phase.
The characteristics of the C 60 B 5 bituminous emulsion (EN 13808) are showed in Table 4,
while the cement used was classified as cement type II/B-LL 32,5 R (EN 197-1).
Table 4 Emulsion and extracted bitumen properties
Emulsion characteristics
Water content (EN 1428) 40%
pH value (EN 12850) 3
Settling tendency @ 7 gg (EN 12847) 8%
Breaking value (EN 13075-1) 190 g
Mixing stability with cement (EN 12848) 0.5 g
Application temperature 5÷80°C
Characteristic of the extracted bitumen
Needle penetration (EN 1426) 70 dmm
Softening point (EN 1427) 50°C
Fraass breaking point (EN 12593) -10°C
On the basis of scientific [1, 5, 12] and technical experiences [9, 10, 13, 14], five mixtures were
produced in the trial section using 100% of RA and the following combination of binders:
• 3% of cement, 2.5% of bituminous emulsion, 2% of mineral filler (3C2.5E2F)
• 2% of cement, 3% of bituminous emulsion, 2% of mineral filler (2C3E2F)
• 2% of cement, 3% of bituminous emulsion (2C3E)
• 1.5% of cement, 3.5% of bituminous emulsion, 2% of mineral filler (1.5C3.5E2F)
The optimum water content was fixed for each mixture in a previous study developed in
laboratory.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 723 1047
6. Sample of CBTM were taken during the construction of the trial section after the mixing phase
carried out by the recycler (samples were taken behind the recycler) and immediately compacted by
means of a SGC.
Specimens were subjected to different curing periods (24, 48 and 72 hours at 40°C) and
conditioned 4 hours at 25°C before testing. The average values of ITS (EN 12697-23) for each
mixture are shown in Table 5.
On the basis of a cost analysis and resistance values, two mixtures were selected for a further
evaluation considering also UCS and indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM, EN 12697-26):
2C3E2F and 2C3E.
Table 5 Mean ITS values for all CBTM series
ITS [N/mm2
]
Mixture Curing period [hours]
24 48 72
3C2.5E2F 0.23 0.27 0.50
2C3E2F 0.24 0.27 0.41
2C3E - - 0.38
1.5C3.5E2F 0.23 0.24 0.36
Specifications [N/mm2
] - - > 0.35
From the results shown in Table 6, it can be affirmed that both mixtures allow the technical
specifications to be satisfied. However, the mixture containing 100% RA treated with 2% of cement
and 3% of bituminous emulsion was the most cost-effective solution and was selected as design
mixture.
Table 6 Mean mechanical characteristics of the selected CBTM series
Mixture UCS [N/mm2
] ITS [N/mm2
] ITSM [MPa]
2C3E2F 2.90 0.37 3700
2C3E 2.44 0.37 3200
Specifications [N/mm2
] - > 0.35 > 3000
The recycling train was made up of a vehicle equipped with volumetric batchers for spreading
cement, a recycler coupled to a tank truck for the addition of water and a tank truck for addition of
bituminous emulsion, a vibrating smooth drum roller, a pneumatic tyre roller and a grader for
shaping and levelling. Excess material was bladed from the road to ensure that final levels were
respected. Mechanical brooms were used for sweeping loose material from the surface prior to
placing the tack coat.
Fig. 3 shows the application of in situ recycling using bituminous emulsion and cement. To seep
up the construction phases two parallel recycling trains were used.
Fig. 3 CBTM production for the subbase course
1048 Innovation and Sustainable Technology in Road and Airfield Pavement
7. In situ verification by means of falling weight deflectomer
The pavement structure was verified by means of non-destructive in-situ measurements with a
falling weight deflectomer (FWD).
FWD measurements were carried out on two longitudinal rows, respectively -5 m and +5 m from
the center line, considering a testing station every 50 m. The FWD survey was performed after 90
days curing period in order to evaluate the definitive performance of the material employed.
The deflection data were statistically analyzed using the cusum technique [15] in order to
determine the homogeneous sub-sections (Fig. 4).
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Cusum
value
Distance [km]
RWY 07 / 25 : + 5m
Sub-section from [m] to [m]
1 3 149
2 198 398
3 452 754
4 802 2220
-1400
-1200
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
0,000 0,500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500
Cusum
value
Distance [km]
RWY 07 / 25 : -5 m
Sub-section from [m] to [m]
1 25 374
2 422 1074
3 1119 1275
4 1328 2220
Fig. 4 Determination of the homogeneous sub-section using the cusum technique
The backcalculation was performed through the BAKFAA software [15]. For bituminous
mixtures, the calculated moduli, referring to the field temperature during testing (32°C), were
shifted at the reference temperature of 20°C using temperature dependent laws:
( )
2
00007404
.
0
006447
.
0
53658
.
6
10
:
]
17
[ T
T
HMA
E
HMA
for ⋅
−
⋅
−
= (1)
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( )
0
0082
.
0
0
10
:
1 T
T
CBTM
CBTM
T
E
T
E
CBTM
for −
⋅
⋅
= (2)
where EHMA is the elastic modulus of HMA at the temperature T, E(T0)CBTM is the elastic modulus
of CBTM at the reference temperature T0 (20°C), E(T)CBTM is the elastic modulus of CBTM at the
testing temperature T (32°C).
The average values of the elastic modulus for each layer are reported in Table 7.
The overall results complied with the reference values used in the design calculation of the
pavement structure.
Advanced Materials Research Vol. 723 1049
8. Table 7 Average elastic modulus for each layers
RW07/25: +5 m Elastic modulus, 20°C [MPa]
Sub-section from [m] to [m] E1, HMA E2, CBTM E3, subbase E4, foundation E5, subgrade
1 3 149 2705 3940 5685 635 301
2 198 398 4657 3247 6105 1160 300
3 452 754 3760 2471 4520 779 281
4 802 2220 4725 3507 6753 1022 326
RW07/25: -5 m Elastic modulus, 20°C [MPa]
Sub-section from [m] to [m] E1, HMA E2, CBTM E3, subbase E4, foundation E5, subgrade
1 25 374 3295 3049 8003 708 319
2 422 1074 4718 3758 9055 1129 341
3 1119 1275 2903 2270 5631 683 286
4 1328 2220 5057 3847 9618 1022 349
Conclusions
The direct reuse of demolition materials has been studied for several years and, considering
economical, technical and environmental advantages, has became one of the most attractive
alternatives for road construction and rehabilitation.
This paper shows the application in airfield of scientific knowledge and practical experiences on
pavement recycling developed in Italy for road maintenance projects. Indeed, the rehabilitation of
the runway of the Treviso airport involved a huge amount of reclaimed materials, in detail: about
40,000 m3
of RA, 52,000 m3
of CCC and 13,600 m3
of granular material. Several recycling
techniques, such as the cement stabilization of soil, cement treatment of milled cement concrete and
cement-bitumen treatment of reclaimed asphalt, were used. All recycled mixtures were tested in
laboratory, however, the in situ experimentation by mean of trial sections was essential to validate
the mechanical performance of mixtures and to determine the construction phases. The verification
of the overall pavement structure through non-destructive in-situ measurements with FWD
established the definitive compliance to the design parameters.
Acknowledgements
The Authors wish to thank AER TRE S.p.A. and the SAVE Group that allow the publication and
support the rehabilitation project of the Airport of Treviso. Moreover, special thanks go to Davide
Drago for his role of surveillance officer on behalf of Italian Authority for Civil Aviation (ENAC).
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