Aminoglycosides
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Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics derived from amino sugars that are effective against many aerobic gram-negative bacilli. They work by binding to the 30S ribosome in bacteria and inhibiting protein synthesis. Common examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. While bactericidal, they are not absorbed orally and can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity with prolonged use. Resistance develops through enzymatic inactivation of the drug.
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Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotics that includes streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. They work by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are administered via intravenous or intramuscular routes and are cleared renally. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Newer drugs like plazomicin demonstrate activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and synergism with other antibiotics.
30.aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were discovered in 1944 and are produced by Streptomyces and Micromonospora bacteria. They include streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin for systemic use, as well as neomycin and framycetin for topical use. Aminoglycosides are highly polar, administered parenterally, distributed extracellularly, and excreted unchanged in urine. They are bactericidal against aerobic gram-negative bacilli by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. While effective against various infections, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade
Introduction to aminoglycosides and broad spectrum antibiotics
Aminoglycosides are a class of broad spectrum antibiotics that include streptomycin, amikacin, and gentamicin. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They can cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade as side effects. Gentamicin is used to treat respiratory infections and pseudomonas infections. Streptomycin is used to treat tuberculosis. Tetracyclines are another class of broad spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. They are used to treat various bacterial infections. Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is primarily bacteriostatic. It has a risk of fatal bone marrow toxicity so its use
Aminoglycosides
This document discusses two classes of drugs: aminoglycosides and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). It describes several aminoglycosides including neomycin, tobramycin, and amikacin which are used to treat various bacterial infections. It explains that aminoglycosides irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis. The document also covers G-CSF which stimulates neutrophil production and function and is used to treat neutropenia from cancer chemotherapy or other causes.
Aminoglycosides
This document provides an overview of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics used to treat aerobic Gram-negative bacteria by preventing bacterial protein synthesis. Some key points covered include:
- Aminoglycosides like streptomycin were first discovered in the 1940s from soil bacteria. Common systemic aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.
- Their mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria to prevent proper initiation complex formation and protein synthesis.
- They have concentration-dependent bacterial killing and a post-antibiotic effect. Resistance can develop via enzymatic modification or
Kanamycin
Kanamycin is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis. It works by blocking bacterial protein synthesis. Common side effects include hearing loss and kidney problems. It is recommended for short-term use of 7-10 days and is not suitable during pregnancy due to risks to the fetus.
Aminoglycoside and spectinomycin
This document discusses aminoglycoside and spectinomycin antibiotics. It describes that aminoglycosides like streptomycin are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. Their mechanism of action involves binding to the bacterial ribosome. Common adverse effects are nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Spectinomycin also inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is used as an alternative treatment for drug-resistant gonorrhea.
Muztaba
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, resistance, and side effects. It discusses several specific aminoglycosides - streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, and framycetin. All aminoglycosides are bactericidal, acting by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Resistance can occur via enzymatic modification or decreased drug accumulation in bacteria. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Recommended
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotics that includes streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. They work by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are administered via intravenous or intramuscular routes and are cleared renally. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Newer drugs like plazomicin demonstrate activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and synergism with other antibiotics.
30.aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were discovered in 1944 and are produced by Streptomyces and Micromonospora bacteria. They include streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin for systemic use, as well as neomycin and framycetin for topical use. Aminoglycosides are highly polar, administered parenterally, distributed extracellularly, and excreted unchanged in urine. They are bactericidal against aerobic gram-negative bacilli by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. While effective against various infections, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade
Introduction to aminoglycosides and broad spectrum antibiotics
Aminoglycosides are a class of broad spectrum antibiotics that include streptomycin, amikacin, and gentamicin. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. They can cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade as side effects. Gentamicin is used to treat respiratory infections and pseudomonas infections. Streptomycin is used to treat tuberculosis. Tetracyclines are another class of broad spectrum antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. They are used to treat various bacterial infections. Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is primarily bacteriostatic. It has a risk of fatal bone marrow toxicity so its use
Aminoglycosides
This document discusses two classes of drugs: aminoglycosides and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). It describes several aminoglycosides including neomycin, tobramycin, and amikacin which are used to treat various bacterial infections. It explains that aminoglycosides irreversibly bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis. The document also covers G-CSF which stimulates neutrophil production and function and is used to treat neutropenia from cancer chemotherapy or other causes.
