Amblyopia is a decrease in best corrected visual acuity that results from abnormal visual development during a critical period in childhood. It is usually unilateral and not correctable by refractive means alone. There are several types of amblyopia including strabismic amblyopia caused by strabismus, anisometropic amblyopia caused by unequal refractive error between eyes, and stimulus deprivation amblyopia caused by lack of visual input. Amblyopia can be classified as functional and reversible or organic and irreversible. Treatment depends on the type of amblyopia and may include refractive correction, patching or blurring of the better-seeing eye, and visual stimulation therapies.
Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, results from abnormal visual development during childhood that leads to reduced vision in one or both eyes that cannot be corrected by glasses. It is caused by conditions like strabismus (eye misalignment), high refractive errors or other factors that interfere with normal visual input during a critical period of visual development from birth to around age 7. Amblyopia is classified based on its cause as strabismic, anisometropic or stimulus deprivation. The pathophysiology involves visual deprivation and active cortical inhibition in the visual cortex that suppresses input from the lazy eye. Treatment focuses on encouraging use of the lazy eye through patching or blurring of the good eye.
Amblyopia is diminished vision in one or both eyes that cannot be corrected by glasses and is not caused by eye or nerve disease. It is commonly caused by strabismus, unequal refractive error between the eyes (anisometropia), uncorrected high refractive error, or form deprivation. Amblyopia can be treated through occlusion therapy, which involves patching or blurring the better-seeing eye, or penalization therapy, which makes vision harder for the better eye. The goal of treatment is to encourage use of the amblyopic eye and improve its vision.
This document discusses amblyopia, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, evaluation, and management. It defines amblyopia and outlines its prevalence. Amblyopia can be classified as functional or organic, and further divided into types such as strabismic, anisometropic, and stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Clinical signs may include reduced visual acuity, abnormal fixation, impaired stereopsis, and altered contrast sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing visual acuity, fixation, binocularity, and refractive error. Management is focused on occlusion therapy to treat the amblyopic eye.
Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, is a disorder of sight that results in partial loss of vision without any organic disease of the eye. It is the most common cause of vision loss in children. Amblyopia can be functional, caused by things like strabismus or unequal refractive error between the eyes, or organic, caused by undetectable lesions in the eye or visual pathway. Treatment involves occlusion therapy, penalization, or pleoptic exercises and works best when started in young children under 3 years old. Amblyopia is reversible if treated early but can become permanent if left untreated.
The document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, causes, classification, risk factors, diagnosis, critical period of visual development, and management through eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion of the better eye or use of cycloplegic drugs. Amblyopia is a potentially reversible reduction in visual acuity that develops due to abnormal visual experience during the critical period of visual development from birth to around age 8.
A detailed presentation covering all aspects of amblyopia, a form of cortical visual impairment, defined clinically as a unilateral or bilateral decrease of visual acuity (VA) that cannot be attributed to structural abnormalities of the eye or visual pathway
This document discusses strabismic amblyopia, including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Strabismic amblyopia is a type of amblyopia or "lazy eye" caused by strabismus or misalignment of the eyes. It occurs when one eye is favored for fixation over the other due to strabismus, leading to reduced visual acuity in the non-fixating eye. Diagnosis involves testing for differences in visual acuity between the eyes. Treatment may include vision therapy, eye exercises, or surgery to correct the strabismus, with the goal of improving visual acuity in the amblyopic eye.
This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including:
- Amblyopia is diminished vision not caused by eye pathology. It is classified by cause such as strabismic, anisometropic, and deprivation amblyopia.
- Treatment involves eliminating vision obstructions, correcting refractive errors, and encouraging vision development in the amblyopic eye through occlusion therapy or penalization of the strong eye.
- Occlusion therapy typically uses eye patches while penalization uses blurring techniques. Regular follow-up is important during treatment, especially for younger children. The goal is to achieve maximum possible vision in the amblyopic eye.
Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, results from abnormal visual development during childhood that leads to reduced vision in one or both eyes that cannot be corrected by glasses. It is caused by conditions like strabismus (eye misalignment), high refractive errors or other factors that interfere with normal visual input during a critical period of visual development from birth to around age 7. Amblyopia is classified based on its cause as strabismic, anisometropic or stimulus deprivation. The pathophysiology involves visual deprivation and active cortical inhibition in the visual cortex that suppresses input from the lazy eye. Treatment focuses on encouraging use of the lazy eye through patching or blurring of the good eye.
Amblyopia is diminished vision in one or both eyes that cannot be corrected by glasses and is not caused by eye or nerve disease. It is commonly caused by strabismus, unequal refractive error between the eyes (anisometropia), uncorrected high refractive error, or form deprivation. Amblyopia can be treated through occlusion therapy, which involves patching or blurring the better-seeing eye, or penalization therapy, which makes vision harder for the better eye. The goal of treatment is to encourage use of the amblyopic eye and improve its vision.
This document discusses amblyopia, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical characteristics, evaluation, and management. It defines amblyopia and outlines its prevalence. Amblyopia can be classified as functional or organic, and further divided into types such as strabismic, anisometropic, and stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Clinical signs may include reduced visual acuity, abnormal fixation, impaired stereopsis, and altered contrast sensitivity. Evaluation involves assessing visual acuity, fixation, binocularity, and refractive error. Management is focused on occlusion therapy to treat the amblyopic eye.
