American romanticism
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This document discusses American Romanticism and Transcendentalism as literary and philosophical movements that emerged in the 19th century. It provides details on Transcendentalism, which emphasized intuition and finding truth through nature. Nathaniel Hawthorne is introduced as a key American writer of the period. His most famous works include The Scarlet Letter, about a woman punished for adultery, and The Minister's Black Veil, about a minister who wears a veil to show his pessimism about human nature. Hawthorne is noted for his tales and romances set in Puritan New England that often had moral themes.
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American Romanticism began in the 1820s as a reaction against Enlightenment rationalism, placing new emphasis on emotion, nature, imagination, and the supernatural. Key characteristics included an appreciation of nature's beauty, a belief in humanity's inherent goodness, and the concept of the Romantic hero as intuitive and close to nature. The movement saw works produced by early American writers like Irving, Cooper, Bryant, and Longfellow before the Civil War ended the Romantic period and ushered in Realism. Dark Romantics like Poe, Hawthorne, and Melville acknowledged humanity's capacity for evil.
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American romanticism
American Romanticism began in the early 1800s as a reaction against rationalism and industrialization. Romantics valued emotion, imagination, and nature over reason. They often used exotic settings or nature as an escape from reality. Early American writers developed a unique voice by using the American wilderness in their novels, like James Fenimore Cooper in The Last of the Mohicans. Transcendentalists like Ralph Waldo Emerson emphasized intuition and the divine in nature, while "Dark Romantics" like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Edgar Allan Poe provided a darker, more balanced view that acknowledged both good and evil in humanity and nature.
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The document discusses Dark Romanticism, a subgenre of Romantic literature that emerged in 19th century America. While influenced by Transcendentalism, Dark Romantic works were less optimistic about humanity, nature, and divinity. Dark Romantics portrayed individuals as prone to sin, not inherently divine, and depicted nature as sinister rather than spiritual. The document also provides brief biographies of three key Dark Romantic authors: Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville.
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- Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, who were leaders of the Transcendentalist movement which emphasized self-reliance, individualism, and the identification of the individual soul with God.
- Walt Whitman, who wrote the innovative work "Leaves of Grass" which projected himself into nature.
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American Romanticism was a literary and artistic movement between 1800-1860 that valued emotion and nature over reason and civilization. Romantics often found truth and morality in nature rather than cities, which they saw as immoral. Major themes included romantic journeys into rural landscapes or the imagination. Writers like Edgar Allan Poe explored supernatural worlds and the imagination. The movement also emphasized individualism and finding higher truths through reflection on the natural world.
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American Romanticism was a period in American literature between 1828-1865 that was closely linked to Transcendentalism. The movement was characterized by principles such as the natural goodness of man, the importance of nature, individualism, the perfectibility of man, and emotion. Major American Romantic writers included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Edgar Allan Poe. Their works explored themes of nature, the self, and individualism.
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This document provides an overview of realism and modernism in the novel. It discusses the characteristics of realism novels, including their reaction against romanticism by focusing on depicting everyday life and society as they truly were. Realism novels emphasized ordinary characters and events and used natural dialogue. The document then introduces modernism in the novel, noting that modern novels broke from conventions by being more subjective and psychological. Modern novels also abandoned strict chronology and reflected a new relativism and sense of pessimism that emerged in the 20th century.
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- Sentimental novels evolved from refined emotion to superficial tear-jerking. Serious writers generally avoid stock emotions and devices.
- Gothic novels feature horror, mystery, and the supernatural. They ask to be enjoyed as entertainment rather than for catharsis.
- Psychological novels analyze characters' motives rather than focusing on actions or consequences. Insight comes
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In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
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- Romantic ideas centered around art/nature expressing universal truths rather than science.
- The movement reacted against Puritan beliefs and Age of Reason rationalism, instead prioritizing individual expression and intuition.
- Characteristics included emphasizing nature, the individual, imagination/emotion over logic, and sometimes escapism.
- Transcendentalism manifested similar ideals in New England, establishing communities like Concord that rejected institutions for self-reliance.
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Romanticism originated in late 18th century Europe as a reaction against Neoclassicism and rationalism. Some key tenets of Romanticism included emphasizing emotion and intuition over reason, originality and individual expression, and finding spiritual or supernatural themes. Romantic poets like William Wordsworth felt poetry should express powerful emotions. Romanticism praised imagination and nature while rejecting rationalism, and also included darker themes explored by authors like Edgar Allan Poe.
Romanticism and transcendentalism )
Romanticism and Transcendentalism were literary movements that developed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and America. Key characteristics of Romanticism included an emphasis on nature, emotion, individualism, the imagination, the supernatural, and a focus on the common man. Transcendentalism grew out of Unitarianism and was influenced by German and English Romanticism. It promoted non-traditional thinking and believed that knowledge comes from within individuals rather than through empirical means. Major American Transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.
Romanticismandtranscendentalism introduction to unit 2
Romanticism and Transcendentalism in American Literature
The document defines Romanticism and discusses its influence on American literature in the 18th-19th centuries. It also examines Transcendentalism as the most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U.S. Key characteristics of Romanticism included an emphasis on nature, the sublime, rebellion, and individualism. Transcendentalism built on these ideas and held that individuals are spiritual centers who can access divine truth through their inner senses and nature. Major Transcendentalist writers included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, and Margaret Fuller.
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American romanticism
- 2. ROMANTICISM
- 3. ROMANTICISM Romanticism is an artistic, literary and intellectual movement that originated in 18th century Western Europe during the Industrial Revolution. Romanticism, an artistic and intellectual movement characterized by an emphasis on individual freedom from social conventions or political restraints, on human imagination, and on nature in a typically idealized form. Romantic literature rebelled against the formalism of 18th century reason.
- 5. TRANSCENDENTALISM Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early-to mid-19th century. Transcendentalism is a form of idealism, representatives find out truth through feeling and intuition. Humans can intuitively transcend the limits of the senses and logic and directly receive high truth and knowledge. Main idea – living close to nature and toward the dignity of manual labour, they find God everywhere and searched unified soul of the universe. Every person's relation to God is a personal matter and individual can address God directly without the
- 6. NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE N. Hawthorne is a prose writer representative of psychological and moral trend in American romanticism. His favourite theme – puritan New England. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature for his tales of the nation's colonial history. Hawthorne is best-known today for his many short stories (he called them "tales") and his four major romances: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House of the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860).
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- 8. THE MINISTER'S BLACK VEIL The Minister's Black Veil – main character is aware that people are bad, sinful, he's pessimistic about human nature. He decides to show his attitude with the help of a black veil – the sign of his protest, it prevents him from communicating with other
- 9. Before publishing his first collection of tales in 1837, Hawthorne wrote scores of short stories and sketches, publishing them anonymously or pseudonymously in periodicals. Only after collecting a number of his short stories into the two-volume Twice-Told Tales in 1837 did Hawthorne begin to attach his name to his works. Hawthorne's work belongs to His writings were in the Romantic Period. Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background. Ethan Brand (1850) tells the story of a lime-burner who sets off to find the Unpardonable Sin, and in doing so, commits it. One of Hawthorne's most famous tales, The Birth-Mark (1843), concerns a young doctor who removes a birthmark from his wife's face, an operation which kills her. Hawthorne based