Internship report at Maki and Associates

1.
INTERNSHIP REPORT 2016
Project
theme
AMARAVATI
SMART
CITY
Under
the
guidance
of
Mr.Michel
Van
akcere
Company:
Maki
and
associates,
Architecture
and
planning,
Tokyo.
Address
Hillside
West-­‐‑C,
13-­‐‑4
Hachiyama-­‐‑cho,
Shibuya,
Tokyo,
Japan
150-­‐‑0035
TEL:+81-­‐‑3-­‐‑3780-­‐‑3880
FAX:+81-­‐‑3-­‐‑3780-­‐‑3881
Name:
Shyam
sunder
sirimalla
Student
ID:
81524584
Keio
university,
SFC
Graduate
school
of
Media
and
Governance,
EG,
M2,
2016.

2.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AMARAVATI
SMART
CITY .................................................................................. 1
What is smart city? ......................................................................................... 5
DEFINITION: .......................................................................................................... 5
Smart Cities in India ............................................................................................... 5
SOLUTIONS OF SMART CITIES ............................................................................... 6
URBAN MOBILITY ...................................................................................................... 6
WASTE MANAGEMENT ................................................................................................ 6
ENERGY MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 6
WATER MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 6
E-­ GOVERNANCE AND CITIZEN SEVICES ..................................................................... 7
OTHERS .................................................................................................................... 7
Technology and trends ........................................................................................... 7
BUDGET .................................................................................................................. 7
URBAN MOBILITY .......................................................................................... 8
smart parking ......................................................................................................... 8
Definition ................................................................................................................ 8
Does Smart parking helps to Minimize the usage of cars? .................................... 8
Smart Parking case study :Town of Cottesloe, Perth – Australia ..................................... 9
Bicycle sharing ..................................................................................................... 11
Netherlands ............................................................................................................. 12
India ....................................................................................................................... 13
Japan ...................................................................................................................... 13
CAR SHARING SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 14
ELECTRIC CARS .................................................................................................... 14
INTERACTIVE BUS STOPS .................................................................................... 14
Potential additions to a connected bus shelter that will enable more business models ... 15
INTERACTIVE BUS STOPS IN DUBAI ......................................................................... 15
SMART MALLS ....................................................................................................... 16
GASOLINE STATION/ RECHARGING STATION ..................................................... 16
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ....................................................................... 18
pneumatic refuse collection, or automated vacuum collection ........................... 18
Outline .................................................................................................................... 19
System construction ................................................................................................. 19
Features .................................................................................................................. 19
Specification ............................................................................................................ 20
System flow of waste pneumatic transportation system .............................................. 20
WASTE TO ENERGY & FUEL .................................................................................. 21

3.
3
WASTE TO ENERGY ............................................................................................... 21
SMART WATER ............................................................................................. 23
Smart Metering Definition .................................................................................... 23
Why Use Smart Metering? .................................................................................... 23
Smart meters – Water, electricity and gas ........................................................... 24
HOME BASED and INDUSTRY BASED .................................................................. 25
WATER LEAKAGES ................................................................................................ 26
Smart Water: pipe control to reduce water leakages in Smart Cities ............................. 26
Water leakage detectors : Sensor technology solutions ............................................... 27
WATER QUALITY MONITORING ........................................................................... 28
Monitoring the Water Quality in a Smart Water Distribution Network ................ 31
Real Time Monitoring of Water Level Variations In Rivers and Flood Alerting
System using (Advanced Risk Machine)Arm7 ...................................................... 33
MONITORING FLOODS ......................................................................................... 33
Hardware Requirements: ..................................................................................... 34
Looping water reuse ............................................................................................. 35
ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM ......................................................................................... 35
LOOPED SYSTEM ..................................................................................................... 35
JAPAN as a good model for other developing and developed countries in WATER
LOOPING SYSTEM .................................................................................................... 36
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT ..................................................................... 38
Green Roofs .......................................................................................................... 38
Rain Barrels and Cisterns ..................................................................................... 39
Permeable Pavements .......................................................................................... 39
Bioretention Areas ................................................................................................ 40
Vegetated Swales/Dry Swales ............................................................................. 41
Curb and Gutter Elimination ................................................................................. 41
Vegetated Filter Strips ......................................................................................... 42
Sand and Organic Filters ...................................................................................... 42
Constructed Wetlands .......................................................................................... 43
Riparian Buffers ................................................................................................... 44
Renewable energy sources for water facilities (solar power, wind power etc) ... 44
ENERGY MANAGEMENT ................................................................................ 45
Renewable source of energy ................................................................................ 45
Energy efficient and green buildings .................................................................... 46
“Zero-­energy” or “Zero-­carbon” new buildings ................................................... 49
Case study 1: Senedd (National Assembly building),-­the green building for the National
Assembly for Wales, UK ............................................................................................ 50
Passivhaus” or “Passive house” in EU .................................................................. 51

4.
4
Googleplex, California, USA ....................................................................................... 52
Financial benefits of green buildings ................................................................... 53
Integrated energy solutions ................................................................................. 54
Integrated energy system at community level ............................................................ 55
URBAN WIND POWER .......................................................................................... 56
wind tree ................................................................................................................. 58
What Is ENEFARM? .............................................................................................. 58
The Power Generation Principle of ENEFARM .............................................................. 59
ENEFARM System Configuration ................................................................................ 59
Wind Energy ......................................................................................................... 60
WIND POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA ............................................................................ 61
Solar Energy ......................................................................................................... 62
Smart grid system with distributed power sources ............................................. 63
HYDROGEN REUSE SYSTEM ................................................................................. 65
HYDROGEN REUSE SYSTEM CITY LEVEL .................................................................... 66
What is cogeneration? .......................................................................................... 68
Case example city level ............................................................................................. 70

5.
5
WHAT IS SMART CITY?
There
is
no
universally
accepted
definition
of
a
Smart
City.
It
means
different
things
to
different
people,
varies
from
city
to
city
and
country
to
country,
depending
on
the
level
of
development,
willingness
to
change
and
reform,
resources
and
aspirations
of
the
city
residents.
There
is
no
one
way
of
defining
a
Smart
City.
DEFINITION:
A
smart
city
is
an
innovative
city
that
uses
information
and
communication
technologies
and
other
means
to
improve
quality
of
life
,
efficiency
of
urban
operation
and
services,
and
competitiveness
while
ensuring
that
it
meets
the
needs
of
present
and
future
generations
with
respect
to
economic
,
social
and
environmental
aspects.
Smart Cities in India
The
Prime
Minister
of
India,
Shri
Narendra
Modi
has
a
vision
of
developing
100
smart
cities
as
satellite
towns
of
larger
cities
and
by
modernizing
the
existing
midsized
cities.
The
government
plans
to
identify
20
smart
cities
in
2015,
40
in
2016
and
another
40
in
2017.
Smart
cities
are
projected
to
be
equipped
with
basic
infrastructure,
will
offer
a
good
quality
of
life
through
smart
solutions.
Core
Infrastructure
Elements
o Adequate
water
supply
o Assured
electricity
supply
o Sanitation,
including
solid
waste
management
o Efficient
urban
mobility
and
public
transport
o Affordable
housing,
especially
for
the
poor
o Robust
IT
connectivity
and
digitization
o Good
governance,
especially
e-­‐‑Governance
and
citizen
participation
o Sustainable
environment
o Safety
and
security
of
citizens,
particularly
women,
children
and
the
elderly
o Health
and
education

