The document provides an overview of marketing analysis and instruments taught by Professor Aminullah Assagaf. It includes links to relevant academic profiles and presentations. The class will cover topics like market environment, target markets, marketing tools, market opportunities, consumer behavior, segmentation, products, distribution, pricing, and promotion. Assignments will involve group projects analyzing various marketing instruments and case studies from Indonesia and globally. The goal is for students to understand marketing concepts and apply them to real-world scenarios.
The document discusses marketing analysis and instruments. It provides a course outline for a marketing class taught by Professor Aminullah Assagaf. The class is divided into topics that will be covered in each meeting, including the marketing environment, consumer behavior, product development, pricing strategies, promotion, distribution, and international marketing. Assignments include group projects, a midterm exam, case studies, and a final exam. Literature and example case studies from companies like Airbus are also mentioned. Pricing models like cost-based pricing, marginal cost pricing, and break-even analysis are summarized.
1. To maximize profit, the firm should produce where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). In this example, maximum profit occurs at an output of 100 units where MR = MC = Rp 2000. The maximum profit is Rp 75,000.
2. To minimize losses, the firm should shut down production when marginal cost exceeds price. Here, minimum loss occurs at an output of 100 units where price = Rp 1000. The minimum loss is Rp 25,000.
3. To maximize total revenue (TR), the firm should produce where marginal revenue (MR) is zero. In this case, maximum TR of Rp 6250 occurs at an output of 250 units where MR
This document provides information and materials to support microeconomics studies. It includes a list of topics to be covered, instructions on where to find supporting materials like slides and research papers, and a section on market structures. There are also examples of total cost, fixed cost, and variable cost functions. The document demonstrates calculating the break-even point using different cost and revenue variables. It provides multiple examples of how to determine the quantity and revenue required to reach the break-even point.
1) The optimal alternative for the investor to choose is alternative C, constructing an 8-story building, which has the highest NPV of $138,921.
2) For alternative C to have the same NPV as alternative B, the maximum construction cost would be $2,100,413.
3) Calculating the net present value of cash flows over multiple periods, alternative C remains the best choice even if the rental price for alternative C is lowered to $31 per square meter.
Quién gana y pierde banderas azules en España 201920minutos
The document summarizes the number of Blue Flag beaches and marinas in Spain by province and autonomous community in 2019. It provides the total number of Blue Flags in each area along with the change from 2018. The totals show there were 669 Blue Flags in Spain in 2019, which was a decrease of 27 from 2018. The changes are broken down by beaches, marinas, and tourist boats.
This document contains information about a group assignment in Indonesian. It lists the group name, leader, and members. It then provides 3 math problems and solutions. The problems involve quadratic equations, volume of a shape, and time to print with two printers. The document solves for unknown values x, r, and time x in each problem step-by-step.
The document describes an optimization problem to maximize the function (fA - dA)(fB - dB) subject to the constraint that (fA, fB) belongs to the set R and is greater than or equal to the target (dA, dB). For three cases where the target is (15,10), (15,10) with additional constraint on uA, and (10,10), it shows solving for the optimal value of fA and the corresponding fB that maximizes the function.
This document provides an economic and financial evaluation of Industrias y Negocios S.A. It includes calculations and analyses of:
1. Net present value (NPV) for both economic and financial scenarios. The economic NPV is $16,783.81 and financial NPV is $14,038.47.
2. Internal rate of return (IRR) for both scenarios. The economic IRR is 50.68% and financial IRR is 144.34%.
3. Payback period, which is 2 years for the economic analysis and 1.32 years for the financial.
The document discusses marketing analysis and instruments. It provides a course outline for a marketing class taught by Professor Aminullah Assagaf. The class is divided into topics that will be covered in each meeting, including the marketing environment, consumer behavior, product development, pricing strategies, promotion, distribution, and international marketing. Assignments include group projects, a midterm exam, case studies, and a final exam. Literature and example case studies from companies like Airbus are also mentioned. Pricing models like cost-based pricing, marginal cost pricing, and break-even analysis are summarized.
1. To maximize profit, the firm should produce where marginal revenue (MR) equals marginal cost (MC). In this example, maximum profit occurs at an output of 100 units where MR = MC = Rp 2000. The maximum profit is Rp 75,000.
2. To minimize losses, the firm should shut down production when marginal cost exceeds price. Here, minimum loss occurs at an output of 100 units where price = Rp 1000. The minimum loss is Rp 25,000.