Aminoglycosides
This document provides an overview of aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics used to treat aerobic Gram-negative bacteria by preventing bacterial protein synthesis. Some key points covered include:
- Aminoglycosides like streptomycin were first discovered in the 1940s from soil bacteria. Common systemic aminoglycosides include gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin.
- Their mechanism of action involves binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria to prevent proper initiation complex formation and protein synthesis.
- They have concentration-dependent bacterial killing and a post-antibiotic effect. Resistance can develop via enzymatic modification or
Kanamycin
Kanamycin is an antibiotic used to treat severe bacterial infections and tuberculosis. It works by blocking bacterial protein synthesis. Common side effects include hearing loss and kidney problems. It is recommended for short-term use of 7-10 days and is not suitable during pregnancy due to risks to the fetus.
Aminoglycoside and spectinomycin
This document discusses aminoglycoside and spectinomycin antibiotics. It describes that aminoglycosides like streptomycin are produced by Streptomyces bacteria and inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. Their mechanism of action involves binding to the bacterial ribosome. Common adverse effects are nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Spectinomycin also inhibits bacterial protein synthesis and is used as an alternative treatment for drug-resistant gonorrhea.
Muztaba
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including their classification, mechanisms of action, resistance, and side effects. It discusses several specific aminoglycosides - streptomycin, gentamicin, amikacin, neomycin, kanamycin, and framycetin. All aminoglycosides are bactericidal, acting by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Resistance can occur via enzymatic modification or decreased drug accumulation in bacteria. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Aminoglycosides
This document summarizes aminoglycoside antibiotics including their structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, toxicity and dosing. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal antibiotics that bind to the bacterial ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis. They are effective against many aerobic gram-negative bacilli and some gram-positives. Common examples discussed are amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin. Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Proper dosing and monitoring of drug and renal function levels can reduce toxicity while optimizing treatment.
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that consist of amino sugars attached to a hexose ring. They are bactericidal and used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are not absorbed orally and are administered via injection or topically. Common adverse effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Aminoglycosides require monitoring due to their toxicity profile.
Aminoglycosides antibiotics
Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and interfering with protein synthesis. Common adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections like endocarditis and tuberculosis.
Aminoglycosides and streptomycin- pharmaceutical Chemistry
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics derived from actinomycetes bacteria. They are bactericidal and work by binding to bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. Streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside discovered in 1943 from Streptomyces gresius. It is effective against various bacterial infections like tuberculosis. Aminoglycosides are administered via injection and can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as side effects.
Aminoglycosides Used in Veterinary Practice
Aminoglycosides are a class of traditional antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in gram-negative bacteria. Examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, and tobramycin. They act by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, or topically. They are used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, including complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, abdominal infections, and tuberculosis. However, they are contraindicated in patients with mitochondrial disorders due to the risk of hearing loss, tinnitus, cardiac toxicity, and renal toxicity. Common adverse effects include inner ear toxicity, vestibular damage
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides - a group of natural and semi synthethic antibiotics having aminosugar link to an aminocyclitol ring by glycosidic bond.
Includes: streptomycin, neomycin, gentmicin, amicacin, kanamycin and tobramycin.
Share many chemical and pharmacological properties and have similar antibacterial spectrum and toxic effects.
CHEMISTRY
Presence of amino group in the structure imparts basic nature to aminoglycosides
Hydroxyl group on sugar provides high water solubility( or poor lipid solubility)
MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Gram negative organisms allow aminoglycosides to diffuse through porin channel in their outer membrane
These organisms also have an oxygen dependent system that transports antibiotic across the cell membrane
Antibiotics then binds to 30s ribosomal subunit
There it causes 30s subunit of completed ribosome to misread the genetic code which leads to incompletely synthesized protein
BACTERIAL RESISTANCE
Due to:
Decreased uptake of drug when oxygen dependent transport system or porin channels are absent
Altered 30s ribosomal subunit aminoglycosides binding site
Plasmid associated synthesis of enzymes like acetyltransferase, nucleotidyltransferase and phosphotransferases
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Nephrotoxicity
Occurs as a result of excessive accumulation of aminoglycosides by proximal tubular cells
Ototoxicity
both vesicular and auditory dysfunction due to accumulation in perilymph and endolymph in the inner ear in the dose and time dependent manner
Neuromuscular blockade
Due to interference with acetylcholine release from motor nerve endings
Other effects
Have low tendency to cause allergic reactions, may produce peripheral neuritis and dysfunction of optic nerve. Contact dermatitis is a common reaction to topically applied neomycin.