6.
6
SOLUTIONS OF SMART CITIES
URBAN MOBILITY
o Smart
parking
o Shared
bicycles
o Smart
lighting
o Intelligent
traffic
management
o Integrated
multi
modal
transport
o Interactive
bus
stops
o Recharging
stations
o Using
EVs
and
Hybrid
cars
for
leveling
off
the
peaks
o Car
sharing
or
other
volunteer
car
shares
programs
WASTE MANAGEMENT
o Smarter
waste
collection
o 3R
(reuse
reduce
recycle)
policies
o Waste
to
energy
&
fuel
o Waste
to
compost
o Waste
water
to
be
treated
o Recycling
and
reduction
of
Construction
&
Demolition
waste
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
o Smart
meters
and
management
o Renewable
source
of
energy
o Energy
efficient
and
green
buildings
o Integrated
energy
solutions
o Urban
wind
power
o Environmental
sensors
o Smart
grid
system
with
distributed
power
sources
o Ene-­‐‑farm
(self
power
plant
from
hydrogen)
o Hydrogen
reuse
system
o Co
generation
WATER MANAGEMENT
o Smart
meters
&
Mangement
o Leakage
indentification
,
preventive
maint
o Water
quality
monitoring
o Renewable
energy
sources
for
water
facilities
(solar
power,
wind
power
etc)
o Looping
water
use
would
be
another
solution
(use
of
graywater)

7.
7
E-­ GOVERNANCE AND CITIZEN SEVICES
o Public
information,
Grievance
redressal
o Electronic
service
delivery
o Citizen
engagement
o Citizens
–
city's
eyes
and
ears
o Video
crime
monitoring
OTHERS
o Tele
medicine
&
tele
education
o Incubation/trade
facilitation
centres
o Skill
development
centres
Technology and trends
o Ubiquitous
computing
o Open
Data
o Big
Data
o GIS
(Geographical
information
system)
o Cloud
Computing
o Embedded
networks
o Internet
of
Things
BUDGET
A
total
of
US
$15
BILLION
has
been
approved
by
the
cabinet
for
development
of
100
smart
cities
and
rejuvenation
of
500
other
cities.
$
7.1
billion
for
100
smart
cities
$
7.4
billion
for
urban
transformation
and
rejuvenation.
$
71
million
for
each
city
approximately

8.
8
URBAN MOBILITY
smart parking
Definition:
A
vehicle
parking
system
that
helps
drivers
find
a
vacant
spot.
Using
sensors
in
each
parking
space
that
detect
the
presence
or
absence
of
a
vehicle,
signs
direct
incoming
drivers
to
available
locations.
Benefits
• Improved
traffic
flow
/
reduced
congestion
• Statistical
and
real-­‐‑time
information
on
parking
vacancies
• Intelligent
usage
of
infrastructure
• Simplified
parking
data
collection
at
a
reduced
cost
• reduce
transportation-­‐‑related
emissions.
• Possibility
of
convenient
cashless
parking
via
automated
up-­‐‑to-­‐‑the-­‐‑minute
billing
• Safer
traffic
with
efficient
enforcement
of
illegal
parking
activities
• Usage
of
smart
parking
infrastructure
and
data
for
multiple
applications
in
and
beyond
traffic
Management
• Encourage
the
use
of
public
transportation
at
times
of
congestion
http://www.mobility.siemens.com/mobility/global/en/urban-­‐‑mobility/road-­‐‑solutions/integrated-­‐‑
smart-­‐‑parking-­‐‑solution/pages/integrated-­‐‑smart-­‐‑parking-­‐‑solution.aspx
Does Smart parking helps to Minimize the usage of cars?
Since
Smart
Parking
gives
the
before
hand
information
of
vacancy
and
data
such
as
time

9.
9
needed
to
secure
the
parking
space
and
walking
distance
to
the
desired
location.
This
results
in
an
intelligent
comparison
of
travel
modes,
encouraging
use
of
public
transport
as
needed
and
can
helps
to
minimize
the
usage
of
private
vehicles.
Smart Parking
case study :Town of Cottesloe, Perth – Australia
SmartPark
transformed
on-­‐‑street
city
parking
by
combining
three
Smart
Parking
technologies
to
identify
all
overstays
and
enforce
infringement
notices,
while
helping
drivers
park
quickly
and
easily.
The
challenge
o The
Town
of
Cottesloe
in
Perth,
Australia
is
a
popular
tourist
destination.
o
A
fair,
efficient
parking
management
system
is
an
essential
component
of
making
a
visit
to
the
Town
of
Cottesloe
enjoyable
for
visitors,
fair
to
residents
and
profitable
to
local
businesses.
o Cottesloe
had
been
managing
parking
through
traditional
methods:
officers
would
patrol
time-­‐‑restricted
areas,
identifying
overstays
and
issuing
infringement
notices.
o This
had
proved
inefficient
as
not
all
infringing
vehicles
could
be
identified.
It
was
also
a
tedious,
time
consuming
and
mundane
task
for
parking
enforcement
officers.
SENSOR
Smart
Eye
Advanced
sensor
technology
Smart
Eye
gather
information
on
parking
space
occupancy
.
Real
time
,
individual
vehicle
,
individual
space
data
from

10.
10
Information
on
parking
space
occupancy
gathered
by
smart
Eye
sensors
will
fed
to
smart
Rep
SERVER
Smart
Rep.
Smart
Rep
is
the
software
at
the
centre
of
Smart
Parkings
cutting
edge
technologies
and
parking
management
systems.
Smart
rep
Manages
,
Analyses
and
disseminates
data
and
used
for
daily
management
including
payment
and
enforcement
as
well
as
long
term
planning.
SMART
GUIDE
Data
managed
by
smart
Rep
forwarded
to
technologies
including
SmartApp,
digital
guidance
signage,
parking
attendants
handheld
devices,
pay
stations,
permit
systems
and
pay
by
phone.

11.
11
RFID
tag
that
links
vehicle
to
permitted
space
RFID
(radio
frequency
identification
)is
an
in
vehicle
tag
that
identifies
a
driver
as
the
permit
holder.
This
is
read
by
smart
eye
at
the
permit
only
parking
bay
and
fed
to
smart
Rep.
smart
Rep
then
actiavtes
instant
and
comprehensive
enforcement
systems
and
facilities
payment.
SMART
solution
§ Cottesloe’s
busy
and
popular
commercial
strip
–
Napoleon
Street
installed
and
trialled
SmartParking
.
§ The
town’s
SmartPark
trial
system
comprised
34
Smart
Eye
sensors,
relaying
information
to
SmartRep,
Smart
Parking’s
powerful
car
parking
management
software
tool,
which
collates
and
analyses
the
data.
§ All
overstays
are
identified,
in
real-­‐‑time,
the
minute
each
parked
vehicle
exceeds
the
time
limit.
Bicycle sharing
o Bicycle
sharing
is
a
bicycle
loan
service
that
can
be
utilized
via
the
many
ports
set
up
within
a
service
area.
o In
addition
to
income
from
usage
fees,
advertisements
are
sometimes
attached
to
the
bicycles,
which
helps
cover
operating
expenses.
o As
a
measure
to
ease
traffic
congestion
in
urban
areas
and
reduce
CO2
emissions,