3. To maximize total revenue (TR), the firm should produce where marginal revenue (MR) is zero. In this case, maximum TR of Rp 6250 occurs at an output of 250 units where MR
This document provides information and materials to support microeconomics studies. It includes a list of topics to be covered, instructions on where to find supporting materials like slides and research papers, and a section on market structures. There are also examples of total cost, fixed cost, and variable cost functions. The document demonstrates calculating the break-even point using different cost and revenue variables. It provides multiple examples of how to determine the quantity and revenue required to reach the break-even point.
1) The optimal alternative for the investor to choose is alternative C, constructing an 8-story building, which has the highest NPV of $138,921.
2) For alternative C to have the same NPV as alternative B, the maximum construction cost would be $2,100,413.
3) Calculating the net present value of cash flows over multiple periods, alternative C remains the best choice even if the rental price for alternative C is lowered to $31 per square meter.
Quién gana y pierde banderas azules en España 201920minutos
The document summarizes the number of Blue Flag beaches and marinas in Spain by province and autonomous community in 2019. It provides the total number of Blue Flags in each area along with the change from 2018. The totals show there were 669 Blue Flags in Spain in 2019, which was a decrease of 27 from 2018. The changes are broken down by beaches, marinas, and tourist boats.
This document contains information about a group assignment in Indonesian. It lists the group name, leader, and members. It then provides 3 math problems and solutions. The problems involve quadratic equations, volume of a shape, and time to print with two printers. The document solves for unknown values x, r, and time x in each problem step-by-step.
The document describes an optimization problem to maximize the function (fA - dA)(fB - dB) subject to the constraint that (fA, fB) belongs to the set R and is greater than or equal to the target (dA, dB). For three cases where the target is (15,10), (15,10) with additional constraint on uA, and (10,10), it shows solving for the optimal value of fA and the corresponding fB that maximizes the function.
This document provides an economic and financial evaluation of Industrias y Negocios S.A. It includes calculations and analyses of:
1. Net present value (NPV) for both economic and financial scenarios. The economic NPV is $16,783.81 and financial NPV is $14,038.47.
2. Internal rate of return (IRR) for both scenarios. The economic IRR is 50.68% and financial IRR is 144.34%.
3. Payback period, which is 2 years for the economic analysis and 1.32 years for the financial.
Aminullah assagaf aip45 ai pemasaran_30 mrt & 6 apr 2021Aminullah Assagaf
This document provides an overview of a marketing instruments and analysis course taught by Professor Aminullah Assagaf. It includes the course schedule, assigned readings from textbooks, group assignments such as case studies, and exam dates. Group assignments cover various marketing topics including market environment, research, consumer behavior, products, pricing strategies, distribution, promotion, and international marketing. The document concludes with examples of comprehensive marketing case studies that will be analyzed over the course.
The document discusses a marketing analysis and instruments course taught by Professor Aminullah Assagaf. It includes the course literature, group assignments, and schedule. The assignments cover various chapters in the textbook focusing on topics like the marketing environment, research, consumer behavior, products, pricing, distribution, and promotion. Case studies and exams are also mentioned. International marketing topics will be addressed later in the course.
This document contains solutions to problems related to leverage and capital structure.
Some key points summarized:
1) Breakeven analysis is performed for multiple companies using algebraic formulas to calculate the quantity needed to break even. Comparisons are made between companies' operating leverage.
2) Graphs are used to show the relationship between sales, costs, profits and losses at different production levels as well as to illustrate how degree of operating leverage decreases as production increases past the breakeven point.
3) Calculations are shown for earnings per share under different financing plans and levels of earnings before interest and taxes to demonstrate how degree of financial leverage is affected.
4) Integrated examples bring together concepts of operating
This document contains solutions to problems related to leverage and capital structure.
1) It provides calculations of breakeven points, degrees of operating leverage, earnings per share, and degrees of financial leverage for various companies.
2) It demonstrates how changes in sales, costs, prices, and financial structure impact measures of leverage and risk.
3) Integrative problems bring together multiple leverage concepts to analyze overall business risk for different firms.
The document discusses several economics problems involving functions and calculations:
1) It calculates the equilibrium price and quantity in a market before and after a tax, finding the price drops from 15 to 9 and quantity from 8 to 2.
2) It determines savings is 60 million given consumption and income functions.
3) It asks for the maximum total revenue a monopolist can earn and finds it is 960,000.
4) It solves for the equilibrium price and quantity in a market after a tax is applied, finding the new equilibrium price is 11.3.