Amblyopia, commonly known as lazy eye, is a disorder of sight that results in partial loss of vision without any organic disease of the eye. It is the most common cause of vision loss in children. Amblyopia can be functional, caused by things like strabismus or unequal refractive error between the eyes, or organic, caused by undetectable lesions in the eye or visual pathway. Treatment involves occlusion therapy, penalization, or pleoptic exercises and works best when started in young children under 3 years old. Amblyopia is reversible if treated early but can become permanent if left untreated.
The document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, causes, classification, risk factors, diagnosis, critical period of visual development, and management through eliminating obstacles to vision, correcting refractive errors, and forcing use of the amblyopic eye through occlusion of the better eye or use of cycloplegic drugs. Amblyopia is a potentially reversible reduction in visual acuity that develops due to abnormal visual experience during the critical period of visual development from birth to around age 8.
A detailed presentation covering all aspects of amblyopia, a form of cortical visual impairment, defined clinically as a unilateral or bilateral decrease of visual acuity (VA) that cannot be attributed to structural abnormalities of the eye or visual pathway
This document discusses strabismic amblyopia, including its definition, causes, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Strabismic amblyopia is a type of amblyopia or "lazy eye" caused by strabismus or misalignment of the eyes. It occurs when one eye is favored for fixation over the other due to strabismus, leading to reduced visual acuity in the non-fixating eye. Diagnosis involves testing for differences in visual acuity between the eyes. Treatment may include vision therapy, eye exercises, or surgery to correct the strabismus, with the goal of improving visual acuity in the amblyopic eye.
This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including:
- Amblyopia is diminished vision not caused by eye pathology. It is classified by cause such as strabismic, anisometropic, and deprivation amblyopia.
- Treatment involves eliminating vision obstructions, correcting refractive errors, and encouraging vision development in the amblyopic eye through occlusion therapy or penalization of the strong eye.
- Occlusion therapy typically uses eye patches while penalization uses blurring techniques. Regular follow-up is important during treatment, especially for younger children. The goal is to achieve maximum possible vision in the amblyopic eye.
Strabismic amblyopia is caused by suppression of the deviated eye in strabismus. It can range from mild to severe. The mechanism involves constant cortical suppression that degrades neuronal connections in the deviated eye. This leads to reduced responsiveness to input from the non-fixating eye. Strabismic amblyopia is typically unilateral and features include relatively mild vision loss, reduced grating acuity compared to recognition acuity, and the neutral density filter effect where vision differences between eyes are reduced with low illumination. Eccentric fixation is also common in strabismic amblyopia.
Amblyopia is a partial loss of vision in one or both eyes without any organic disease. It is classified into strabismic amblyopia, refractive amblyopia, and stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Strabismic amblyopia occurs due to squint in one eye leading to less vision. Refractive amblyopia is caused by uncorrected refractive errors such as anisometropia, bilateral ametropia, or meridional astigmatism. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia results from media opacities like cataracts that deprive the eye of visual stimuli early in development. Treatment involves correcting the refractive error or media opacity and occlusion or penalization therapy to force use of the amb
Dr. Shashidhar Patil presented on amblyopia (lazy eye) at a symposium moderated by Dr. Arvind L. Tenagi. Amblyopia is a common vision problem in children caused by abnormal visual development that results in decreased vision in one or both eyes. It can be prevented or reversed with early intervention before age 8. Treatment involves prescribing corrective lenses, removing any obstructions to vision, and occluding the better eye to force use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy works best when started early and continued consistently over time with good parental cooperation.
This document discusses amblyopia, including its classification, etiology, and diagnosis. It defines amblyopia as a decrease in visual acuity caused by pattern vision deprivation or abnormal binocular interaction that cannot be corrected by optical or surgical means. Amblyopia can be functional, resulting from stimulus deprivation, strabismus, refractive errors, or anisometropia, or organic, caused by retinal diseases, nutritional deficiencies, or toxins. The document covers various types of amblyopia in detail and discusses methods for detecting, investigating, and determining the prognosis of amblyopia.
This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including its classification, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, evaluation, and treatment. It discusses the three main types of amblyopia - strabismic, stimulus deprivation, and refractive - and their subtypes and characteristics. The pathogenesis involves form vision and light deprivation, abnormal binocular interaction, and active cortical inhibition. Clinical findings may include reduced visual acuity, the crowding phenomenon, abnormal fixation patterns, and occasionally color vision changes or a central scotoma. Evaluation involves assessing visual acuity, performing neutral density filter testing, and testing for crowding.
AMBLYOPIA
Presenter : Dr Nikhil Agrawal (1st year resident)
Moderator : Dr Ekta Gupta
DHIR HOSPITAL POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
BHIWANI-127021
Email: education@dhirhospital.com
Amblyopia is a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to structural eye abnormalities and results from strabismus, anisometropia, high bilateral refractive error, or visual deprivation. It is primarily a defect in central vision and prevalence is 2-4% in North America. Treatment involves refractive correction, patching or penalizing the better eye to force use of the weaker eye. Prognosis is best when treatment begins early in childhood during the critical period of visual development.