12.
12
the
practice
has
been
spreading
in
Western
countries
since
the
beginning
of
this
century.
As
of
now,
more
than
600
cities
worldwide
had
a
bike-­‐‑sharing
program.
Netherlands
o The
Netherlands
has
a
single
nationwide
bike
sharing
program.
It's
called
"OV-­‐‑
fiets",
which
means
'public
transport
bike'.
6000
bikes
in
252
locations,
mainly
train
stations,
all
over
the
country.
o Membership
is
required
(annual
fee
€10,
€3.15
per
rental
day)
and
can
be
combined
with
public
transport
card.
The
program,
which
started
on
a
small
scale
in
2003,
has
enjoyed
a
steadily
increasing
popularity
with
over
1.53
million
rides
registered
in
2014.
o The
nature
of
the
Dutch
bike
sharing
program
differs
from
that
of
programs
in
other
countries
partly
because
the
already
high
bike
ownership
of
the
population.
Its
interconnection
with
the
public
transport
network
allows
it
to
fill
the
need
of
people
who
also
want
to
continue
traveling
by
bike
from
the
station
of
their
destination.
The
Netherlands:
OV-­‐‑fiets

13.
13
India
• Indian
Institute
of
Science,
Bangalore
–
NammaCycle
• Pondicherry
University,
Kalapet
–
Bike
Share
• Birla
Institute
of
Technology,
Mesra,
Ranchi
-­‐‑
Desi
Wheels
Japan
• According
to
the
Ministry
of
Land,
Infrastructure,
Transport
and
Tourism
as
of
2012
there
were
a
number
of
city-­‐‑level
pilot
schemes
in
operation
in
Japan,
the
largest
of
which
was
Edogawa
City
in
Tokyo
with
500
cycles
available
for
hire.
• Toyama
also
has
a
bicycle
sharing
system,
that
takes
the
region's
public
transit
IC
card
Passca.
•
The
Chiyokuru
bicycle
sharing
system
has
many
business
users
at
the
Marunouchi
Building
in
Chiyoda
Ward,
Tokyo.
Photo:
The
Yomiuri
Shimbun/ANN
http://transport.asiaone.com/news/general/story/bicycle-­‐‑sharing-­‐‑japanese-­‐‑cities-­‐‑
picking-­‐‑speed

14.
14
CAR SHARING SYSTEM
ELECTRIC CARS
INTERACTIVE BUS STOPS
San
Francisco
Interactive
Bus
Stops

15.
15
Potential additions to a connected bus shelter that will enable more
business models
Nokia
Innovation
2020
Report
Connected
bus
shelter
INTERACTIVE BUS STOPS IN DUBAI

16.
16
SMART MALLS
• Smart
Malls
are
the
newest
service
coming
to
Dubai,
which
will
allow
users
to
shop
by
using
an
interactive
screen!
• added
to
5
metro
stations
across
Dubai
with
the
help
of
Etisalat.
GASOLINE STATION/ RECHARGING STATION

17.
17
SOLAR
POWER
HYDROGEN
HYBRID
POWER
CHARGING
STATION
–
INITIAL
LAUNCH
IN
SAITAMA
PREFECTURE-­‐‑
by
HONDA
Petrol
pump
• One
petrol
pump
for
150
ha
of
gross
residential
areas
in
residential
zone
• One
petrol
pump
for
40
ha
of
gross
industrial
area
• Two
petrol
pumps
in
each
district
Centre
5
lakh
pop
• One
petrol
pump
in
each
community
center
Up
to
100,000
pop
No
of
Recharge
centers
/petrol
pumps
needed
?
2
RECHARGE
STATIONS
&
PETROL
PUMPS
Petrol
bunks
/
recharging
station
Petrol
Pumps
The
following
regulations
are
recommended
for
locating
the
petrol
pump
cum
service
stations.
Minimum
distance
from
the
road
intersections.
a)
For
minor
roads
having
less
than
30
m.
R/W
50
m.
b)
For
major
roads
having
R/W
30
m.
or
more
100
m.
The
minimum
distance
of
the
property
line
of
pump
from
the
center
line
of
the
Road
should
not
be
less
than
15
meters
on
roads
having
less
than
30
m.
R/W.
In
case
of
roads
having
30
m.
or
more
R/W,
the
R/W
of
the
road
should
be
protected.
Plot
Size
a)
Only
filling
stations
30
m.
x
17
m.
and
small
size
18
m.
x
15
m.
(for
two
and
three
wheelers)
b)
Filling-­‐‑cum-­‐‑service
station
minimum
size
36
m.
x
30
m.
and
maximum
45
m.
x
33
m.
c)
Frontage
of
the
plot
should
not
be
less
than
30
m.
d)
Longer
side
of
the
plot
should
be
the
frontage.
New
Petrol
Pump
shall
not
be
located
on
roads
having
less
than
30
m.
R/W.

18.
18
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
pneumatic refuse collection, or automated vacuum collection
An
automated
vacuum
waste
collection
system,
also
known
as
pneumatic
refuse
collection,
or
automated
vacuum
collection
(AVAC),
transports
waste
at
high
speed
through
underground
pneumatic
tubes
to
a
collection
station
where
it
is
compacted
and
sealed
in
containers.
When
the
container
is
full,
it
is
transported
away
and
emptied.
The
system
helps
facilitate
separation
and
recycling
of
waste
http://ifonlysingaporeans.blogspot.jp/2015/06/less-­‐‑odour-­‐‑with-­‐‑yuhuas-­‐‑automated-­‐‑
waste.html
Waste
Treatment
Technology
in
JAPAN
Collection,
Transportation
and
Storage

19.
19
Waste
Pneumatic
Transportation
System
Outline
There
are
many
problems
in
collection
of
municipal
solid
waste
by
conventional
vehicles
transportation
system
such
as
noise
from
collecting
vehicles,
bad
odor
and
scattered
residue.
Kobe
Steel's
waste
pneumatic
transportation
system
can
eliminate
these
problems
by
collecting
waste
by
means
of
air
flow
through
underground
pipe
line,
like
vacuum
cleaner.
System construction
Kobe
Steel's
waste
pneumatic
transportation
system
is
consisted
of
waste
disposal
posts,
storages,
pipe
lines,
separators
with
dust
collectors,
blowers,
de-­‐‑odorizers
and
control
system.
There
are
two
types
of
disposal
posts,
one
is
for
dust
suit
type
installed
in
tall
buildings
and
the
other
is
for
floor
type
installed
at
parks
or
lower
buildings.
In
order
to
reject
unsuited
waste
for
this
transportation
system,
a
device
to
restrict
of
waste
volume
is
installed
in
the
waste
disposal
posts.
Waste
disposed
at
the
posts
is
stored
once
in
the
storage.
The
capacity
of
the
storage
is
selected
by
the
predicted
disposal
volume
of
waste.
The
waste
is
transported
to
the
collection
center
through
pipe
line
by
means
of
vacuum
operation.
At
the
collection
center,
the
waste
is
exhausted
from
the
pipe
line
by
the
separator
with
dust
collector.
The
waste
is
then
sent
to
the
adjacent
incineration
plant
directly
or
after
compaction.
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/26/japan/Waste-­‐‑025.html
Features
1.
Complete
closed
and
sanitary
system.
2.
Easy
operation
can
be
provided
by
computer
control
system.
3.
Waste
can
be
disposed
24
hours
per
day.
4.
Waste
collecting
vehicle
can
be
eliminated
from
the
town.
5.
Recycle
can
be
realized
by
the
addition
of
sorting
system.
6.
Safety
design.

20.
20
Specification
System flow of waste pneumatic transportation system

21.
21
WASTE TO ENERGY & FUEL
• Incineration
is
a
waste
treatment
process
that
involves
the
combustion
of
organic
substances
contained
in
waste
materials.
• Incineration
of
waste
materials
converts
the
waste
into
ash,
flue
gas,
and
heat.
• The
heat
generated
by
incineration
can
be
used
to
generate
electric
power
OR
• produce
a
combustible
fuel
commodity,
such
as
methane,
methanol,
ethanol
or
synthetic
fuels.
WASTE TO COMPOST
Composting
• Organic
matter
constitutes
35%–40%
of
the
municipal
solid
waste
generated
in
India.
• This
waste
can
be
recycled
by
the
method
of
composting,
one
of
the
oldest
forms
of
disposal.
• It
is
the
natural
process
of
decomposition
of
organic
waste
that
yields
manure
or
compost,
which
is
very
rich
in
nutrients.
• Burning
organic
matter
generates
bio
mass.
•

22.
22
• biomass
is
used
to
generate
electricity.