This document contains solutions to 15 exercises related to circuit analysis. The exercises calculate values like capacitance, resistance, cutoff frequency, and gain based on given circuit diagrams and specifications. Equations are set up and solved to find the desired values. For example, exercise 1 calculates the capacitance needed for a given RC circuit to have a cutoff frequency of 40 kHz. The solutions proceed methodically through each problem, showing the work to arrive at the final answers.
1. The document calculates total fixed cost (TFC), total variable cost (TVC), and marginal cost (MC) for a company with an average fixed cost (AFC) of 60 and multiple levels of output.
2. TFC is calculated as AFC x Output for each level. TVC is calculated as Total Cost (TC) - TFC. Marginal Cost is calculated as the change in Total Cost between levels of output.
3. The calculations show TFC and AFC remaining constant while TVC and MC change with different levels of output. The sum of MC equals TVC, and TC equals the sum of TFC and TVC.
The document provides information on market structures and perfect competition. It defines perfect competition as having many buyers and sellers, identical products, and easy entry and exit. Under perfect competition, no individual buyer or seller can influence the market price as each is a "price taker". The market price equals the marginal revenue and is flat across quantity.
The document summarizes the answers to two economic micro theory questions. For the first question, it presents four isoquant curves showing different combinations of the factors labor (L) and capital (K) that produce the same output levels. For the second question, it calculates average revenue (AR), total revenue (TR), and marginal revenue (MR) for varying quantities of a homogeneous good. It presents the results in a table and graph showing AR, TR, and MR at each quantity from 0 to 15 units.
This document discusses the acceptable pins produced by a company. It examines the percentage of pins that would be acceptable to customers given the mean length, standard deviation, and acceptable tolerances. It finds that:
- 63.4% of pins are acceptable with a mean of 1.012 inches and standard deviation of 0.018 inches.
- Adjusting the mean to 1.00 inch would result in 73.3% acceptability.
- To achieve 90%, 95%, and 99% acceptability, the maximum standard deviation would be 0.00625, 0.00486, and 0.00343 inches respectively if the mean is kept at 1.012 inches.
The document also calculates the
The document contains solutions to example problems from Chapter 9 of an exercise book.
The examples calculate resistor values for circuits involving operational amplifiers to achieve specified voltage gains, current values, and time constants. Computer analysis examples also calculate output voltages and currents for various input conditions in operational amplifier circuits.
This document contains solutions to various math and business problems related to percentages, profit/loss calculations, and pricing. Key details provided include:
1. Calculating percentage profit and loss in multiple scenarios like finding sale price given cost price and percentage of profit/loss.
2. Determining original/marked prices and calculating profit percentages based on given cost, sale, and discount prices.
3. Solving word problems involving multiple steps like calculating number of items that need to be sold to make a given profit.
4. Explaining that insufficient data is available to determine the answer in some cases.
The document demonstrates techniques for setting up and solving equations from financial and pricing scenarios to determine unknown values
This document contains solutions to exercises from Chapter 14. The solutions involve calculations for amplifier circuits using op amp specifications like gain bandwidth, input offset voltage, input bias current, slew rate, and more. Some key results include:
- The input offset voltage for a circuit is calculated as 1.27 mV.
- The input resistance of a voltage follower circuit with a large resistor is calculated as 5000 MΩ.
- The maximum frequency of a circuit before the gain drops by 3 dB is calculated as 20 kHz.
This document defines and provides examples of non-linear functions used in economic analysis, including quadratic, cubic, exponential and logarithmic functions. It then discusses how these non-linear functions can be used to model demand, supply and market equilibrium. Examples are provided to show how taxes and subsidies impact the equilibrium price and quantity in a market modeled using non-linear functions. The document also defines cost functions including fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost. Worked examples demonstrate how to apply these concepts.
This document discusses cost and profit analysis concepts including total costs, fixed costs, variable costs, average costs, marginal costs, break-even point, and target profit. It provides classifications of costs, relationships between different cost types, and formulas to calculate average fixed cost, average variable cost, average cost, and break-even point. Graphs and examples are used to illustrate cost behavior and the effect of changes in costs, sales, and fixed costs on the break-even point.
Ejercicios y problemas sobre maximización y minimización por el método gráfico osvaldo bacile lambrechts
This document discusses solving problems using the graphical method. It provides examples of applying the graphical method to solve optimization problems in areas like diet formulation, fertilizer nutrient requirements, mineral extraction, construction costs, and freight transportation. The examples illustrate setting up the objective function and constraints, graphing the feasible region, determining the optimal solution, and interpreting the results. The overall aim is to optimize knowledge of using the graphical method to solve operational research problems.