DRUG INTERACTION
Shows interactipon with drugs which cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity
Concurrent use of aminoglycosides with loop diuretics( furosemide) and osmotic diuretics(mannitol) aggravate nephrotoxic and ototoxic effect.
When used with inhalent anaesthetic or neuromuscular blocking drugs increase risk of neuromuscular blockade and respiratory paralysis
Aminoglycosides and halothane aggravates cardiovascular depression
Shows synergistic effect with beta -lactam antibiotics.
Higher concentrates of carbenicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin are reported to inactivate aminoglycosides
CLINICAL USES
Widely used to treating local and systemic infection caused by susceptible bacteria
Infused into uterus to treat endometritis and udder to treat mastitis
Also topically used ears and eyes
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Contradicted in patients those who are hypersensitive to them
Should be used with extreme caution in pre existing renal disease, neonate, geriatric and obese animals
Should not be given to working dogs due to it’s adverse effect on hearing
Cause adverse effect on foetus, so their use during pregnancy is not recommended until mandatory
5 aminoglycosides,macrolides, anti tb dental
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, and antitubercular drugs. It provides details on specific antibiotics within each class, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It notes that aminoglycosides include gentamicin and tobramycin which can be used both locally and systemically. Macrolides discussed include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin which bind the 50S ribosomal subunit. Common first-line antitubercular drugs are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol which are used in combination for short course chemotherapy to rapidly kill tuberculosis organisms.
30.aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were discovered in 1944 and are produced by Streptomyces and Micromonospora bacteria. They include streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin for systemic use, as well as neomycin and framycetin for topical use. Aminoglycosides are highly polar, administered parenterally, distributed extracellularly, and excreted unchanged in urine. They are bactericidal against aerobic gram-negative bacilli by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. While effective against various infections, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade
Aminoglycoside
AMINOGLYCOSIDE-INTRODUCTION,HISTORY, MECHANISM OF ACTION, CHEMISTRY, RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS, CLASSIFICATION ,PHARMACOKINETIC, ADVERSE EFFECT, THERAPEUTIC USE
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside is a class of traditional antibiotic agents that contain an amino-modified glycoside. They display bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis. Streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside used to treat tuberculosis. Other common aminoglycosides include kanamycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin. They are administered intravenously or intramuscularly and are used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria. However, aminoglycosides can cause adverse effects like inner ear toxicity and hearing loss.
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were first discovered in 1944 and are produced by actinomycetes bacteria. They work by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and are bactericidal. They are narrow spectrum and primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria. Common examples include streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. While effective antibiotics, aminoglycosides have the drawbacks of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and rapid development of bacterial resistance. Their use requires monitoring of dosages and risks.
Gentamicin
This document provides information on various gentamicin injection products available in Pakistan made by different pharmaceutical companies. It discusses gentamicin's mechanism of action as an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria. It also provides dosing, administration, contraindications and precautions for gentamicin treatment. The document then shifts to discussing cloxacillin products in Pakistan and information about cloxacillin as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin antibiotic.
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics derived from bacteria that are effective against aerobic gram-negative bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Common aminoglycosides include amikacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin. They are used to treat serious gram-negative infections, tuberculosis, infectious diarrhea, and endocarditis prophylaxis. Nurses monitor patients for side effects like ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity and ensure adequate hydration during treatment.
Aminoglycosides antibiotics
Aminoglycosides are a group of natural or semi-synthetic antibiotics containing an amino sugar component and are used systemically or topically. They are derived from soil actinomycetes, not absorbed orally, and primarily target aerobic gram-negative bacteria through binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Common examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. While effective treatments, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Neomycin
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic discovered in 1949. It belongs to a class of antibiotics containing two or more aminosugars bonded together. Neomycin is commonly used topically in creams and eyedrops but can also be taken orally combined with other antibiotics. It works by binding to the 30S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit protein translation from mRNA. However, neomycin can cause ototoxicity and hearing loss.
Aminoglycosides
1) Aminoglycosides are polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to aminosugar compounds. They are highly water soluble and excreted unchanged in urine.
2) They are bactericidal, inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 30S/50S interface of bacterial ribosomes. This causes misreading of mRNA and nonfunctional protein formation.