Lecture on amblyopia for 4th year mbbs undergraduate students by prof. dr. hu...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
This document discusses amblyopia, or lazy eye. It defines amblyopia as a developmental defect in visual processing that occurs in the central visual pathways. There are three main types of amblyopia: strabismic (caused by misaligned eyes), anisometropic (caused by unequal refractive errors between the eyes), and stimulus deprivation (caused by conditions that obscure vision in one eye). The document outlines the causes, clinical features, workup, and treatment of amblyopia, which involves correcting refractive errors, patching or otherwise penalizing the non-amblyopic eye, and protecting the good eye for those outside the treatment age range.
That is, an inward squint that does not vary with the direction of gaze.
##Clinical_optometry #vision_care #eyecare #Eye_Awareness #optometry #eye #squint #Esotropia #eye_health #OSC #Ashith_Tripathi
The document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, causes, types, visual development milestones, diagnosis, and abnormalities found in amblyopic eyes. It provides details on epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, and visual characteristics of amblyopia such as crowding phenomenon, eccentric fixation, and reduced contrast sensitivity. The document also outlines methods for diagnosing amblyopia in pre-verbal children through tests of fixation, red reflex, and induced tropia.
This document discusses different types of amblyopia including strabismic amblyopia, anisometropic amblyopia, occlusion amblyopia, amblyopia ex anopsia, isometropic amblyopia, high ametropic amblyopia, congenital amblyopia, toxic amblyopia, nutritional amblyopia, and hysterical amblyopia. It also describes various treatment methods for amblyopia such as refractive correction, occlusion therapy using patches or occluders, and penalization which forces use of one eye for distance and the other for near using lenses and/or drugs. Penalization includes near, distance, and total methods.
1. Amblyopia is a partial loss of vision in one or both eyes without any organic disease, and is caused by certain factors like strabismus, anisometropia, or cataracts during visual development from birth to age 6.
2. The main types of amblyopia are strabismic from squinting, stimulus deprivation from blocked vision, anisometropic from unequal refractive errors, isoametropic from high refractive errors in both eyes, and meridional from uncorrected astigmatism.
3. Occlusion therapy is the main treatment, where the stronger eye is patched to force use of the amblyopic eye, with younger children needing
This document discusses the management of amblyopia. It begins with an introduction to amblyopia, including its causes and classification. It then covers various management approaches for amblyopia, including conventional passive therapies like optical correction, occlusion/patching, and penalization. It also discusses active vision therapy and binocular therapies. Recent advances in amblyopia management are mentioned. The document provides details on these various therapeutic approaches and references several studies investigating the effectiveness of different treatment methods.
This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, clinical characteristics, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. Amblyopia is reduced best-corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to a structural abnormality and develops due to abnormal visual experience during the visual system's critical period of development early in life. It is classified based on etiology, such as strabismic, refractive, or deprivation amblyopia. Treatment focuses on providing a clear retinal image and correcting ocular dominance through refractive correction and occlusion or penalization therapy, with the goal of improving visual acuity before the end of the critical period.
Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a vision disorder caused by abnormal visual stimulation during early childhood development. It affects 1-6% of children in India. The key causes are strabismus (50% of cases), anisometropia (unequal refractive errors, 17% of cases), or stimulus deprivation (3% of cases). Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and occlusion therapy, where the better eye is patched for a period each day to encourage use of the weaker eye. Occlusion therapy can improve vision if started before age 7 and continued until vision is equalized in both eyes. Proper follow up is important to monitor progress and taper occlusion over time to prevent relapse. Surgery may
Amblyopia, commonly known as a "lazy eye", is a reduction in vision that occurs in one or both eyes due to abnormal visual development during childhood. There are several causes of amblyopia including unequal refractive errors between the eyes (anisometropia), misaligned eyes (strabismus), visual deprivation from conditions like cataracts, and high amounts of uncorrected refractive errors. Amblyopia is assessed through visual acuity tests, refractive error checks, and examinations for eye alignment and movement. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors, wearing an eye patch over the strong eye to encourage use of the weak eye, atropine eye drops to blur vision in the strong eye, or active visual stimulation therapies
Amblyopia is a condition of reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not caused by structural eye problems. It occurs during early childhood development when there is inadequate visual stimulation to one or both eyes. Common causes include strabismus, significant refractive error differences between the eyes, form deprivation, and abnormal binocular interaction. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and using occlusion therapy or drugs to blur vision in the non-amblyopic eye, forcing use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy is the most common treatment but requires compliance to achieve results. Other options include penalization, visual stimulation, and drugs, but occlusion remains the standard first approach. Success depends on early diagnosis and treatment before age 7.
This document provides information on various community services available for low vision patients. It describes organizations that provide services such as counseling, orientation and mobility training, rehabilitation teaching, social services, and vocational rehabilitation. It also outlines government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and their roles in assisting the low vision community through services like healthcare, education, family support, transportation assistance, and more. The overall goal is to facilitate independence and improve quality of life for those with visual impairments.
Low Vision Managment, Age Related Macular Degeneration ARMDmahendra singh
This document discusses age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), including its definition, types, risk factors, functional implications, evaluation, and management. ARMD is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 65 and has two main types - dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular). Dry ARMD is characterized by drusen and geographic atrophy, while wet ARMD involves choroidal neovascularization and scarring. Evaluation includes visual acuity testing, Amsler grid, and visual fields. Management focuses on magnification, illumination, refraction, and non-optical devices to aid reading and daily tasks. Counseling and low vision rehabilitation are also important parts of ARMD management.