23.
23
SMART WATER
o Smart
meters
&
Management
o Leakage
identification
o Water
quality
monitoring
o Detect
leakages
and
wastes
of
factories
in
rivers.
o River
Floods, Monitoring
of
water
level
variations
in
rivers,
dams
and
reservoirs.
o Looping
water
use
would
be
another
solution
(use
of
gray
water)
o Renewable
energy
sources
for
water
facilities
(solar
power,
wind
power
etc)
o Storm
water
management
Smart Metering Definition
o Smart
meters
are
Interval
meters
on
customer
premises
that
measure
consumption
during
specific
time
periods
and
communicate
it
to
the
utility,
often
on
a
daily
basis.
o While
in
the
electric
industry,
measurement
intervals
can
be
as
short
as
every
10
or
15
minutes,
o Water
intervals
of
30
to
60
minutes
or
longer
generally
provide
adequate
information.
Why Use Smart Metering?
• Information
to
the
Customer
• Information
to
the
Utility
• Better
Services
Without
Incremental
Costs
• Metering
and
measuring
facility
water
use
help
to
analyze
saving
opportunities.
• This
also
assures
the
equipment
is
run
correctly
and
maintained
properly
to
help
prevent
water
waste
from
leaks
or
malfunctioning
mechanical
equipment.

24.
24
As
drought
and
population
growth
sharpen
the
focus
on
water
issues,
utilities,
environmental
groups,
and
government
bodies
are
increasingly
looking
to
smart
metering
to:
• Help
customers
better
understand
their
water
use
and
curb
waste.
• Identify
leaks.
• Under
pin
new
rate
and
regulatory
programs
that
respond
flexibly
to
community
water
needs.
• Smart
metering
may
also
include:
At
the
customer
site:
An
easy
to
read
display.
It
helps
customers
check
for
leaks,
reduce
consumption,
and
monitor
compliance
with
local
restrictions.
At
the
utility:
Additional
data
collection
and
processing
Software,
such
as
a
meter
data
management
application.
This
isolates
the
existing
billing
system
from
the
increasing
meter
data
volumes
that
smart
metering
introduces.
Smart meters – Water, electricity and gas
HOME
DISPLAYS

25.
25
HOME BASED and INDUSTRY BASED
FLUID
Is
A
Smart
Water
Meter
For
Your
Home
• FLUID
is
a
smart
water
meter
that
helps
you
understand
exactly
when,
where
and
how
much
water
you’re
consuming
in
your
home
on
a
daily
basis
• FLUID
simply
snaps
around
the
main
water
pipe
in
your
home.
You
plug
it
in,
connect
it
to
your
Wi-­‐‑Fi,
and
download
the
FLUID
app
to
access
real-­‐‑time
reports
on
your
iPhone
or
Android.
• Using
ultrasonic
technology
—
essentially
sending
pulses
from
one
ultrasonic
transducer
to
another
—
the
device
is
able
to
measure
the
rate
of
water
flow
without
cutting
into
the
pipe.
• In
the
case
of
a
leak,
FLUID
serves
as
a
disaster
prevention
tool,
alerting
you
immediately
before
your
basement
floods
and
your
water
bill
spikes
to
all
new
heights.
Including
All
Potential
Benefits
Smart
Metering
may
be
hard
to
cost-­‐‑justify
if
it
rests
solely
on
lower
water
use.
It
is
easier
to
cost-­‐‑
justify
when
it
includes,
for
instance,
the
value
of:
o Ensuring
that
all
meters
are
recording
water
flow
following
repair
of
abreak
in
a
main.
o Remote
programming
that
enables
customers
to
use
new
products
or
services
to
advance
community
and
environmental.
o Fewer
meter
readers
,which
means
lower
total
costs
for
salary,
benefits
and
workers
compensation.
o Remote
rather
than
expensive
and
occasionally
risky
on-­‐‑site
disconnects
or
flow
restrictions.
o Less
wasted
time
in
attempts
to
pin
point
the
size
and
source
of
leaks
and
breaks.
o Lower
risk
to
public
safety
from
flooded
intersections
or
lack
of
service
to
hydrants.
o Better
meter
reading
accuracy,
resulting
in
fewer
calls
to
the
contact
center.

26.
26
o Faster
theft
or
other
loss
detection.
o Lower
electricity
costs
(for
those
utilities
using
electric
pumps).
o Reduced
use
of
chemicals
currently
used
to
treat
water
that
is
then
wasted
through
leakage
from
water
mains
or
via
customer-­‐‑premises
leaks
from
pipes
or
fixtures.
o Longer
lifespans
for
water
treatment
equipment.
WATER LEAKAGES
Smart Water: pipe control to reduce water leakages in Smart Cities
Water
is
becoming
a
scarcer
resource
due
to
many
reasons:
• Increased
city
populations
mean
increased
demand
for
water
• Climactic
changes
have
reduced
rainfall
forecasts
• Traditional
water
extraction
methods
have
depleted
available
water
from
some
local
sources.
Smart
cities
must
monitor
water
supply
and
distribution
to
ensure
that
there
is
sufficient
access
for
citizen
and
industry
use
and
also
to
save
money.
For
example
the
amount
of
a
city’s
water
supply
that
is
lost
to
water
leakage
is
as
high
as:
• Up
to
20%
in
Canadian
municipalities
• 20
%
in
United
Kingdom,
Spain,
Malta,
and
the
Czech
Republic
• 25%
in
Rome.

27.
27
• 40
%
in
India
(Times
of
India)
• Nearly
50%
in
London
and
Vietnam
Water leakage detectors : Sensor technology solutions
Wireless
Sensor
Networks
provide
the
technology
for
cities
to
more
accurately
monitor
their
water
pipe
systems
and
identify
their
greatest
water
loss
risks.
Cities
that
are
addressing
water
leakages
with
sensor
technology
are
generating
high
savings
from
their
investment.
Tokyo,
for
example,
has
calculated
they
save
$USD170
million
each
year
by
detecting
water
leakage
problems
early.
Libelium’s
Smart
Metering
Sensor
Board
includes
a
water
flow
sensor
that
can
detect
pipe
flow
rates
ranging
from
0.15
to
60
litres/minute.
The
system
can
report
pipe
flow
measurement
data
regularly,
as
well
as
send
automatic
alerts
if
water
use
is
outside
of
an
expected
normal
range.
This
allows
a
smart
city
to
identify
the
location
of
leaking
pipes
and
prioritize
repairs
based
on
the
amount
of
water
loss
that
could
be
prevented.
Libelium’s
Smart
Metering
Sensor

28.
28
WATER QUALITY MONITORING
Water
and
Air
Quality
Monitoring
in
Civil
Works
OR
WATER
TREATMENT
PLANTS
• Environmental
impacts
detection
system
in
real
time
which
allows
measure
water
quality
and
other
atmospheric
parameters
based
on
libelium
wireless
sensor
networks
technology.
•
Case
example
• This
project
has
been
deployed
in
the
“villapérez”
water
treatment
plant
construction,
located
in
oviedo
(asturias,
spain).