3) Common adverse effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity. Individual drugs vary in their specific toxicities.
Aminoglycosides Antibiotic
Antibiotics
Aminoglycosides
-Mechanism of action
-Classification
-Pharmacokinetics
-Side Effect
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Kanamycin
Market Preparation
6. aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that include streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. They work by binding to the 30S ribosomal unit in bacteria and preventing proper protein synthesis. This results in misreading of the genetic code and incorporation of incorrect amino acids into proteins. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal, derived from actinomycetes, and have poor oral absorption so they must be given intravenously or intramuscularly. Common side effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin and tobramycin are effective against pseudomonas and enterobacteriaceae but can cause nephrotoxicity, while amikacin and sis
Aminoglycosides
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. It discusses their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and ways to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects when using these antibiotics. The most important aspects covered are the serious risks of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the need to closely monitor peak and trough drug levels when patients are receiving aminoglycoside therapy.
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycoside antibiotics consist of amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds. This class includes drugs like streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. They act by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and causing defective or non-functional proteins. Their use requires monitoring due to risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. They are effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and are used to treat infections like pneumonia, UTIs, and tuberculosis. Individual drugs have varying spectrums of activity, with gentamicin and tobramycin being effective against pseudomonas.
45 aminoglycosides
This document discusses aminoglycosides, a class of antibiotics. It describes their modes of antibacterial action including being concentration and time dependent, having a post-antibiotic effect, and toxicity depending on plasma concentration over time. Common aminoglycosides like gentamicin and tobramycin are used to treat infections from various aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Their mechanisms of action and resistance are explained. The document also covers the clinical uses, toxicities including ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and precautions for aminoglycoside administration.
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Aminoglycosides
This document summarizes aminoglycoside antibiotics including their structure, mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, uses, toxicity and dosing. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal antibiotics that bind to the bacterial ribosome and inhibit protein synthesis. They are effective against many aerobic gram-negative bacilli and some gram-positives. Common examples discussed are amikacin, gentamicin and tobramycin. Toxicities include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Proper dosing and monitoring of drug and renal function levels can reduce toxicity while optimizing treatment.
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that consist of amino sugars attached to a hexose ring. They are bactericidal and used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Aminoglycosides work by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. They are not absorbed orally and are administered via injection or topically. Common adverse effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Aminoglycosides require monitoring due to their toxicity profile.
Aminoglycosides antibiotics
Aminoglycoside antibiotics such as streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. They work by binding to bacterial ribosomes and interfering with protein synthesis. Common adverse effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. They are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat serious infections like endocarditis and tuberculosis.
Aminoglycosides and streptomycin- pharmaceutical Chemistry
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics derived from actinomycetes bacteria. They are bactericidal and work by binding to bacterial ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis. Streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside discovered in 1943 from Streptomyces gresius. It is effective against various bacterial infections like tuberculosis. Aminoglycosides are administered via injection and can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as side effects.
Aminoglycosides Used in Veterinary Practice
Aminoglycosides are a class of traditional antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in gram-negative bacteria. Examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin, and tobramycin. They act by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. They can be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, orally, or topically. They are used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacteria, including complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, abdominal infections, and tuberculosis. However, they are contraindicated in patients with mitochondrial disorders due to the risk of hearing loss, tinnitus, cardiac toxicity, and renal toxicity. Common adverse effects include inner ear toxicity, vestibular damage
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides - a group of natural and semi synthethic antibiotics having aminosugar link to an aminocyclitol ring by glycosidic bond.
Includes: streptomycin, neomycin, gentmicin, amicacin, kanamycin and tobramycin.
Share many chemical and pharmacological properties and have similar antibacterial spectrum and toxic effects.