Strabismic amblyopia is caused by suppression of the deviated eye in strabismus. It can range from mild to severe. The mechanism involves constant cortical suppression that degrades neuronal connections in the deviated eye. This leads to reduced responsiveness to input from the non-fixating eye. Strabismic amblyopia is typically unilateral and features include relatively mild vision loss, reduced grating acuity compared to recognition acuity, and the neutral density filter effect where vision differences between eyes are reduced with low illumination. Eccentric fixation is also common in strabismic amblyopia.
Amblyopia is a partial loss of vision in one or both eyes without any organic disease. It is classified into strabismic amblyopia, refractive amblyopia, and stimulus deprivation amblyopia. Strabismic amblyopia occurs due to squint in one eye leading to less vision. Refractive amblyopia is caused by uncorrected refractive errors such as anisometropia, bilateral ametropia, or meridional astigmatism. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia results from media opacities like cataracts that deprive the eye of visual stimuli early in development. Treatment involves correcting the refractive error or media opacity and occlusion or penalization therapy to force use of the amb
Dr. Shashidhar Patil presented on amblyopia (lazy eye) at a symposium moderated by Dr. Arvind L. Tenagi. Amblyopia is a common vision problem in children caused by abnormal visual development that results in decreased vision in one or both eyes. It can be prevented or reversed with early intervention before age 8. Treatment involves prescribing corrective lenses, removing any obstructions to vision, and occluding the better eye to force use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy works best when started early and continued consistently over time with good parental cooperation.
This document discusses amblyopia, including its classification, etiology, and diagnosis. It defines amblyopia as a decrease in visual acuity caused by pattern vision deprivation or abnormal binocular interaction that cannot be corrected by optical or surgical means. Amblyopia can be functional, resulting from stimulus deprivation, strabismus, refractive errors, or anisometropia, or organic, caused by retinal diseases, nutritional deficiencies, or toxins. The document covers various types of amblyopia in detail and discusses methods for detecting, investigating, and determining the prognosis of amblyopia.
This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including its classification, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, evaluation, and treatment. It discusses the three main types of amblyopia - strabismic, stimulus deprivation, and refractive - and their subtypes and characteristics. The pathogenesis involves form vision and light deprivation, abnormal binocular interaction, and active cortical inhibition. Clinical findings may include reduced visual acuity, the crowding phenomenon, abnormal fixation patterns, and occasionally color vision changes or a central scotoma. Evaluation involves assessing visual acuity, performing neutral density filter testing, and testing for crowding.
AMBLYOPIA
Presenter : Dr Nikhil Agrawal (1st year resident)
Moderator : Dr Ekta Gupta
DHIR HOSPITAL POST GRADUATE INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY
BHIWANI-127021
Email: education@dhirhospital.com
Amblyopia is a reduction in best corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to structural eye abnormalities and results from strabismus, anisometropia, high bilateral refractive error, or visual deprivation. It is primarily a defect in central vision and prevalence is 2-4% in North America. Treatment involves refractive correction, patching or penalizing the better eye to force use of the weaker eye. Prognosis is best when treatment begins early in childhood during the critical period of visual development.
Lecture on amblyopia for 4th year mbbs undergraduate students by prof. dr. hu...DrHussainAhmadKhaqan
This document discusses amblyopia, or lazy eye. It defines amblyopia as a developmental defect in visual processing that occurs in the central visual pathways. There are three main types of amblyopia: strabismic (caused by misaligned eyes), anisometropic (caused by unequal refractive errors between the eyes), and stimulus deprivation (caused by conditions that obscure vision in one eye). The document outlines the causes, clinical features, workup, and treatment of amblyopia, which involves correcting refractive errors, patching or otherwise penalizing the non-amblyopic eye, and protecting the good eye for those outside the treatment age range.
That is, an inward squint that does not vary with the direction of gaze.
##Clinical_optometry #vision_care #eyecare #Eye_Awareness #optometry #eye #squint #Esotropia #eye_health #OSC #Ashith_Tripathi
The document discusses amblyopia, including its definition, causes, types, visual development milestones, diagnosis, and abnormalities found in amblyopic eyes. It provides details on epidemiology, pathophysiology, classification, and visual characteristics of amblyopia such as crowding phenomenon, eccentric fixation, and reduced contrast sensitivity. The document also outlines methods for diagnosing amblyopia in pre-verbal children through tests of fixation, red reflex, and induced tropia.
This document discusses different types of amblyopia including strabismic amblyopia, anisometropic amblyopia, occlusion amblyopia, amblyopia ex anopsia, isometropic amblyopia, high ametropic amblyopia, congenital amblyopia, toxic amblyopia, nutritional amblyopia, and hysterical amblyopia. It also describes various treatment methods for amblyopia such as refractive correction, occlusion therapy using patches or occluders, and penalization which forces use of one eye for distance and the other for near using lenses and/or drugs. Penalization includes near, distance, and total methods.
1. Amblyopia is a partial loss of vision in one or both eyes without any organic disease, and is caused by certain factors like strabismus, anisometropia, or cataracts during visual development from birth to age 6.
2. The main types of amblyopia are strabismic from squinting, stimulus deprivation from blocked vision, anisometropic from unequal refractive errors, isoametropic from high refractive errors in both eyes, and meridional from uncorrected astigmatism.