The document discusses various capital budgeting methods including average return on investment, payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return, and profitability index. It provides examples of how to calculate each method and compares the advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses how to estimate cash flows, evaluate capital projects, and conduct sensitivity analysis.
This document provides an example of beam design calculations. It includes predimensioning of the beam, calculation of dead and live loads, determination of required steel reinforcement, and design of the steel layout. Key steps are calculating the bending moments, required steel, steel capacities, development lengths, and spacing of the reinforcement.
This document contains calculations to determine specifications for a belt drive system. It calculates the belt speed, minimum pulley sizes, tension forces, and efficiency. The key results are a belt speed of 10.26 m/s, a minimum pulley diameter of 80mm, a tension force of 359N, and an efficiency of 61%.
This document contains calculations to determine specifications for a belt drive system including:
- Belt speed of 10.26 m/s
- Minimum pulley diameter of 80mm
- Minimum pulley distance of 230mm
- Tension force on the belt of 359N
- Tension force required to keep the belt taut of 116N
- Total tension of 591N in the belt
- Efficiency of the system is 61%
Aminullah assagaf aip45 ai pemasaran_30 mrt & 6 apr 2021Aminullah Assagaf
This document provides an overview of a marketing instruments and analysis course taught by Professor Aminullah Assagaf. It includes the course schedule, assigned readings from textbooks, group assignments such as case studies, and exam dates. Group assignments cover various marketing topics including market environment, research, consumer behavior, products, pricing strategies, distribution, promotion, and international marketing. The document concludes with examples of comprehensive marketing case studies that will be analyzed over the course.
The document discusses a marketing analysis and instruments course taught by Professor Aminullah Assagaf. It includes the course literature, group assignments, and schedule. The assignments cover various chapters in the textbook focusing on topics like the marketing environment, research, consumer behavior, products, pricing, distribution, and promotion. Case studies and exams are also mentioned. International marketing topics will be addressed later in the course.
This document contains solutions to problems related to leverage and capital structure.
Some key points summarized:
1) Breakeven analysis is performed for multiple companies using algebraic formulas to calculate the quantity needed to break even. Comparisons are made between companies' operating leverage.
2) Graphs are used to show the relationship between sales, costs, profits and losses at different production levels as well as to illustrate how degree of operating leverage decreases as production increases past the breakeven point.
3) Calculations are shown for earnings per share under different financing plans and levels of earnings before interest and taxes to demonstrate how degree of financial leverage is affected.
4) Integrated examples bring together concepts of operating
This document contains solutions to problems related to leverage and capital structure.
1) It provides calculations of breakeven points, degrees of operating leverage, earnings per share, and degrees of financial leverage for various companies.
2) It demonstrates how changes in sales, costs, prices, and financial structure impact measures of leverage and risk.
3) Integrative problems bring together multiple leverage concepts to analyze overall business risk for different firms.
The document discusses several economics problems involving functions and calculations:
1) It calculates the equilibrium price and quantity in a market before and after a tax, finding the price drops from 15 to 9 and quantity from 8 to 2.
2) It determines savings is 60 million given consumption and income functions.
3) It asks for the maximum total revenue a monopolist can earn and finds it is 960,000.
4) It solves for the equilibrium price and quantity in a market after a tax is applied, finding the new equilibrium price is 11.3.
This document contains solutions to 15 exercises related to circuit analysis. The exercises calculate values like capacitance, resistance, cutoff frequency, and gain based on given circuit diagrams and specifications. Equations are set up and solved to find the desired values. For example, exercise 1 calculates the capacitance needed for a given RC circuit to have a cutoff frequency of 40 kHz. The solutions proceed methodically through each problem, showing the work to arrive at the final answers.
1. The document calculates total fixed cost (TFC), total variable cost (TVC), and marginal cost (MC) for a company with an average fixed cost (AFC) of 60 and multiple levels of output.
2. TFC is calculated as AFC x Output for each level. TVC is calculated as Total Cost (TC) - TFC. Marginal Cost is calculated as the change in Total Cost between levels of output.
3. The calculations show TFC and AFC remaining constant while TVC and MC change with different levels of output. The sum of MC equals TVC, and TC equals the sum of TFC and TVC.
The document provides information on market structures and perfect competition. It defines perfect competition as having many buyers and sellers, identical products, and easy entry and exit. Under perfect competition, no individual buyer or seller can influence the market price as each is a "price taker". The market price equals the marginal revenue and is flat across quantity.