29.
29
The
four
Waspmote
Plug
&
Sense!
Sensor
Platform
installed
monitor
the
following
environmental
and
water
quality
parameters:
• Waspmote
Plug
&
Sense!
Smart
Water:
Turbidity,
Oxidation-­‐‑Reduction
Potential
(ORP),
pH,
Dissolved
Oxygen
(DO)
and
Temperature.
• Waspmote
Plug
&
Sense!
Smart
Environment:
particle
matter
PM1;
PM2,5
PM10,
and
Temperature,
Humidity,
Pressure
atmospheric.
• Waspmote
Plug
&
Sense!
Smart
Cities:
day,
evening
and
night
Luminosity.
• Waspmote
Plug
&
Sense!
Smart
Cities:
Luminosity
and
temperature.
The
Waspmote
Plug
&
Sense!
autonomous
sensors
which
measure
the
water
quality
are
installed
in
the
processed
water
from
the
water
treatment
plant
way
out
manhole.
From
there,
data
is
sent
to
the
Meshlium
Gateway
and
the
information
is
processed
in
VisionTech4Life
apps,
which
send
alerts
and
enables
to
analyze
the
results
in
the
medium
and
long
term.

30.
30
“Smart
Water
is
an
improvement
on
existing
water
quality
control
in
terms
of
accuracy,
efficiency,
and
low
operational
costs.
For
municipalities,
water
quality
detection
and
monitoring
systems
have
to
be
reliable,
autonomous,
and
flexible,
Smart
Water
Sensors
to
monitor
water
quality
in
rivers,
lakes
and
the
sea
• Libelium
launched
Waspmote
Smart
Water
is
suitable
for
potable
water
monitoring,
chemical
leakage
detection
in
rivers,
remote
measurement
of
swimming
pools
and
spas,
and
levels
of
seawater
pollution.
• The
Waspmote
Smart
Water
platform
is
an
ultra
low-­‐‑power
sensor
node
designed
for
use
in
rugged
environments
and
deployment
in
Smart
Cities
in
hard-­‐‑to-­‐‑access
locations
to
detect
changes
and
potential
risk
to
public
health
in
real
time.

31.
31
• The
water
quality
parameters
measured
include
pH,
dissolved
oxygen
(DO),
oxidation-­‐‑reduction
potential
(ORP),
conductivity
(salinity),
turbidity,
temperature
and
dissolved
ions
(Fluoride
(Fluoride
(F-­‐‑),
Calcium
(Ca2+),
Nitrate
(NO3-­‐‑),
Chloride
(Cl-­‐‑),
Iodide
(I-­‐‑),
Cupric
(Cu2+),
Bromide
(Br-­‐‑),
Silver
(Ag+),
Fluoroborate
(BF4-­‐‑),
Ammonia
(NH4),
Lithium
(Li+),
Magnesium
(Mg2+),
Nitrite
(NO2-­‐‑),
Perchlorate
(ClO4),
Potassium
(K+),
Sodium
(Na+).
Monitoring the Water Quality in a Smart Water Distribution Network
• Water
distribution
networks
are
steadily
entering
the
age
of
smart
technology
and
communication.
As
this
movement
develops,
more
governments,
municipalities
and
urban
planners
are
embracing
the
internet
of
things
(iot)
for
intelligent
water
distribution
systems.
The
Smart
LEATM
system
has
been
developed
by
Blue
I
Water
Technologies
FEATURES
SMART
LEA
:
Independent
Power
Supply
• Provides
practical,
efficient
and
viable
solution
for
gathering
and
communicating
water
quality
data
without
relying
on
a
city’s
power
supply
to
gather
and
transmit
data
in
a
smart
water
network.

32.
32
• Self-­‐‑powered
by
a
long-­‐‑life
battery,
the
device’s
innovative
measurement
sequence
and
operation
algorithms
reduce
power
consumption
and
significantly
prolong
battery
life.
• This
means
that
site
visits
for
maintenance
can
be
significantly
reduced
and
that
measurement
can
therefore
be
performed
where
it
is
needed
and
not
where
it
is
simply
convenient.
• By
doing
so,
operations
are
improved
so
as
to
secure
safe
and
healthy
water
for
all
consumers.
SENSORS
:
Low
Energy
Analyzers
to
Monitor
All
Locations
in
the
Smart
Water
Network
• High-­‐‑precision
water
quality
sensors
and
analysis
devices
that
can
perform
online
data
collection
and
streaming
are
integral
components
for
the
‘intelligent’
operations
of
a
distribution
system.
• They
make
it
possible
sustain
an
environmentally
sound,
reliable,
efficient
and
safe
distribution
process,
all
along
the
route
from
source
to
tap.
• The
device
performs
periodical
and
on-­‐‑demand
measurements
in
areas
with
restricted
accessibility
in
the
water
distribution
network.
GSM/GPRS
The
measurement
data
and
alarms
are
logged
locally
and
also
transmitted
through
GSM/GPRS
data
communication
systems.

33.
33
Real Time Monitoring of Water Level Variations In Rivers and Flood Alerting
System using (Advanced Risk Machine)Arm7
MONITORING FLOODS

34.
34
Hardware Requirements:
This
project
requires
some
hardware
components
such
as
ARM
(Advanced
Risk
Machine),
• Flow
Sensor,
• Temperature
Sensor,
• Raindrop
Sensor,
• GPRS
and
GSM.

35.
35
Looping water reuse
ONCE THROUGH SYSTEM
In
a
traditional
urban
water
system,
after
water
use,
wastewater
is
treated
to
certain
legalized
quality
levels
when
discharged
into
receiving
water
bodies.
Such
a
water
use
system
is
generally
regarded
as
a
once-­‐‑through
system
(Indigo,
2003).
In
such
system
water
is
only
used
once,
so
the
efficiency
of
water
use
is
low.
LOOPED SYSTEM
looped
system
created
when
treated
wastewater
is
reused
for
some
applications
which
do
not
require
high-­‐‑quality
drinking
water,
such
as
irrigation
and
sanitation.
Wastewater
reuse
practices
will
help
in
satisfying
more
water
demands
while
effluent
discharge
can
be
reduced.
Although
a
looped
system
is
relatively
complex,
it
provides
much
higher
water
use
efficiency.

36.
36
JAPAN as a good model for other developing and developed countries in
WATER LOOPING SYSTEM
o Japan
stands
out
as
a
nation
that
adopted
a
mix
of
water
reuse
strategies
that
included
closed
loop
type
systems
at
a
very
early
stage
and
in
a
more
significant
manner.
o Japan
also
utilized
a
blend
of
reclaimed
water
sources:
municipal
wastewater,
grey
water
and
rainwater.
o As
a
result
of
concentrated
high
density
growth
in
post
World
War
II
Japan,
urban
areas
that
lacked
adequate
water
resource
systems
were
forced
to
find
alternative
solutions.
o As
a
result,
Japan
became
the
leader
in
urban
water
reuse,
with
8%
of
the
total
reclaimed
water
being
used
for
urban
purposes
through
a
number
of
mechanisms
which
includes
decentralized
closed
loop
and
open
loop
systems.
o Because
of
Japan’s
focus
on
urban
water
reuse,
it
stands
as
a
good
model
for
other
developing
and
developed
countries
that
seek
to
establish
water
reuse
systems
as
part
of
urban
development
and
redevelopment.
o The
first
indoor
closed
loop
water
reuse
projects
beginning
in
1984,
in
the
shinjuku
district
of
tokyo.
o Wastewater,
greywater
and
rainwater
being
captured
in
the
building
or
from
neighboring
buildings.
Some
systems
are
therefore
very
small
but
taken
together