3. Occlusion therapy is the main treatment, where the stronger eye is patched to force use of the amblyopic eye, with younger children needing
This document discusses the management of amblyopia. It begins with an introduction to amblyopia, including its causes and classification. It then covers various management approaches for amblyopia, including conventional passive therapies like optical correction, occlusion/patching, and penalization. It also discusses active vision therapy and binocular therapies. Recent advances in amblyopia management are mentioned. The document provides details on these various therapeutic approaches and references several studies investigating the effectiveness of different treatment methods.
This document provides an overview of amblyopia, including its definition, pathophysiology, classification, clinical characteristics, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. Amblyopia is reduced best-corrected visual acuity that cannot be attributed to a structural abnormality and develops due to abnormal visual experience during the visual system's critical period of development early in life. It is classified based on etiology, such as strabismic, refractive, or deprivation amblyopia. Treatment focuses on providing a clear retinal image and correcting ocular dominance through refractive correction and occlusion or penalization therapy, with the goal of improving visual acuity before the end of the critical period.
Amblyopia, or lazy eye, is a vision disorder caused by abnormal visual stimulation during early childhood development. It affects 1-6% of children in India. The key causes are strabismus (50% of cases), anisometropia (unequal refractive errors, 17% of cases), or stimulus deprivation (3% of cases). Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and occlusion therapy, where the better eye is patched for a period each day to encourage use of the weaker eye. Occlusion therapy can improve vision if started before age 7 and continued until vision is equalized in both eyes. Proper follow up is important to monitor progress and taper occlusion over time to prevent relapse. Surgery may
Amblyopia, commonly known as a "lazy eye", is a reduction in vision that occurs in one or both eyes due to abnormal visual development during childhood. There are several causes of amblyopia including unequal refractive errors between the eyes (anisometropia), misaligned eyes (strabismus), visual deprivation from conditions like cataracts, and high amounts of uncorrected refractive errors. Amblyopia is assessed through visual acuity tests, refractive error checks, and examinations for eye alignment and movement. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors, wearing an eye patch over the strong eye to encourage use of the weak eye, atropine eye drops to blur vision in the strong eye, or active visual stimulation therapies
Amblyopia is a condition of reduced vision in one or both eyes that is not caused by structural eye problems. It occurs during early childhood development when there is inadequate visual stimulation to one or both eyes. Common causes include strabismus, significant refractive error differences between the eyes, form deprivation, and abnormal binocular interaction. Treatment involves correcting any refractive errors and using occlusion therapy or drugs to blur vision in the non-amblyopic eye, forcing use of the amblyopic eye. Occlusion therapy is the most common treatment but requires compliance to achieve results. Other options include penalization, visual stimulation, and drugs, but occlusion remains the standard first approach. Success depends on early diagnosis and treatment before age 7.
This document provides information on various community services available for low vision patients. It describes organizations that provide services such as counseling, orientation and mobility training, rehabilitation teaching, social services, and vocational rehabilitation. It also outlines government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and their roles in assisting the low vision community through services like healthcare, education, family support, transportation assistance, and more. The overall goal is to facilitate independence and improve quality of life for those with visual impairments.
Low Vision Managment, Age Related Macular Degeneration ARMDmahendra singh
This document discusses age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), including its definition, types, risk factors, functional implications, evaluation, and management. ARMD is the leading cause of vision loss in people over 65 and has two main types - dry (atrophic) and wet (neovascular). Dry ARMD is characterized by drusen and geographic atrophy, while wet ARMD involves choroidal neovascularization and scarring. Evaluation includes visual acuity testing, Amsler grid, and visual fields. Management focuses on magnification, illumination, refraction, and non-optical devices to aid reading and daily tasks. Counseling and low vision rehabilitation are also important parts of ARMD management.
This document discusses various antisuppression exercises used to treat conditions involving suppression such as amblyopia and strabismus. It describes exercises like Brock string, tube and hand, cheiroscope, and use of an amblyoscope. The goals are to make the patient aware of diplopia, establish sensory and motor fusion, and improve binocular vision skills. A variety of targets incorporating attributes like brightness, size, motion, and color are used. Lenses, prisms, occlusion therapy may also be incorporated based on the patient's needs.
This document discusses convergence insufficiency (CI), including its definition, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. CI is characterized by a weak ability to maintain proper binocular eye alignment for near vision tasks. It is often associated with exophoria and reduced fusional convergence. Symptoms include eyestrain, headaches, and blurred vision when reading. Treatment involves orthoptic exercises to strengthen convergence, as well as base-in prisms or surgery in severe cases. The document provides detailed explanations of CI and outlines goals and aspects of its medical, surgical, and follow-up management.
This document provides information about albinism, a genetic disorder affecting pigmentation. It begins by defining albinism and describing its effects on the eyes, skin, and hair. It then discusses the causes, classifications, and symptoms of different types of albinism. The rest of the document details characteristics of different albinism types and treatments focused on sun protection, glare control, refractive correction, low vision aids, contact lenses, surgery, and genetic counseling.
- Aging causes many changes to the structures of the eye that can affect vision and eye comfort. These include yellowing of the sclera, decreased tear production, hardening and clouding of the lens, thinning of the vitreous humor, and loss of peripheral vision. However, central vision can typically be maintained with correction.