The document summarizes the answers to two economic micro theory questions. For the first question, it presents four isoquant curves showing different combinations of the factors labor (L) and capital (K) that produce the same output levels. For the second question, it calculates average revenue (AR), total revenue (TR), and marginal revenue (MR) for varying quantities of a homogeneous good. It presents the results in a table and graph showing AR, TR, and MR at each quantity from 0 to 15 units.
This document discusses the acceptable pins produced by a company. It examines the percentage of pins that would be acceptable to customers given the mean length, standard deviation, and acceptable tolerances. It finds that:
- 63.4% of pins are acceptable with a mean of 1.012 inches and standard deviation of 0.018 inches.
- Adjusting the mean to 1.00 inch would result in 73.3% acceptability.
- To achieve 90%, 95%, and 99% acceptability, the maximum standard deviation would be 0.00625, 0.00486, and 0.00343 inches respectively if the mean is kept at 1.012 inches.
The document also calculates the
The document contains solutions to example problems from Chapter 9 of an exercise book.
The examples calculate resistor values for circuits involving operational amplifiers to achieve specified voltage gains, current values, and time constants. Computer analysis examples also calculate output voltages and currents for various input conditions in operational amplifier circuits.
This document contains solutions to various math and business problems related to percentages, profit/loss calculations, and pricing. Key details provided include:
1. Calculating percentage profit and loss in multiple scenarios like finding sale price given cost price and percentage of profit/loss.
2. Determining original/marked prices and calculating profit percentages based on given cost, sale, and discount prices.
3. Solving word problems involving multiple steps like calculating number of items that need to be sold to make a given profit.
4. Explaining that insufficient data is available to determine the answer in some cases.
The document demonstrates techniques for setting up and solving equations from financial and pricing scenarios to determine unknown values
This document contains solutions to exercises from Chapter 14. The solutions involve calculations for amplifier circuits using op amp specifications like gain bandwidth, input offset voltage, input bias current, slew rate, and more. Some key results include:
- The input offset voltage for a circuit is calculated as 1.27 mV.
- The input resistance of a voltage follower circuit with a large resistor is calculated as 5000 MΩ.
- The maximum frequency of a circuit before the gain drops by 3 dB is calculated as 20 kHz.
This document defines and provides examples of non-linear functions used in economic analysis, including quadratic, cubic, exponential and logarithmic functions. It then discusses how these non-linear functions can be used to model demand, supply and market equilibrium. Examples are provided to show how taxes and subsidies impact the equilibrium price and quantity in a market modeled using non-linear functions. The document also defines cost functions including fixed cost, variable cost, total cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost and marginal cost. Worked examples demonstrate how to apply these concepts.
This document discusses cost and profit analysis concepts including total costs, fixed costs, variable costs, average costs, marginal costs, break-even point, and target profit. It provides classifications of costs, relationships between different cost types, and formulas to calculate average fixed cost, average variable cost, average cost, and break-even point. Graphs and examples are used to illustrate cost behavior and the effect of changes in costs, sales, and fixed costs on the break-even point.
Ejercicios y problemas sobre maximización y minimización por el método gráfico osvaldo bacile lambrechts
This document discusses solving problems using the graphical method. It provides examples of applying the graphical method to solve optimization problems in areas like diet formulation, fertilizer nutrient requirements, mineral extraction, construction costs, and freight transportation. The examples illustrate setting up the objective function and constraints, graphing the feasible region, determining the optimal solution, and interpreting the results. The overall aim is to optimize knowledge of using the graphical method to solve operational research problems.
The document discusses various capital budgeting methods including average return on investment, payback period, net present value, internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return, and profitability index. It provides examples of how to calculate each method and compares the advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses how to estimate cash flows, evaluate capital projects, and conduct sensitivity analysis.
This document provides an example of beam design calculations. It includes predimensioning of the beam, calculation of dead and live loads, determination of required steel reinforcement, and design of the steel layout. Key steps are calculating the bending moments, required steel, steel capacities, development lengths, and spacing of the reinforcement.
This document contains calculations to determine specifications for a belt drive system. It calculates the belt speed, minimum pulley sizes, tension forces, and efficiency. The key results are a belt speed of 10.26 m/s, a minimum pulley diameter of 80mm, a tension force of 359N, and an efficiency of 61%.