37.
37
this
entire
network
of
large
area
systems
combined
within
building
systems
results
in
61%
of
all
non
potable
water
demand
being
met
with
reuse
water
in
tokyo.
o It
was
reported
in
1996
that
there
were
a
total
of
2,100
buildings
using
some
form
of
water
reuse
and
that
130
new
water
reuse
systems
were
being
installed
each
year.
(Yamagata)
o In
addition,
of
the
1,718
wastewater
treatment
plants
that
exist
in
japan,
240
plants
distribute
water
for
reuse
in
various
forms.
o Currently
it
is
reported
that
4.2
million
gallons
per
day
of
reuse
water
for
toilet
flushing
is
distributed
from
the
larger
plants
and
46
smaller
plants
provide
14.2
million
gallons
per
day
of
reuse
for
various
in-­‐‑building
uses,
including
toilet
flushing,
cooling
and
plant
watering.
o In
tokyo
the
requirement
for
water
reuse
is
for
all
buildings
over
10,000
square
meters
and
in
osaka
and
fukuoma
the
requirement
for
water
reuse
is
for
all
buildings
over
5,000
square
meters.
Additionally,
nonpotable
reuse
water
is
utilized
to
supply
fire
suppression
systems

38.
38
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT
Following
are
some
of
the
green
infrastructure
and
LID(Low
impact
development)
practices
uses
to
reduce
storm
water
runoff
and
pollution:
• Green
Roofs
• Rain
Barrels
and
Cisterns
• Permeable
Pavements
• Bio
retention
Areas
• Vegetated
Swales/Dry
Swales
• Curb
and
Gutter
Elimination
• Vegetated
Filter
Strips
• Sand
and
Organic
Filters
• Constructed
Wetlands
• Riparian
Buffers
Green Roofs
“Green”
roofs
are
covered
with
vegetation
to
enable
rainfall
infiltration
and
evapotranspiration
of
stored
water.
A
green
roof
can
also
reduce
the
effects
of
atmospheric
pollution,
reduce
energy
costs,
decrease
the
“heat
island”
effect
and
create
an
attractive
environment.
Case
examples
Epa(Environmental
protection
agency
)
incorporated
green
rooftops
at
its
new
england
regional
office
in
boston.
Rainwater
is
collected
from
the
4th,
5th
and
17th
floor
rooftops,
stored
in
cisterns
and
distributed
by
a
solar-­‐‑powered
pump
to
irrigate
the
green
roof.
The
a.W.
Breidenbach
environmental
research
center
in
cincinnati,
ohio,USA
has
an
8,000-­‐‑
square-­‐‑foot
green
roof.
The
roof
provides
1,000
cubic
feet
of
water
storage,
enough
to
retain
the
rainfall
from
a
1.6-­‐‑inch
storm.
Epa
also
has
green
roofs
at
its
offices
in
arlington,
virginia,
and
denver,
colorado,
as
well
as
the
atlantic
ecology
division
laboratory
in
narragansett,
rhode
island.

39.
39
Rain Barrels and Cisterns
• Rain
barrels
and
cisterns
harvest
rainwater
primarily
from
rooftops
for
reuse.
Rain
barrels
are
placed
at
roof
downspouts,
and
cisterns
store
rainwater
in
larger
volumes
in
tanks
for
use
in
non-­‐‑potable
applications
such
as
toilet
flushing.
• Epa
headquarters
in
washington,
d.C.,
Has
installed
six
1,000-­‐‑gallon
cisterns
that
are
used
to
irrigate
headquarters’
landscaping
as
part
of
an
LID
demonstration
project.
Permeable Pavements

40.
40
• Permeable
surfaces,
unlike
impermeable
surfaces
such
as
asphalt
or
concrete,
allow
storm
water
to
infiltrate
through
porous
surfaces
into
the
soil
and
groundwater.
• EPA
parking
lots,
driveways
or
sidewalks
include
pervious
concrete,
porous
asphalt,
pervious
interlocking
concrete
pavers
or
grid
pavers.
• Epa
installed
a
300,000-­‐‑square-­‐‑foot
permeable
pavement
parking
lot
with
porous
asphalt,
porous
concrete
and
pervious
interlocking
paver
blocks
at
its
region
2
laboratory
in
edison,
new
jersey,
to
research
the
effects
of
different
permeable
surfaces
on
stormwater
runoff.
Bioretention Areas
• Bioretention
areas
are
shallow,
landscaped
depressions
that
allow
runoff
to
pond
in
a
designated
area,
then
filter
through
soil
and
vegetation.
Small-­‐‑scale
bioretention
areas
are
also
known
as
rain
gardens.
• Epa
employees
at
the
environmental
science
center
in
fort
meade,
maryland,
helped
construct
a
rain
garden
with
native
grasses
and
wildflowers.
Rain
chains
guide
rainwater
from
the
roof
gutter
to
the
garden.

41.
41
Vegetated Swales/Dry Swales
• Swales
are
drainage
paths
or
vegetated
channels
used
to
transport
water.
They
can
be
used
in
small
drainage
areas
with
low
runoff
instead
of
underground
storm
sewers
or
concrete
open
channels.
• Swales
help
slow
runoff,
facilitate
infiltration
and
filter
pollutants
as
runoff
flows
through
the
system.
•
Curb and Gutter Elimination
• Curbs
and
gutters
collect
and
transport
runoff
quickly
to
a
stormwater
drain
without
allowing
for
infiltration
or
pollutant
removal.
Eliminating
curbs
or
adding
curb
cuts
allows
runoff
to
be
directed
into
pervious
areas
and
filtered
through
LID

42.
42
features.
Swales
can
also
be
used
to
replace
curbs
and
gutters
as
a
way
to
convey
runoff.
Vegetated Filter Strips
• Vegetated
filter
strips
are
bands
of
dense
vegetation
through
which
runoff
is
directed.
They
are
best
for
gently
sloping
areas,
where
channelized
flow
is
not
likely.
• Filter
strips
may
treat
runoff
from
roads
and
highways,
roof
downspouts,
very
small
parking
lots
and
impervious
surfaces.
Sand and Organic Filters
• Runoff
directed
to
these
filters
infiltrates
through
a
sand
bed
to
remove
floatables,
particulate
metals
and
pollutants.
They
are
typically
used
as
a
component
of
a
treatment
train
to
remove
pollution
from
stormwater
before
discharge
to
receiving
waters,
to
groundwater
or
for
reuse.

43.
43
• Epa’s
region
7
office
in
lenexa,
kansas,
has
vegetated
swales,
sand
filters
and
a
constructed
wetland
that
treat
and
infiltrate
100
percent
of
the
stormwater
on
the
30-­‐‑acre
property.
Constructed Wetlands
• Constructed
wetlands
mimic
natural
wetlands.
They
capture
and
filter
stormwater
and
create
diverse
wildlife
habitat.
They
are
designed
to
contain
standing
water
on
the
surface
or
water
saturated
just
below
the
soil
surface.