- Common age-related visual changes are presbyopia requiring reading glasses, decreased contrast sensitivity and dark adaptation, increased floaters, and reduced color discrimination especially of blues. These changes are usually not medically significant.
- Eye discomfort from dryness or strain may occur but headaches should be evaluated, as in elderly they could signal an ocular emergency like acute glaucoma needing prompt
The document discusses the AC/A ratio, which is the ratio of accommodative convergence to accommodation. It defines the AC/A ratio and discusses various methods for measuring it, including the heterophoria method, gradient method, major amblyoscope method, graphic method, and fixation disparity method. It notes that the normal range is 3:1 to 5:1. Formulas for calculating the AC/A ratio using different methods are provided along with examples. The significance of measuring the AC/A ratio and how it can be influenced by treatment methods like lenses, miotics, and surgery are also summarized.
Direct ophthalmoscopy involves examining the retina using an ophthalmoscope held close to the patient's eye, providing a magnified inverted image. Indirect ophthalmoscopy uses a condensing lens placed near the eye to form an erect magnified image, allowing a wider field of view but is more difficult to perform. The document describes the techniques, advantages, and disadvantages of direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy for examining the interior of the eye.
Direct ophthalmoscopy involves examining the retina using an ophthalmoscope held close to the patient's eye, providing a magnified inverted image. Indirect ophthalmoscopy uses a condensing lens placed near the eye to render it highly myopic, producing an upright magnified image seen by the examiner. Both methods allow assessment of the retina but indirect provides a wider field of view and is better for opaque media or uncooperative patients. The document describes the techniques, advantages, and applications of direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy.
This document discusses various antisuppression exercises used to treat suppression, a condition where one eye is actively inhibited during binocular viewing. It describes exercises like Brock strings, tube and hand, cheiroscope, and use of an amblyoscope. The goal is to make the patient aware of diplopia, establish proper retinal correspondence and sensory fusion, then improve motor fusion. A variety of targets incorporating attributes like brightness, size, motion are used. Treatment also involves addressing any amblyopia or strabismus.
Polarization is caused by the wave nature of electromagnetic radiation. Polarized light occurs when light waves are restricted to oscillate in only one direction. Polarization has several applications including polarization projection charts, Polaroid sunglasses, and detecting defects in intraocular lenses. Birefringence, the splitting of light into two rays with different properties, is exhibited by certain materials and can be used to measure the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber layer. Fluorescein dye absorbs blue-green light and is used in fluorescein angiography to diagnose ocular and other medical conditions.
This document discusses direct and indirect ophthalmoscopes. It describes their history, principles, optics, instrumentation, image characteristics, advantages, disadvantages and comparisons. The direct ophthalmoscope works on angular magnification, forming an erect virtual image. The indirect ophthalmoscope makes the eye highly myopic using a strong convex lens, forming a real inverted image between the lens and observer with a larger field of view. Key differences are that direct has higher magnification but smaller field while indirect provides stereopsis and permits full peripheral viewing.
MAHENDRA SINGH FINAL PPT 27TH MARCH 2022.pptxmahendra singh
This document discusses low vision management and summarizes the key elements of a low vision examination and management strategies for different vision conditions. It begins by classifying vision loss into categories of overall blurred vision, central field loss, and peripheral field loss. It then outlines the elements of a low vision examination, including medical history review, functional assessment, vision testing, and trials of low vision devices. Management strategies are provided for different anterior and posterior segment conditions, focusing on refraction, magnification, glare control, and rehabilitation.
A lensometer or focimeter is an instrument used to measure the optical power of lenses or spectacles. It is used by optometrists and ophthalmologists to determine the prescription of corrective lenses needed. The document was written by Mahendra Singh, an Assistant Professor and Optometrist at the CL Gupta Eye Institute.
This document discusses identifying and formulating a research problem. It notes that choosing a research problem is an important first step that requires time and care. The document outlines several key points about research problems:
- A research problem should be a difficulty or issue that motivates further study. It should be clearly stated.
- Research problems can come from studying populations, subject areas, programs, or phenomena.
- Factors to consider include what one wants to know, practical applications, personal interest, relevance, and potential to add to human knowledge.
- The process of identifying a problem may involve discussions, literature reviews, or pilot surveys. Ultimately, a research problem addresses a specific gap or issue in existing research.
Retinal vein occlusion is a common vascular disorder of the retina. Central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) can be either ischemic or non-ischemic and accounts for the majority of retinal vein occlusions. It typically affects older individuals over 50 years of age and can cause vision loss due to macular edema, retinal ischemia, and neovascular complications. The pathogenesis involves obstruction of venous outflow leading to vascular dysfunction and retinal changes. Management is challenging and depends on the classification and complications, involving monitoring, anti-VEGF treatment, laser photocoagulation, or surgical intervention.
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2. DEFINITION
It is a decrease in visual acuity in one or both
eyes that results from an inability to use the
eye or eyes for central fixation during a
critical period of visual development
Amblyopia is defined as the condition of
reduced visual acuity, usually unilateral nor
correctable by refractive means and nor
attributable to obvious structural or
pathological ocular anomalies
3. DEFINITION
Ambloypia in simple means
dullness of vision or diminished
vision.
It arises from a greek word
It can be unilateral or bilateral.
8. STABISMIC AMBLYOPIA
Occurs when there is longstanding
suppression.
When it is constant, unilateral and
at all viewing distances.
