Thomas Harriot and John White surveyed the Roanoke colony in North Carolina. John White returned to find the word "Croatoan" carved on a tree, but the fate of the Lost Colony remains a mystery. Two major European powers, Spain and England, sought to settle the New World. Spain was primarily interested in gold and silver, while England hoped to find religious freedom for persecuted groups like the Huguenots. Martin Frobisher and others launched exploratory voyages for England seeking the Northwest Passage.

1. Chapter 2
“When Worlds Collide 1492-1590”

8. Thomas Harriot and John White were surveyors of Roanoke, North
Carolina

12. Walter Raleigh http
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PW0C75nSr6g&list=
PLBI0HMhee1QKbLWU8Mvwmh6Jk8XaRGuFJ

14. John White returned to find Croatoan in scripted on
a Roanoke tree. Croatoan were Indians. The lost
colony of Roanoke is still a mystery.

27. William Hogarth’s Gin Lane offers a satiric
glimpse of lower class life in London

28. Poverty in England was another
reason for people to go to the New
World

41. Two of the major powers in Europe quickly took the lead in
settling the New World. The first, Spain, was very interested in
acquiring huge amounts of gold, silver, and other rare valuables.
In fact, the only reason they stumbled upon America is because
they were en route to the Far East in search of the "fabled wealth
of the Indies." What they found turned out to be much more
valuable than a shipload of gold. A new continent was
discovered-- one with unbelievable potential. Spain was able to
take great advantage of its new found wealth, but made some
bad decisions that in the long run did not help to solidify their
existence in America. The pursuit of riches was not the only
motivation for the Spaniards to come to America, though. Some
men wanted to create a "profitable agricultural economy" as well
as spread the Christian religion.
The second, England, was not as intent of finding great cities of
gold. At the time of the great discovery, England was in great
turmoil over religion. Many people were persecuted because of
their beliefs, and this generated much interest in finding a place
where they could practice freedom of religion instead of always
having to answer to the Church of England and the Roman
Catholic Church.

47. Sagres was the location for Prince
Henry’s navigation school.

57. Richard Hakluyt, the elder
Reasons for Colonization
1.The glory of God by planting of religion among those infidels.
2.The increase of the force of the Christians.
3.The possibility of the enlarging of the domninions of the Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, and consequently of her
honour, revenues, and of her power by this enterprise.
4.An ample vent in time to come of the woollen cloths of England, especially those of the coarsest sorts, to the
maintenance of our poor, that else starve or become burdensome to the realm; and vent also of sundry our
commodities upon the tract of that firm land, and possibly in other regions from the northern side of that main.
5.A great possibility of further discoveries of other regions from the north part of the same land by sea, and of
unspeakable honour and benefit that may rise upon the same by the trades to ensue in Japan, China, and Cathay, etc.
6.By return thence, this realm shall receive (by reason of the situation of the climate, and by reason of the excellent soil)
woad, oil, wines, hops, salt, and most or all the commodities that we receive from the best parts of Europe, and we shall
receive the same better cheap than now we receive them, as we may use the matter.
7.receiving the same thence, the navy, the human strength of the realm, our merchants and their good, shall not be
subject to arrest of ancient enemies and doubtful friends as of late years they have been.
8.If our nation do not make any conquest there but only use traffic and change of commodities, yet, by means the
country is not very nighty but divided into petty kingdoms, they shall not dare to offer us any great annoy but such as we
may easily revenge with sufficient chastisement to the unarmed people there.
9.Whatever commodities we receive by the Steelyard Merchants, or by our own merchants from Eastland, be it flax,
hemp, pitch, tar, masts, clapboard, wainscot, or such-like; the like good[s] may we receive from the north and north-
east part of that country near unto Cape Breton, in return for our coarse woollen cloths, flannels, and rugs fit for those
colder regions.
10.The passage to and fro is through the main ocean sea, so as we are not in danger of any enemy’s coast.
Trade Opportunities

64. Taino Indians did not like the sight of Christopher Columbus.
The combined effects of warfare, famine and demoralization
resuled in the collapse of their society. In 1492 there were
300,000 in 1520 there were 30,000.

67. Christopher Columbus Light house in Hispaniola

73. Spanish control of the Taino Indians

75. Cortes invasion of Central America began in 1511 and two years
later Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean.

78. Cortes marries and Aztec slave Malinche who was his
translator.

89. In 1577 due to the beneficence of
Spaniard Juan Solano, O.P., former
bishop of Cusco, Peru, The College of
San Gregorio served as a model for the
transformation of the Dominican
stadium at Santa Maria sopra Minerva
in Rome into the College of St. Thomas,
forerunner of the Pontifical University of
Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelica.
Valladolid, Spain

90. Spanish Catholic Priest
Antonio de Montesnos
and Bartolome Casas
try to help the Indian
cause.

92. De las Casas who had
participated in the
plunder of Cuba
Renounced his own
wealth and then entered
the priest hood and
dedicated his life to the
protection of the Indians
and against the
encomienda. De las
Casas is the patron saint
for Universal Human Rights.
His book The Destruction
of the Indies blamed the
Spanish fro cruelty
resulting in million of Indian
deaths in effect he
accused them of
genocide

101. Dominican College of St. Gregory where Bartholomew de las Casas retired
studied and taught.

102. Virgin soil epidemic

107. These are the effects of small pox. This
disease wiped out 90% of the Central and
South American population after
Columbus landed. No medicine was able
to solve this problem. The Europeans were
unaffected since they had an immune
system.

119. The Spanish in
North America

129. Ponce de Leone is
eventually killed. Seven
years late another Spanish
attempt to colonize Florida
under the rule of Panfilo de
Narvaez.