CHEMISTRY
Presence of amino group in the structure imparts basic nature to aminoglycosides
Hydroxyl group on sugar provides high water solubility( or poor lipid solubility)
MECHANISMS OF ACTION
Gram negative organisms allow aminoglycosides to diffuse through porin channel in their outer membrane
These organisms also have an oxygen dependent system that transports antibiotic across the cell membrane
Antibiotics then binds to 30s ribosomal subunit
There it causes 30s subunit of completed ribosome to misread the genetic code which leads to incompletely synthesized protein
BACTERIAL RESISTANCE
Due to:
Decreased uptake of drug when oxygen dependent transport system or porin channels are absent
Altered 30s ribosomal subunit aminoglycosides binding site
Plasmid associated synthesis of enzymes like acetyltransferase, nucleotidyltransferase and phosphotransferases
ADVERSE EFFECTS
Nephrotoxicity
Occurs as a result of excessive accumulation of aminoglycosides by proximal tubular cells
Ototoxicity
both vesicular and auditory dysfunction due to accumulation in perilymph and endolymph in the inner ear in the dose and time dependent manner
Neuromuscular blockade
Due to interference with acetylcholine release from motor nerve endings
Other effects
Have low tendency to cause allergic reactions, may produce peripheral neuritis and dysfunction of optic nerve. Contact dermatitis is a common reaction to topically applied neomycin.
DRUG INTERACTION
Shows interactipon with drugs which cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity
Concurrent use of aminoglycosides with loop diuretics( furosemide) and osmotic diuretics(mannitol) aggravate nephrotoxic and ototoxic effect.
When used with inhalent anaesthetic or neuromuscular blocking drugs increase risk of neuromuscular blockade and respiratory paralysis
Aminoglycosides and halothane aggravates cardiovascular depression
Shows synergistic effect with beta -lactam antibiotics.
Higher concentrates of carbenicillin, ticarcillin and piperacillin are reported to inactivate aminoglycosides
CLINICAL USES
Widely used to treating local and systemic infection caused by susceptible bacteria
Infused into uterus to treat endometritis and udder to treat mastitis
Also topically used ears and eyes
CONTRAINDICATIONS:
Contradicted in patients those who are hypersensitive to them
Should be used with extreme caution in pre existing renal disease, neonate, geriatric and obese animals
Should not be given to working dogs due to it’s adverse effect on hearing
Cause adverse effect on foetus, so their use during pregnancy is not recommended until mandatory
5 aminoglycosides,macrolides, anti tb dental
This document discusses various classes of antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, and antitubercular drugs. It provides details on specific antibiotics within each class, including their mechanisms of action, uses, and adverse effects. It notes that aminoglycosides include gentamicin and tobramycin which can be used both locally and systemically. Macrolides discussed include erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin which bind the 50S ribosomal subunit. Common first-line antitubercular drugs are isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol which are used in combination for short course chemotherapy to rapidly kill tuberculosis organisms.
30.aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were discovered in 1944 and are produced by Streptomyces and Micromonospora bacteria. They include streptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, tobramycin, and amikacin for systemic use, as well as neomycin and framycetin for topical use. Aminoglycosides are highly polar, administered parenterally, distributed extracellularly, and excreted unchanged in urine. They are bactericidal against aerobic gram-negative bacilli by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. While effective against various infections, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade
Aminoglycoside
AMINOGLYCOSIDE-INTRODUCTION,HISTORY, MECHANISM OF ACTION, CHEMISTRY, RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS, CLASSIFICATION ,PHARMACOKINETIC, ADVERSE EFFECT, THERAPEUTIC USE
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycoside is a class of traditional antibiotic agents that contain an amino-modified glycoside. They display bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis. Streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside used to treat tuberculosis. Other common aminoglycosides include kanamycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin. They are administered intravenously or intramuscularly and are used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria. However, aminoglycosides can cause adverse effects like inner ear toxicity and hearing loss.
Aminoglycoside
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were first discovered in 1944 and are produced by actinomycetes bacteria. They work by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and are bactericidal. They are narrow spectrum and primarily effective against gram-negative bacteria. Common examples include streptomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. While effective antibiotics, aminoglycosides have the drawbacks of nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, and rapid development of bacterial resistance. Their use requires monitoring of dosages and risks.
Gentamicin
This document provides information on various gentamicin injection products available in Pakistan made by different pharmaceutical companies. It discusses gentamicin's mechanism of action as an aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis in bacteria. It also provides dosing, administration, contraindications and precautions for gentamicin treatment. The document then shifts to discussing cloxacillin products in Pakistan and information about cloxacillin as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin antibiotic.
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a group of bactericidal antibiotics derived from bacteria that are effective against aerobic gram-negative bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They work by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis. Common aminoglycosides include amikacin, gentamicin, and streptomycin. They are used to treat serious gram-negative infections, tuberculosis, infectious diarrhea, and endocarditis prophylaxis. Nurses monitor patients for side effects like ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity and ensure adequate hydration during treatment.