In early childhood.
Fovea suppressed to prevent
confusion and diplopia.
9. STABISMIC AMBLYOPIA
Active cortical inhibition point is
zero in deviating eye.
Stereopsis is severely decreased
or absent.
Visual acuity loss is more
compared to anisometropic
amblyopia.
Severity of amblyopia depends
on type of deviation. More
11. REFRACTIVE AMBLYOPIA
AMMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA
Due to uncorrected high
refractive error.
Bilateral amblyopia.
Isoametropic amblyopia can
be classified under this. Occurs
in children havin More than
+5.00D or More -10.00D.
13. STIMULUS DEPRIVIATION
AMBLYOPIA
Result of lack of adequate visual
stimulus in early life.
Can be unilateral or bilateral.
Can be complete (when no light
entering) or Partial (when some
light enters).
14. AMBLYOPIA EXAMOPSIA
Due to disuse of the eyes.
E.g. Uniocular, congenital, or
traumatic cataract, corneal
opacity, complete ptosis
occlusion amblyopia.
15. IDIOPATHIC AMBLYOPIA
Unilateral.
Occurs in normal patients.
-Ve history of strabismus.
Clinically V/A and foveal
suppression will improve after
patching the good eye.
But it will recur once the treatment
is stopped.
16. ORGANIC AMBLYOPIA
Irreversible.
Due to undetectable organic
lesion in the visual pathway.
Classified as Toxic amblyopia.
Visual loss results from damage
to optic nerve fibers.
Due to certain poisons such
such as tobacco, ethyl, alcohol,
chloroquimine.
19. CHARACTERISTICS OF
AMBLYOPIC PATIENT
Spatial uncertainty (hand and
eye coordination not good).
Crowding phenomena-
May have unsteady fixation.
May be associated with squint.
22. FIXATION PATTERN
Can be centric i.e. with fovea.
Can be eccentric i.e. any other
point except fovea.
23. CLASSIFICATION OF FIXATION
PATTERN
Foveal fixation with 2 degrees of
fovea.
Parafoveal fixation with 2-5
degrees of fovea.
Para macular 5-10 degrees.
More than 10 degrees i.e.
peripheral fixation.
24. DEFINITION
It is a decrease in visual acuity in one or both
eyes that results from an inability to use the
eye or eyes for central fixation during a
critical period of visual development
Amblyopia is defined as the condition of
reduced visual acuity, usually unilateral nor
correctable by refractive means and nor
attributable to obvious structural or
pathological ocular anomalies
25. The decrease in V/A is
due to reduction in form
discrimination.
Most pronounced
underphotopic visual
condition.
Critical period of
development from birth
to 6 yrs.
Amblyopia means
dullness of vision.
In general V/A < 6/9
is Amblyopia
In general 20/30 --
20/70 mild (shallow)
20/80 – 20/120
moderate , worse
than 20/120 is
marked (deep).
Amblyopia
26. Amblyopia is also defined as by a difference
in visual acuity between two eyes.
For clinical purpose if the acuity
difference is two or more lines in both eye.
Then amblyopia is suspected.
e.g. Best corrected V/A
R 6/9 L 6/5
Other Definition
27. CLASSIFICATION
• Different classification under different
authors.
I :- Classification according to cause
1. Strabismic Amblyopia
2. Anisometropic Amblyopia
3. Isometropic Amblyopia
4. Image degradation Amblyopia
5. Psychogenic Amblyopia
28. STRABISMIC AMBLYOPIA
Occurs in long standing foveal suppression
Constant unilateral strabismus in childhood
Fovea got suppressed to prevent confusion
Suppression is more intense than
anisometropic amblyopia .( as acuity loss
is more intense )
Highly associated with eccentric fixation
29. ANISOMETROPIC AMBLYOPIA
Most common cause of Amblyopia
Flynn and Cassady reported microtropia mostly
found with anisometropic amblyopia.
He said 20% solely anisometropia
48% purely strabismic
32% both strabismic & anisometropic
It occurs due to decrease in contrast &
Aniseikonia.
Severity of Amblyopia is depend upon amount of
error.
Meridional Amblyopia
30. ISOMETRIC AMBLYOPIA
2° to high symmetric refractive error
( hyperopia , myopia , astigmatism )
Detected earlier than anisometropic
amblyopia.
Little or no suppression.
31. IMAGE DEGRADATION
AMBLYOPIA
Caused by physical obstruction to clear
vision in childhood.
Due to light & form stimulus deprivation.
Commonest cause is congenital cataract.
32. PSYCHOGENIC AMBLYOPIA
Due to hysteria & malingering.
Common in children
Can occur in adults those are under
stressful situation.
34. FUCTIONAL AMBLYOPIA
Functional means psychological.
It is reversible
Causes like strabismus ,
anisometropia , isometropia ,
amblyopia – Ex – anopsia.
35. ORGANIC AMBLYOPIA
It is due to any ocular pathology.
It is of irreversible type
Causes like Corneal lesions, any
retinal abnormality, cortical pathology.
36. AMBLYOPIA – EX – ANOPSIA
Now called as Amblyopia of Disuse.
It is due to stimulus deprivation.
Causes like Corneal Opacity ,
cataract
38. Amblyopia of Extinction :- It is to refer to
deteroration of central visual acuity to
levels lower than the patient had
previously attained.