This document contains calculations to determine specifications for a belt drive system including:
- Belt speed of 10.26 m/s
- Minimum pulley diameter of 80mm
- Minimum pulley distance of 230mm
- Tension force on the belt of 359N
- Tension force required to keep the belt taut of 116N
- Total tension of 591N in the belt
- Efficiency of the system is 61%
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43. Laba dari penjualan
mis: laba 20% x Price $20 =$4, unit cost atau HPP = $16
0.2 atau 20 laba dari penjualan =$4
Harga pkk =$16
Harga jual= $20
Laba = $4 (20% dari penjualan)
46. Pricing
• Full Costing : Cost + margin
• Marginal cost pricing
• Contribution margin
• Break even poin
47. TOTAL COST (TC)
• TC = FC + VCQ
• FC ; biaya terkait dengan waktu atau tidak terkait dengan volume
produksi atau penjualan
• VC ; biaya yang terkait dengan volume produksi atau penjualan
51. HUBUNGAN BIAYA, VOLUME & PENDAPATAN
(a) BEP
TC = FC + VCQ
TR = PQ
TR = TC BEP
PQ = FC + VCQ
(PQ – VCQ) = FC
Q (P-VC) = FC
Q = FC / (P-VC) BEP
Atau :
TR = TC
PQ = FC + VCQ
P = (FC + VCQ) / Q BEP
(b) Marjin Kontribusi (MK)
MK = P - VC
>0 : tiap pertambahan Q akan menambah keuntungan atau mengurangi kerugian
52. Break Even Point (BEP)
Contoh :
FC =Rp 50.000 perthun
VC = Rp 100 perunit
P = Rp 200 perunit
Q =......? BEP
BEP = FC / (P-VC)
BEP = 50.000 / (200 – 100)
BEP = 50.000 / 100 = 500 unit
53. BEP
Q = 500
Laba(Rugi)
TR = 500 x 200 = 100.000
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 500 x 100 : 50.000
- Total cost = 100.000
- Laba (Rugi)................. = 0
54. Q < BEP
Q = 499
Laba(Rugi)
TR = 499 x 200 = 99.800
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 499 x 100 : 49.900
- Total cost = 99.900
- Rugi .......................... = (100)
55. Q > BEP
Q = 501
Laba(Rugi)
TR = 500 x 200 = 100.200
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 501 x 100 : 50.100
- Total cost = 100.100
- Laba .......................... = 100
56. Break Even Point (BEP) - 1
FC
TC
Q
Rp
0
400 600
50.000
100.000
500
TR
BEP
90.000
120.000
80.000
110.000
Laba
Rugi
57. Break Even Point (BEP) - 2
FC
TC1
Q
Rp
0
400
50.000
100.000
500
TR
BEP1
Catatan :
BEP = FC / (P – VC)
BEP = 50.000/ (200-75) =400 unit
TR = 400 x Rp 200 = Rp 80.000
TC = 50.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 80.000
TC2
BEP2
80.000
Catatan :
- Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit
- Solusinya , VC ditekan
dari Rp Rp 100 perunit
menjadi Rp Rp 75 per unit
58. Break Even Point (BEP) - 3
FC1
TC1
Q
Rp
0
400
50.000
100.000
500
TR
BEP1
Catatan :
BEP = FC / (P – VC)
BEP = 40.000/ (200-100) =400 unit
TR = 400 x Rp 200 = Rp 80.000
TC = 40.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 80.000
TC2
BEP2
80.000
Catatan :
- Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit
- Solusinya , FC ditekan
dari Rp Rp 50.000 pertahun
menjadi Rp Rp 40.000 pertahun
FC2
40.000
59. Break Even Point (BEP) - 4
TC
Q
Rp
0
400
50.000
100.000
500
TR1
BEP1
Catatan :
BEP = FC / (P – VC)
BEP = 50.000/ (225-100) =400 unit
TR = 400 x Rp 225= Rp 90.000
TC = 50.000 + (400 x Rp 100) = Rp 90.000
TR2
BEP2
90.000
Catatan :
- Pangsa Pasar < 500 unit
- Solusinya , P dinaikkan
dari Rp Rp 200 perunit
menjadi Rp 225 perunit
FC
60. BEP (Q dan Rp)
BEP Q =
F
P−VC
=
50.000
200−100
= 500 unit
BEP Rp =
F
P − VC
x P =
50.000
200 − 100