Aminoglycosides antibiotics
Aminoglycosides are a group of natural or semi-synthetic antibiotics containing an amino sugar component and are used systemically or topically. They are derived from soil actinomycetes, not absorbed orally, and primarily target aerobic gram-negative bacteria through binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting protein synthesis. Common examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. While effective treatments, aminoglycosides can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.
Neomycin
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic discovered in 1949. It belongs to a class of antibiotics containing two or more aminosugars bonded together. Neomycin is commonly used topically in creams and eyedrops but can also be taken orally combined with other antibiotics. It works by binding to the 30S subunit of the ribosome to inhibit protein translation from mRNA. However, neomycin can cause ototoxicity and hearing loss.
Aminoglycosides
1) Aminoglycosides are polybasic amino groups linked glycosidically to aminosugar compounds. They are highly water soluble and excreted unchanged in urine.
2) They are bactericidal, inhibiting protein synthesis by binding to the 30S/50S interface of bacterial ribosomes. This causes misreading of mRNA and nonfunctional protein formation.
3) Common adverse effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss) and nephrotoxicity. Individual drugs vary in their specific toxicities.
Aminoglycosides Antibiotic
Antibiotics
Aminoglycosides
-Mechanism of action
-Classification
-Pharmacokinetics
-Side Effect
Streptomycin
Gentamicin
Neomycin
Kanamycin
Market Preparation
6. aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that include streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. They work by binding to the 30S ribosomal unit in bacteria and preventing proper protein synthesis. This results in misreading of the genetic code and incorporation of incorrect amino acids into proteins. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal, derived from actinomycetes, and have poor oral absorption so they must be given intravenously or intramuscularly. Common side effects include nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Gentamicin and tobramycin are effective against pseudomonas and enterobacteriaceae but can cause nephrotoxicity, while amikacin and sis
Aminoglycosides
This document provides information on various aminoglycoside antibiotics, including gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin. It discusses their indications, mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse effects, and ways to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects when using these antibiotics. The most important aspects covered are the serious risks of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and the need to closely monitor peak and trough drug levels when patients are receiving aminoglycoside therapy.
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycoside antibiotics consist of amino sugars linked by glycosidic bonds. This class includes drugs like streptomycin, gentamicin, and amikacin. They act by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with protein synthesis and causing defective or non-functional proteins. Their use requires monitoring due to risks of ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. They are effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and are used to treat infections like pneumonia, UTIs, and tuberculosis. Individual drugs have varying spectrums of activity, with gentamicin and tobramycin being effective against pseudomonas.
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45 aminoglycosides
This document discusses aminoglycosides, a class of antibiotics. It describes their modes of antibacterial action including being concentration and time dependent, having a post-antibiotic effect, and toxicity depending on plasma concentration over time. Common aminoglycosides like gentamicin and tobramycin are used to treat infections from various aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Their mechanisms of action and resistance are explained. The document also covers the clinical uses, toxicities including ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, and precautions for aminoglycoside administration.
AMINO FOR BDS.pptx
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics produced by soil bacteria. They include streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin. Aminoglycosides are bactericidal and act by binding to the bacterial ribosome, interfering with protein synthesis. They have a narrow spectrum against gram-negative bacilli. Common side effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Aminoglycosides are administered intravenously or intramuscularly for serious gram-negative infections. Gentamicin is a first-line agent while amikacin treats resistant infections. Topical formulations of neomycin and framycetin avoid systemic toxicity.
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Aminoglycosides are the antibiotics used to treat severe infections. Includes drugs Streptomycin, Amikacin, Gentamycin, Tobramycin and neomycin
Aminoglycoside by sumit
This document provides information about aminoglycoside antibiotics. It discusses that streptomycin was the first aminoglycoside discovered in 1944. Aminoglycosides contain amino sugars linked to an aminocyclitol ring. They are obtained from soil actinomycetes and include natural antibiotics like streptomycin and gentamicin as well as semi-synthetic derivatives. Aminoglycosides are rapidly bactericidal and concentrate in bacterial cells, where they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes. While highly effective, they can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, especially in high and prolonged doses. Resistance develops through enzymatic modification or decreased antibiotic uptake.
Amino glycosides and streptomycin pharmac
This document discusses aminoglycosides and spectinomycin antibiotics. It describes that they are obtained from streptomyces bacteria, are bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis, and are useful against aerobic gram-negative organisms. The document covers their mechanisms of action, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics including once-daily dosing rationale, adverse effects including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, and clinical uses such as for sepsis and hospital-acquired pneumonia.