132. Panfilo de Narvaez (conquistador) ship was ship wrecked
but a small group survived one was Alvar Nunez Cabeza de
Vaca who published an account of his adventures and
motivated Hernan de Soto to go to America

136. DeSoto failed to locate another Aztec empire. Moving
westward his expedition was twice mauled by powerful
native armies and reduced by half. The native Indians of
the south were successful in turning back Spanish
invaders. But de Soto had introduced epidemic disease
which over the next several years drastically
depopulated and undermined the Mississippian
chiefdoms of the south.

139. Coronado was an
explorer who wanted
to find a “City of
Gold”. Led by 300
mounted men and
infantry and 800 Indian
porters, Coronado
traveled through
Mexico and the United
States looking for gold.
He was disappointed
when he only found
buffalo.

140. Coronado’s map through America
going up to Quivira, Kansas

141. After century when Columbus entered America;
there were 250,000European immigrants and 125,000
forced slaves in America. Most were Spanish who lived
in more than 200 urban communities. Cities like Santo
Domingo, Hispaniola, Havana in Cuba, Mexico City,
Tenochtitlan and Lima.

146. Spanish women came to America as early as
Columbus’s second expedition but over the
course of the sixteenth century they made up
only 10% of population of the immigrants. Most
males married with Africa or Indian women.
Spanish placed the labels of Mestizos and
mulattoes. Indian genes were passed on in
mixed ancestry people who quickly became
the majority population in the Mainland Spanish
American Empire

147. Northern
Explorations and
Encounters

152. Trading fish and furs

156. Looking for a Northwest Passage to the Indies Cartier
explored.

157. Jacque Cartier

161. The village of Tadoussac on the St. Lawrence Rive was a
great trading center for furs and also a whaling center.
Within a few years the French would attempt to
monopolize the northern trade by planting colonies along
the cost and on the St. Lawrence. The first French colonies
in North America were planted farther south by a group
of French Protestant religious dissenter know as
Huguenots.

165. Martin Luther attacks the Roman Catholic
Church with his 95 Thesis. These were attacks
on the Church’s abuse of power with Lay
Investiture, Simony and Indulgences.

172. This is the church
were John Calvin
promoted
Theocracy in
Geneva,
Switzerland

175. John Calvin’s Geneva, Switzerland

176. John Knox comments on Theocracy of Geneva,
Switzerland.

180. Jean Ribault and a group of 150 Huguenots from Normandy
landed on Parris Island near Beufort South Carolina and began
constructing a fort. Ribault returned to France for supplies
where he was caught up in religious wars. The colonists nearly
stared and were forced to resort to cannibalism before being
rescues by an English Ship

182. Fort Caroline on the St. John’s River south of present day
Jacksonville is where Ribault’s second Huguenot colony was
formed.

183. Building of Ft. Caroline, Huguenot Colony

186. After founding a settlement south of Fort
Caroline at a place called St. Augustine
the Spanish built the massive Castillo San
Marcos (still standing) as a garrison at St.
Augustine to stop French Huguenot
expansion.

194. Social Change in
Sixteenth
Century England

199. As prices of goods rose steeply the result of new
World inflation English landlords their rents fixed by
custom sought ways to increase their incomes.
Seeking profits in woolen trade many converted the
common pasturage used by tenants into grazing
land for sheep dislocating a large number of
common lands in England.. England had enclosed
lands the way. This law way called the enclosure
Act. Deprived of their livelihoods thousands of
families left their traditional rural homes and sought
employment in English cities. The roads ere
crowded with homeless people.

204. With the Enclosure
Act, England went
to the sheep industry
and away from
farming. The slides
shaded are was sold
to wealthy sheep
owners. The landless
peasants went to
the crowded city or
to lands of America

206. Enclosure Movement
England
 http
://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l0nM5DU4ADI

213. At first Henry VIII of England (reigned 1509-47) supported the Catholic
Church and opposed the Protestants. But there was great public
resentment in England over the vast properties owned by the Church
(Hampton Court home of Cardinal Wolsey). When the pope refused to
grant Henry an annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabel of Spain the king exploited this popular
mood. Taking up the cause of reform the Church of England started in
1534.

218. Saint Thomas More wrote
the book Utopia
explaining the problems of
the Enclosure Act. Was an
assistant to Henry VIII
Tudor. More resigns from
office because he cannot
support Henry VIII’s
divorce. Soon after More is
executed.
“I die the kings good
servant but Gods first”.
There is Thomas More
courtroom in London
Courts.

224. Sir Humphrey Gilbert
and half brother Sir
Walter Raleigh
attack Irish and
made them relocate
beyond a frontier line
of English settlement
along the coast.
The English
considered the Irish
an inferior race and
thought of as
“savages”.

229. John Hawkins violated
Spanish regulations by
transporting a load of
African slaves to the
Caribbean. The Spanish
attacked Hawkins on
another of his voyages an
event English privateers
such as Francis Drake
used as an excuse for
launching rains on the
New World. The Sea Dogs
were pirates who
plundered Spanish
territories 1570.

234. Martin Frobisher conducted three
voyages of exploration of the
North Atlantic both Frobisher and
Raleigh sailed ships from Plymouth
and landed at St. John’s Bay.

235. The Roanoke
enterprise of
1584-1587 failed
but did have the
book by Harriot’s
A Brief and True
Report of the
New found Land
of Virginia

236. Philip II was outraged at the English attacks on territories
reserved by the pope for Catholics. Philip II authorized the
destruction of the French colony in Florida

238. Elizabeth was anti Catholic and went against her brother in law King
Philip II of Spain and the Irish. Elizabeth defeats Spain with Spanish
Invasion of England.