Amblyopia of Arrest :- It is used to refer
to reduced central vision caused by
disturbance that prevented visual
development.
39. IV CLASSIFICATION
a) Organic amblyopia
1. Developmental Amblyopia
2. Toxic Amblyopia
3. Nutritional Amblyopia
4. Other types
b) Psychogenic Amblyopia
1. Hysteric Amblyopia
2. Malingering Amblyopia
40. Developmental Associated with strabismus,
refractive error, visual deprivation.
Toxic Due to ethambutol, Chloramphenical,
quinine etc.
Other Types Associated with ischemic optic
neuropathy, temporal arthritis, retrobulbar
neuropathy.
Nutritional Due to vit-B12 deficiency.
Hysterical 2 to an unconscious psychogic
disturbance.
Malingering Conscious faking
41. ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL
TESTS
VER ( visually evoked response)
It reflects visual input from photoreceptors to
the occipital cortex.
Pattern stimulus is used instead of flashing to
produce less variability.
In infants it tell that 20/20 V/A reached by age
of 6 months
If V/A in two eyes is equal , then difference in
amplitude in VER is close to zero & ratio of
two eyes is almost one.
So we can find any developmental
amblyopia.
42. PATHOPYSIOLOGY
Two fundamental mechanism
responsible for developmental
amblyopia.
a) Visual Deprivation
b) Active Cortical Inhibition
43. VISUAL DEPRIVATION
Could be uniocular or binocular
Studies shown that there is a clearly
defined period during which deprivation
has a profound effect on the development
of normal behavior & physiologic
responses.
Deprivation during the early part of the
critical period is more detorterious than at
later times. The period of sensitivity begins
as the ocular media clear and continuous
through visual maturation.
44. Active cortical inhibition
Both physiological an pharmacological
evidence exist for an active inhibitory
process in developmental amblyopia
In physiological evidence, normal eye may
be responsible for active cortical inhibition
Pharmacological evidence
e.g.:-nor epinephrine, GABA (gamma
amino butyric acid) {neurotransmitter
inhibitors}
45. Retina In amblyopia
Along with the lgb and striate area retina also
shows some abnormal changes
a) Receptor amblyopia:-some amblyopic eyes
have abnormal Stiles-Crawford effect. A defect
of the orientation of the retinal receptors results
in only a small V/A loss and abnormal Stiles-
crawford effect is actually a manifestation of
undetected eccentric fixation.
46. b) Pupil light reflex:- usually the pupil light
reflex is not abnormal in developmental
amblyopia. However with profound
developmental amblyopia there can be an
afferent pupilary defect. Normally central
retina stimulation causes marked
constriction then peripheral stimulation and
reverse is there in amblyopia.
47. c) Critical flicker Frequency:- The rate at
which the flicker of an intermittent light
stimulus disappears and become a continuous
sensation.CFF change does occur in
amblyopia.
d) Colour Vision:- It is effected if V / A is
below20/100 and also get effected in eccentric
fixation.
e) Light Perception:- dark perception is almost
normal,but form determination is worse at
photopic luminance.
48. f) ERG (Electro retino gram):- It shows some
abnormal changes.They include a lowered
amplitude of “b” wave and diminished
potential of “a” wave.
g) Saccadic and pursuit movements:- they
are also abnormal in amblyopia.3
abnormalities of saccadic system have
been reported:
i. Increased latency
ii. Decrease peak velocity
iii. Dysmetria ( inaccuracy )
49. INVESTIGATIONS
1) History:- relevant questions should be
asked related to strabismus,refraction
and social history.
2) Visual Acuity:- Charts available
a) Snellen acuity charts
b) Bailey lovie charts
c) Tumbling “E” charts
d) Picture cards
e) OKN,VEP,Preferential looking test.
50. While recording visual acuity examiner
should suspect amblyopia if:-
a) Letters are missed on several lines using
the full chart
b) Letters in the middle of a line are more
frequently misread than those at the ends
of the line.
c) Letters are transposed in position.
d) Isolated letter acuity is better by one or
two lines than single line or full chart
acuity.
51. 3) Refractive error
4) Crowding Phenomenon
( Linear acuity and single letter acuity )
5) Neutral density filter
6) Visual Fields
7) Fixation
8) Cover test
9) Angle of Deviation
Continue…..
53. How to evaluate fixation
Angle kappa
Arc perimeter
Major amblyoscope
Visuscope
Ophthalmoscope
Euthyscope
Co-oridinator
Space co-oridinator
Synaptophore using
haidinger brushes
Maxwell spot (round,
dark, purplish spot
approx 3arc degree
in diameter)
Haidinger brushes
test
54. Treatment
For Centric Fixation
Full refraction under cycloplegics
Direct occlusion
Auto flashing
Red filter
Anti suppression
Haidinger brushes
VTP’s
55. Full refraction under
cycloplegic
Inverse occlusion for at
least 1 month
Once fixation become
unsteady then
continue with inverse
occlusion and auto
flashing
Haidinger brushes
Direct occlusion when
fovea takes its
properties and fixation
become central
Surgery
Auto flashing
Anti suppression
VTP
Physiological diplopia
For Eccentric Fixation
58. VTP’s
Examples:-
a) Thread and beat
b) Thread and needle
c) Drawing pictures
d) Games require strong fixation
e) Watching Television
f) Work require hand eye co-ordination