AMA-Aminoglycosides.pdf
Pharmacology Lecture Slides on Aminoglycosides by Sanjaya Mani Dixit Assistant Professor of Pharmacology at Kathmandu Medical College
aminoglycosides.pptx
Aminoglycoside antibiotics are a class of antibiotics that contain an amino sugar as part of their chemical structure. They work by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit of bacteria and interfering with protein synthesis. This leads to misreading of the genetic code and incorporation of incorrect amino acids into proteins, which kills the bacteria. Common examples include streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. They are primarily used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. However, they can cause ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity as side effects. Dosing must be adjusted in patients with renal impairment to avoid toxicity.
Aminoglycosides & Spectinomycin.pptx
This document discusses aminoglycosides and spectinomycin. It describes that aminoglycosides are obtained from streptomyces bacteria and are bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis. They are used to treat aerobic gram-negative infections. The main aminoglycosides are described along with their mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, dosing, adverse effects, and clinical uses. Spectinomycin is also discussed as structurally related to aminoglycosides and used to treat drug-resistant gonorrhea.
Ocular therapeutics
This slide has been made for medical students to know about elementary ophthalmic drugs commonly used in ophthalmic practise and asked in vivas.
Aminoglycosides
Aminoglycosides are a class of bactericidal antibiotic drugs that are derived from actinomycetes bacteria. They work by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. Common properties include being highly ionized and not crossing the blood brain barrier, accumulating in the renal cortex, and being excreted unchanged in urine. Adverse effects can include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Therapeutic uses include treating tuberculosis, bacterial endocarditis, and infections caused by gram-negative aerobic bacteria like Pseudomonas. Precautions must be taken in patients with renal impairment or when other ototoxic or nephrotoxic drugs are used concurrently.
Aminoglycosides.pptx
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are produced by soil bacteria. They are primarily used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria and some are used for mycobacterial infections. Aminoglycosides work by binding to bacterial ribosomes which interferes with protein synthesis. They have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against many gram-negative organisms but limited activity against gram-positive bacteria. Common adverse effects include ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important when using aminoglycosides to minimize toxicity risks.
classaminoglycosides2-150525094713-lva1-app6891.pdf
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics. It begins by defining aminoglycosides as a group of antibiotics used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. It notes their structure consists of amino sugars linked to a hexose nucleus. While effective, their use is limited by serious toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Streptomycin was the first discovered in 1943. The document then provides detailed information on various aminoglycosides including their structures, sources, uses, mechanisms of action, resistance, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, dosing and administration routes, toxicity, and drug interactions.
Class aminoglycosides 2
This document discusses aminoglycoside antibiotics, which consist of amino sugars and a hexose nucleus. They are used to treat aerobic gram-negative bacterial infections. Streptomycin was the first discovered in 1943. Aminoglycosides act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis and binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit. They are effective against many gram-negative bacteria but have serious toxicity risks like nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity. Therapeutic drug monitoring is important when using these antibiotics due to their narrow therapeutic index.
Antibiotics
This document discusses several antibiotics used to treat gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It provides details on the mechanisms and spectra of linezolid, vancomycin, teicoplanin, clindamycin, azithromycin, aztreonam, and various generations of cephalosporins. It describes their clinical uses, dosages, side effects and considerations for patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Aminoglycosides
This document provides an overview of aminoglycoside antibiotics, including their classification, mechanism of action, antibacterial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, resistance, and adverse effects. Aminoglycosides are obtained from Streptomyces and Micromonospora bacteria and interfere with bacterial protein synthesis. They are effective against many gram-negative bacteria but not gram-positive or anaerobic species. Due to poor absorption, aminoglycosides must be administered parenterally. They have concentration-dependent bacterial killing and a post-antibiotic effect. Adverse effects include ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and neuromuscular blockade. Common aminoglycosides discussed are streptomycin, gent
Aminoglycosides
1) Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that are used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis.
2) They are derived from actinomycetes bacteria and have an aminosugar component joined by an aminocyclitol component.
3) Common side effects include ototoxicity (hearing loss and dizziness) and nephrotoxicity (kidney damage). Dosing must be monitored based on a patient's kidney function.