x 200 = 500 x 200 = Rp 100.000
BEP Rp =
F x P
P−VC
=
50.000 x 200
200−100
= 10.000.000 / 100 = Rp 100.000
BEP Rp =
P
P−VC
x F =
200
200−100
x 50.000 = 2 x 50.000 = Rp 100.000
BEP Rp =
F
P−VC
P
=
50.000
200 −100
200
=
50.000
0,5
= 𝑅𝑝 100.000
BEP Rp =
F
P/P − VC/P
=
50.000
200/200 − 100/200
=
50.000
1 − 0,5
=
50.000
0,5
= 𝑅𝑝 100.000
BEP Rp =
F
1−VC/P
=
50.000
1−100/200
= 50.000/ 1 − 0,5 = 50.000/0,5 = 𝑅𝑝 100.000
61. Q pada Target Laba (Dgn Pajak)
Q =
F+ π / (1−t)
P−VC
Q =
50.000 + 10.000 / (1 − 0,20)
200 − 100
Q =
50.000 + 12.500
100
Q =
62.500
100
= 625 unit
Atau
Q =
F
P−VC
+
π / (1−t)
P−VC
Q = BEP +
π / (1 − t)
P − VC
Q = BEP +
π
1 − t (P − VC)
Q = 500 +
10.000
1 − 0,20 (200 − 100)
Q = 500 +
10.000
80
= 500 + 125 = 625 unit
62. Q pada Target Laba (Dgn Pajak)
Q =
F+ π / (1−t)
P−VC
Q =
50.000 + 10.000 / (1 − 0,20)
200 − 100
Q =
50.000 + 12.500
100
Q =
62.500
100
= 625
L/R (Q = 625)
TR = 625 x 200 = Rp 125.000
Cost :
- FC = 50.000
- VC = 62.500
TC = Rp 112.500
Laba = Rp 12.500
Tax 20% = Rp 2.500
Laba = Rp 10.000 (Sesuai Target)
63. Margin Kontribusi (MK)
MARGIN KONTRIBUSI (MK)
MK = P – VC
MK > 0 atau posisitif, tiap pertambahan volume penjualan akan
menambah laba atau mengurangi kerugian
Mis :
Q1 = 1.000, VC = 100, FC = 50.000, P = 200
Tambahan Q2 = 1.000 dengan P = 110
64. Margin Kontribusi
Laba (Rugi)
Q1 = 1.000 unit
TR = 1.000 x 200 .................. = 200.000
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC , 1.000 x 100 : 100.000
- Total cost ........................ = 150.000
- Laba .................................. = 50.000
Averga Cost (HPP) = 150.000 / 1000 = Rp 150 perunit
65. Margin Kontribusi
Laba (Rugi)
Q1 = 1.000 unit (P=Rp 200)
Q2 = 1.000 unit (P=Rp 110)
TR = (1000 x 200) + (1000 x 110) = 310.000
Cost :
- FC : 50.000
- VC ( 2.000 x 100) : 200.000
- Total cost ............................. = 250.000
- Laba ....................................... = 60.000
Averga Cost (HPP) = 250.000 / 2000 = Rp 120 perunit
88. Fungsi Teori Ekonomi
• Skema model ekonomi sederhana
PERUSAHAAN
BISNIS
RUMAH
TANGGA
PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI
BARANG DAN JASA
SUMBERDAYA EKONOMI
PENDAPATAN BERBENTUK UANG
95. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS
1. Elastisitas harga dari permintaan
• Elatisitas busur (arc elasticity)
• Elastisitas titik (point elasticity)
2. Elastisitas titik dan pengeluaran total
3. Elastisitas pendapatan dari permintaan
4. Elastisitas silang dari permintaan
5. Elastisitas harga dari penawaran
96. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (2)
1. Elastisitas harga dari permintaan
e = - (dQ/Q) /(dP/P) = -(dQ/dP)(P/Q)
elastis jika e> 1, inelastis jika e<1 dan elastis uniter jika e=1
D
Q
P
B
A
C
2000
1000 3000
7
5
3
-Dari C ke A = - (1000/-2)/(7/1000) = 3,5
-Dari A ke C = -(-1000/2)/(5/2000) = 1,25
-Dari A ke B = -(1000/-2)/(5/2000)= 1,25
-Dari B ke A = -(-1000/2)(3/3000) = 0,5
Utk menghindarkan perbedaan, digunakan rata-rata :
Titik A ke B :
e= -(dQ/dP)x(PA+PB)/(QA+QB)
e= -(1000/-2)x(5+3)/(2000+3000) = 0,8
97. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (3)
(1.1) Elastisitas busur (arc elaticity), koefisien elastisitas antara dua titik pada suatu kurva
permintaan seperti contoh diatas. Elastisitas ini hanya sebagai perkiraan, dan semakin tepat
bila busur itu semakin kecil dan mendekati suatu titik.