44.
44
Riparian Buffers
A
riparian
buffer
is
an
area
along
a
shoreline,
wetland
or
stream
where
development
is
restricted
or
prohibited.
The
primary
function
is
to
physically
separate
and
protect
the
aquatic
area
from
future
disturbance
or
encroachment.
A
properly
designed
buffer
can
act
as
a
right-­‐‑of-­‐‑way
during
floods,
sustaining
the
integrity
of
aquatic
ecosystems
and
habitats.
Renewable energy sources for water facilities (solar power, wind power
etc)

45.
45
ENERGY MANAGEMENT
ENERGY
MANAGEMENT
o Renewable
source
of
energy
o Energy
efficient
and
green
buildings
o Integrated
energy
solutions
o Urban
wind
power
o Smart
grid
system
with
distributed
power
sources
o Ene-­‐‑farm
(self
power
plant
from
hydrogen)
o Smart
meters
and
management
o Environmental
sensors
o Hydrogen
reuse
system
o Co
generation
Renewable source of energy
Renewable
energy
is
energy
generated
from
natural
resources—such
as
sunlight,
wind,
rain,
tides
and
geothermal
heat—which
are
renewable
(naturally
replenished).
Renewable
energy
technologies
range
from
o Wind
power
o Solar
energy

46.
46
o Hydropower:
hydroelectricity/micro
hydro
o Geothermal
energy
o Bio
energy:
biomass
and
biofuels
for
transportation
o Energy
storage
Renewable
energy
often
utilizes
in
four
areas:
´ Electricity
generation
´ Hot
water/space
heating
´ Transportation
and
´ Rural
(off-­‐‑grid)
energy
services
Energy efficient and green buildings
´ Today,
buildings
worldwide
account
for
up
to
40%
of
total
end-­‐‑use
energy.
The
US,
OECD/
Europe
and
Russia
consume
most
of
their
energy
in
the
building
sector
(about
40%)
.
´ There
is
over
50%
saving
potential
in
the
building
sector
and
thus
it
is
considered
as
a
potential
sector
to
meet
the
challenges
of
global
energy
and
climate
change.
It
was
predicted
by
International
Panel
on
Climate
Change
(IPCC)
that
CO2
emissions
from
buildings
(including
through
the
use
of
electricity)
could
increase
from
8.6
billion
tonnes
in
2004
to
15.6
in
2030
under
a
high
growth
scenario
(Levine
et
al.,
2007).

47.
47
Global
energy
demand
by
sector
in
2005
(source:
IEA,
2008)
CO2
emissions
from
building
sector
under
high
growth
scenario
(including
the
use
of
electricity).
(Source:
Levine
et
al.,
2007).
Building
types:
Commercial
and
residential
buildings

48.
48
(a)
Existing
building
floor
spaces
(b)
average
floor
space
per
person
(Source:
WBCSD,
2007)
Building
energy
projection
by
regions
in
2003
and
2030
(Source:
IEA,
2008).

49.
49
Global
differences
in
home
size
and
energy
use
(Source:
WBCSD,
2009).
“Zero-­energy” or “Zero-­carbon” new buildings
´ Zero-­‐‑energy”
buildings
are
usually
built
with
significant
energy-­‐‑saving
features
such
as
building
orientation,
solar
panel
roofs
and
super
insulated
HAVC
system.
´ The
goal
of
green
building
is
to
increase
the
efficiency
of
resource
use
(including
energy,
water
and
materials)
and
reduce
the
building’s
negative
impacts
on
the
environment
during
the
building’s
lifecycle.
´ The
UK
government
made
its
commitment
to
be
the
first
in
the
world
to
require
zero
carbon
homes
as
a
law
from
2016.

50.
50
Case study 1: Senedd (National Assembly building),-­the green building for
the National Assembly for Wales, UK
´ The
home
of
the
national
Assembly
for
Wales,
the
Senedd
building,
costs
some
£67
million
and
was
completed
in
2006.
´ It
has
won
important
award
for
sustainable
construction
to
recognize
the
“green”
principles
within
its
design
(BBC,
2009).
´ It
has
low
environmental
impact
achieved
through
the
use
of
renewable
and
low
energy
solutions
to
generate
heat
and
maintain
the
building.
´ For
example,
the
roof
plane
around
the
top
building
turns
down
to
form
a
funnel
into
the
debating
chamber,
allowing
ventilation
and
natural
light.
o Natural
ventilation
is
used
in
nearly
all
areas
of
the
building.
Offices
do
not
have
air
conditioning
as
outlets
in
the
floor
push
cool
air
into
the
rooms.
o The
earth
heat
exchange
system
uses
the
earth
as
both
a
heat
source
and
a
heat
sink.

51.
51
o A
biomass
boiler
fuelled
by
local
wood
chips
helps
to
reduce
carbon-­‐‑
dioxide
emission.
o Rainwater
is
collected
on
to
roof
and
used
to
supply
the
toilets
and
window
washing.
Passivhaus” or “Passive house” in EU
“Passive
house”
(Passivhaus
in
German)
refers
to
energy
efficiency
buildings
mainly
built
in
Europe.
It
requires
little
energy
for
space
heating
or
cooling.
Passive
houses
can
be
warmed
not
only
by
the
sun,
but
also
by
the
heat
from
appliances
and
even
from
occupants’
bodies
(Rosenthal,
2008).
Up
to
date,
about
15,000
to
20,000
passive
houses
have
been
built
worldwide,
most
of
them
in
German-­‐‑speaking
countries
or
Scandinavia,
including
residential
homes
and
offices,
new
and
renovated
buildings.
According
to
a
report
by
the
World
Business
Council
for
Sustainable
Development
(WBCSD,
2007),
there
are
five
key
elements
for
passive
houses:
´ The
envelope
-­‐‑
all
components
should
be
highly
insulated
´ Air-­‐‑tightness
-­‐‑
stop
air
leakage
through
unsealed
joints
´ Ventilation
-­‐‑
use
a
mechanical
system
with
heat
recovery
´ Thermal
bridges
-­‐‑
control
heat
loss
from
poorly
insulated
points
such
as
window
and
doors
´ Windows-­‐‑minimise
heat
loss
in
winter
and
heat
gain
in
summer.

52.
52
Googleplex, California, USA
´ Googleplex,
Google’s
headquarters
in
Mountain
View,
California
is
an
example
of
a
zero-­‐‑energy
commercial
building
with
a
1.6
megawatt
photovoltaic
campus-­‐‑wide
renewable
power
system.
´ Google
has
developed
advanced
technology
for
major
reductions
in
computer-­‐‑
server
energy
consumption
which
is
becoming
a
part
of
zero-­‐‑energy
commercial
building
design.
´ In
the
US,
zero
energy
building
research
is
supported
by
the
US
Department
of
Energy
(DOE)
Building
America
Program.
´ DOE
plans
to
invest
a
$40
million
fund
during
2008-­‐‑2012
to
develop
net-­‐‑zero-­‐‑
energy
homes
that
consume
50%
to
70%
less
energy
than
conventional
homes
(DOE,
2007).

53.
53
Financial benefits of green buildings
Category
Saving
(
per
square
foot)
(based
on
20-­‐‑year
net
present
value)
Energy
savings
$5.8
Emission
savings
$1.2
Water
savings
$0.5
Operations
and
maintenance
savings
$8.5
Productivity
and
health
benefits
$36.9-­‐‑$55.3
Subtotal
$52.9-­‐‑$71.3
Average
extra
cost
of
building
green
(-­‐‑$3
-­‐‑$5)

54.
54
Integrated energy solutions
DEFINITIONS
´ Systems
which
can
manage
electricity,
heat
and
cooling
together.
´ Distributed
generation
and
micro
grids
in
a
same
system.
´ Planning
of
energy
in
supply
side
and
also
demand
side
is
an
integrated
energy
planning.
In
the
face
of
climate
change
and
resource
scarcity,
the
world’s
energy
system
is
on
the
verge
of
a
major
transformation.
In
order
to
massively
reduce
CO2
emissions,
there
is
a
need
to
build
a
new
energy
system
that
is
based
on
a
greatly
expanded
use
of
renewable
energies.
It
is
almost
certain
that
in
20
or
30
years
time
the
world
will
have
a
very
different
energy
system
from
the
one
that
currently
exists.
The
technological
building
blocks
for
the
transition
to
a
sustainable
energy
future
already
exist
in
the
form
of
decentralized
cogeneration
plants,
wind
turbines,
large
and
small
biogas
plants,
solar
energy
and
various
types
of
biomass
for
energy
purposes.
The
primary
task,
therefore,
is
to
integrate
the
various
forms
of
renewable
energy,
sometimes
in
combination
with
natural
gas,
in
order
to
achieve
the
maximum
utilization
of
renewable
energy
sources
and
supplies.
Total
20-­‐‑year
net
benefit
$50-­‐‑$65