Oxazolidinones
Glycopeptide antibiotics like vancomycin and teicoplanin inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the terminal dipeptide in peptidoglycan. They are effective against gram-positive bacteria including MRSA but not gram-negatives. Linezolid and tedizolid inhibit bacterial protein synthesis and are effective against VRE and VRSA. Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic that causes cell membrane damage in gram-positives. Polypeptide antibiotics like polymyxins and bacitracin have detergent-like properties that disrupt bacterial cell membranes but are often toxic. Nitrofurantoin and methenamine are concentrated in urine and used to treat urinary tract infections without systemic effects.
Antifungal drugs
Antifungal agents can be classified as systemic or topical based on their mode of application. Systemic agents treat internal fungal infections while topical agents treat superficial infections. Major classes of antifungals include polyenes like amphotericin B, azoles like ketoconazole and fluconazole, and allylamines like terbinafine. They have different mechanisms of action, spectra of activity, and side effect profiles. Choosing an antifungal depends on the type and location of infection as well as the safety profile.
AMINOGLYCOSIDE.ppt
1. Aminoglycoside antibiotics like streptomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis, making them effective against many aerobic gram-negative bacteria.
2. They work by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein translation, which disrupts the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane and leads to cell death.
3. While highly effective antibiotics, aminoglycosides have the potential for ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, so monitoring of hearing, balance, and kidney function is important during treatment.
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Aminoglycosides
- 2. Aminoglycosides Aerobic, gram negative bacilli E.Coli, Salmonella, Shigella V.cholerae, Pseudomonas Streptomycin Gentamicin Amikacin Kanamycin Tobramycin NeomycinOtotoxicity Nephrotoxicity30s ribosomes Bactericidal Not absorbed orally
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Antibiotics of amino sugars joined by glycosidic linkages • 2 types based on the source • Soil actinomycetes Genus Streptomyces Streptomycin Kanamycin Tobramycin Neomycin Genus Micromonospora Gentamicin Netilmicin Amikacin
- 4. ANTIBACTERIAL SPECTRUM : • Narrow spectrum • Aerobic gram negative bacilli • E.coli • Salmonella • Shigella • V. cholerae • klebsiella
- 5. MECHANISM OF ACTION : Penetrates the bacterial cell membrane through aqueous pores Reaches the periplasmic spaces Binds to 30s ribosomes Block initiation of protein synthesis Cause misreading of mRNA & terminate protein synthesis Addition of incorrect amino acids Inhibition of protein synthesis BACTERICIDAL EFFECT
- 6. RESISTANCE : • Aminoglycoside inactivating enzyme • Low affinity of ribosomes • Decrease in permeability
- 7. Pharmacokinetics : • Not absorbed from GIT • Peak level is seen in 60min following IM administration • Excreted through kidneys • T 𝟏 𝟐 is 2-3hrs.
- 8. Adverse Effects : • Ototoxicity : Both vestibular & auditory dysfunction The drug concentrates on the labyrinthine fluid of the inner ear & damages both the cochlear hair cells & vestibular sensory cells Causes progressive & permanent deafness Vestibular symptoms : headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, vertigo, nystagmus, ataxia Neomycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin – deafness Streptomycin, Gentamicin – vestibular toxicity • Nephrotoxicity : Drug attains high concentration in the renal cortex & damages renal tubules These effects are reversible. Gentamicin, Neomycin, Tobramycin – Nephrotoxic • Neuromuscular blockade Curare like effect.
- 9. Uses : • Infections of gram negative bacteria • Streptococcal & enterococcal endocarditis along with penicillin • Tuberculosis – streptomycin, kanamycin, amikacin
- 10. Streptomycin : • Least nephrotoxic among aminoglycosides. • Uses : • Tuberculosis • Subacute bacterial endocarditis : along with penicillin • Plague, tularaemia & brucellosis : along with tetracycline
- 11. Gentamicin : • More potent & broader spectrum of action • More nephrotoxic & vestibulotoxic • Uses : • UTI • Pneumonia • Meningitis • SBE • Topical : cream for burns & infected wounds.
- 12. Amikacin : • Semisynthetic derivative • Widest antibacterial spectrum • RESISTANT TO AMINOGLYCOSIDE INACTIVATING ENZYME • Uses : • Nosocomial infection • Tuberculosis
- 13. Neomycin : • Both gram positive & negative spectrum • Highly ototoxic • Not given systemically • Used topically • Also used orally for action on gut
- 14. Thank you …