(1.2) Elastisitas titik (point elasticity), secara geometrik diperoleh :
N
0 M
D
C
Garis singgung
P
Q
e= -(dQ/dp)(P/Q)
e=(NM/NC)(NC/ON) = (NM)/(ON)
e= 4000/2000 =2
6000
2000
D
N M
0
P
Q
8000
4000
A =1
2000 5000
B =3000/5000 = 0,6 atau < 1
C =6000/2000 =3 atau > 1
98. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (4)
2. Elastisitas titik dan pengeluaran total
C
A
B
Q
P
5
4
3
5000
4000
3000
A=pengeluaran 5x3000=15000
B=pengeluaran 4x4000=16000
C=pengeluaran 3x5000=15000
Elastisitas diatas titik tengan e>1,
dibawah titik tengan e<
Titik A, e=(8000-3000)/3000=5/3
Titik B, e=(8000-4000)/4000=1
Titik C, e=(8000-5000)/5000=3/5
8000
e>1
e=1
e<1
99. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (5)
3. Elastisitas pendapatan dari permintaan
eM = (dQ/Q)/(dM/M) =(dQ/dM)(M/Q)
eM negatif, barang bermutu rendah (inferior)
eM positif, barang normal atau kebutuhan pokok (necessity)
eM > 1, barang mewah (luxury)
Contoh :
1) Pendapatan Rp 8000 menjadi 12000 (naik 50%), permintaan 5 unit menjadi 10 unit
(100%)
eM = (5/4000)/(8000/5) = 2 atau
eM =100% / 50% = 2 (barang lux)
2) Pendapatan Rp 16000 menjadi 20000(naik 25%), permintaan 15 unit menjadi 18
unit (naik 20%)
eM = 20% / 25% =0,8 (kebutuhan pokok)
-3) Pendapatan Rp 24000 menjadi Rp 28000 (naik 16,67%), permintaan
20 unit menjadi 19 unit (turun 5%)
eM = -5% / 16,67 % = - 0,3 (bermutu rendah)
100. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (6)
4. Elastisitas silang dari permintaan (cross elasticity of demand)
exy = (dQx/Qx)/(dPy/Py) = (dQx/dPy)(Py/Qx)
exy positif, X dan Y barang subtitusi
exy negatif, X dan Y barang komplementer
exy=0, X dan Y tidak berhubungan
Contoh :
1) Harga Y, Rp 40 menjadi Rp 60 (naik Rp 20), permintaan X 40 unit menjadi 50 unit (naik 10)
exy = (10/20)(40/40) = + 0,5 (subtitusi)
2) Harga Z, Rp 10 menjadi Rp 20 (naik Rp10), permintaan X 40 unit manjadi 35 unit (turun 5 unit)
exz = (5/10)(10/40) = - 0,125 (komplementer)
101. (3) PENGUKURAN ELASTISITAS (7)
5. Elastisitas harga dari penawaran
Elastis bila e >1, inelastis bila e<1, elastis uniter bila e=1
e = (dq/Q)/(dP/P) = (dQ/dP)(P/Q)
S
P
Q
E
F
4000
6
4
8000
Titik E ke F
e=(4000/2)(4/4000)= 2
Titik F ke E
e=(4000/2)(6/8000)= 1,5
102. ELASTISITAS P TERHADAP Q
• Inelastis sempurna:
• Elastis sempurna :
e = - (dQ/dP) (P/Q)
e = - (0/10)(10/100) = kecil
P
Q
P
Q
D
D
100
10
20
e = - (dQ/dP) (P/Q)
e = - (50/0)(10/100) = ∞
100 150
10
124. Sales Promotion dan Personal selling
Sales promotion atau promosi penjualan adalah salah satu tipe marketing yang biasanya digunakan untuk
memperkenalkan produk baru, menghabiskan produk lama, dan tentu saja menaikkan angka penjualan.
Umumnya, sales promotion berlangsung sementara, ditujukan untuk menaikkan minat pembeli terhadap
produk dan dilakukan oleh perusahaan saat momen-momen tertentu saja.
Personal Selling atau Penjualan Perorangan adalah sebuah komunikasi langsung (tatap muka) antara penjual
dan calon pembeli.
Sales management adalah proses menyusun sebuah tim sales, mengoordinasi operasi penjualan, dan
mengimplementasi teknik sales agar bisnis bisa terus mencapai target dan bahkan melampauinya. Sales
management atau manajemen penjualan adalah bagian dari marketing mix yang memiliki peran penting
dalam persaingan perusahaan, penurunan biaya, serta peningkatan keuntungan. Saat ini, manajemen
penjualan merupakan salah satu fungsi yang tidak bisa dianggap remeh oleh bisnis manapun.