55.
55
Integrated energy system at community level

56.
56
URBAN WIND POWER
o Commercial
and
residential
buildings
suck
up
over
60%
of
the
U.S.’s
electrical
power.
o Alternative
energy
solutions
are
needed
for
both
new
and
existing
buildings.
AeroVironment,
Inc.
a
company
best
known
for
its
unmanned
aircraft
systems
may
have
one
solution,
a
product
they
call
Architectural
Wind.
o AeroVironment
was
recently
awarded
three
utility
patents,
six
U.S.
design
patents
and
12
European
design
patents
for
the
Architectural
Wind
system
designed
for
rooftop
installation
on
urban
buildings.
An
urban
helical
turbine
at
work.
• These
elegant
objects
are
actually
a
new
class
of
vertical-­‐‑axis
windmill.
• They
are
able
to
produce
electricity
in
the
variable
winds
of
urban
environments,
unlike
the
traditional
turbines
used
at
large
wind
farms.
• By
using
the
twisted-­‐‑ribbon
shape
of
a
helix,
these
generators
overcome
the
barriers
that
have
impeded
the
adaptation
of
other
windmill
types
to
small-­‐‑scale
home
use,
such
as
noise,
impact
and
price.
•
Chicago’

57.
57

58.
58
wind tree
Jérôme
Michaud-­‐‑Larivière,
the
founder
of
the
company
New
Wind,
says
that
“The
idea
came
to
me
in
a
square
where
I
saw
the
leaves
tremble
when
there
was
not
a
breath
of
air.”
He
went
on
to
hypothesize
that
the
energy
“had
to
come
from
somewhere
and
be
translatable
into
watts.”
Other
turbine
ideas
have
hit
the
headlines,
but
the
wind
tree
is
the
first
that
fully
integrates
form
and
function
rather
than
being
an
add
on.
The
Wind
tree
will
be
on
display
in
Paris
Place
de
Concorde
in
May
2015.
What Is ENEFARM?
ENEFARM
is
a
residential
hot
water
supply
and
hot
water
space
heating
system
that
can
also
generate
electricity.
It
produces
electricity
by
extracting
hydrogen
from
LP
gas
or
city
gas
for
use
in
a
chemical
reaction
with
oxygen
in
the
air
and
utilizes
heat
produced
during
power
generation
for
hot
water
supply
or
space
heating.
Since
ENEFARM
can
produce
energy
at
home
or
wherever
it
is
needed,
it
is
an
environment-­‐‑friendly
system
that
makes
possible
waste-­‐‑free,
efficient
energy
use.

59.
59
The Power Generation Principle of ENEFARM
The
power
generation
mechanism
utilizes
the
reverse
principle
of
electrolysis
of
water,
in
which
an
electric
current
is
passed
through
water
to
break
it
down
into
hydrogen
and
oxygen.
First,
hydrogen
is
extracted
from
LP
gas
or
city
gas.
Electricity
is
then
generated
through
a
chemical
reaction
between
the
hydrogen
and
oxygen
in
the
air.
Since
both
electricity
and
heat
are
simultaneously
generated
at
the
time
of
the
chemical
reaction,
the
heat
is
used
to
produce
hot
water
for
the
home.
ENEFARM System Configuration
ENEFARM
consists
of
a
fuel
cell
unit
and
a
hot
water
storage
unit.
At
the
fuel
cell
unit,
electricity
is
generated
through
a
chemical
reaction
between
hydrogen
extracted
from
gas
and
oxygen
in
the
air.
The
heat
generated
is
used
to
heat
water,
which
is
stored
in
the
hot
water
storage
unit.

60.
60
Wind Energy
Charles
F.
Brush
is
widely
credited
with
designing
and
erecting
the
world’s
first
automatically
operating
wind
turbine
for
electricity
generation.
The
turbine,
which
was
installed
in
Cleveland,
Ohio,
in
1887,
operated
for
20
years
with
a
peak
power
production
of
12
kW
Nowadays,
the
typical
values
for
power
output
of
the
modern
turbines
deployed
around
the
world
are
about
1.5
to
3.5
MW
with
blade
lengths
of
more
than
40
m
for
onshore
and
60
m
for
offshore
applications.
Charles
F.
Brush’s
wind
turbine
(1887,
Cleveland,
Ohio),
the
world’s
first
automatically
operating
wind
turbine
for
electricity
generation.

61.
61
WIND POWER CAPACITY IN INDIA
LEGEND
o New
Policies
scenario
shows
a
basically
flat
market
and
slightly
decreasing
market
for
wind
power
for
the
next
two
decades

62.
62
o The
moderate
scenario
is
more
likely
in
a
world
which
carries
on
more
or
less
the
way
it
has
been,
with
wind
power
continuing
to
gain
ground
but
still
struggling
o The
Advanced
scenario
shows
the
potential
of
wind
power
to
produce
20%
or
more
of
global
electricity
supply
in
a
world
Solar Energy
Solar
Tower
Power
Plant
SSPS,
Tabernas
Desert
in
Spain
´ A
handful
of
thermal
solar
energy
plants,
most
of
them
experimental,
have
been
developed
over
the
last
two
decades.
The
Solar
One
power
tower
[13],
developed
in
Southern
California
in
1981,
was
in
operation
from
1982
to
1986.
It
used
1,818
mirrors,
each
40
m2,
for
a
total
area
of
72,650
m2.
´ The
Solar
Tower
Power
Plant
SSPS
was
developed
in
1980
in
the
Plataforma
Solar
de
Almeria
(PSA)
on
the
edge
of
the
Tabernas
Desert
in
Spain
´ The
plant
had
92
heliostats
(40
m2)
producing
2.7
MWth
at
the
focal
point
of
the
43-­‐‑m-­‐‑high
tower
where
the
heat
was
collected
by
liquid
sodium.
´ The
Solar
Energy
Generating
Systems
(SEGS)
[14]
begun
in
1984
in
the
Mojave
Desert
in
California
uses
parabolic-­‐‑trough
technology.
SEGS
is
composed
of
nine
solar
plants
and
is
still
the
largest
solar-­‐‑
energy-­‐‑generating
facility
in
the
world
with
a
354-­‐‑MW
installed
capacity.
´ The
plants
have
a
total
of
936,384
mirrors
and
cover
more
than
6.5
km2.
Lined
up,
the
parabolic
mirrors
would
extend
more
than
370
km.

63.
63
Smart grid system with distributed power sources
Advanced
sensing,
communication
and
control
technologies
are
used
in
these
smart
grids
not
only
for
generation
and
transmission
of
power,
but
also
distribution
and
utilization
of
electricity
in
an
intelligent
and
effective
manner.
A
Smart
Mini-­‐‑Grid
(SMG)
is
an
intelligent
electricity
distribution
network,
operating
at
or
below
11
KV,
where
the
energy
demand
is
effectively
and
intelligently
managed
by
diverse
range
of
Distributed
Energy
Resources
such
as
solar
PV,
micro-­‐‑hydro
power
plants,
wind
turbines,
biomass,
small
conventional
generators
such
as
diesel
gensets
etc.
in
combination
with
each
other
through
smart
control
techniques.
This
integrated
energy
system
comprises:
´ Variable
loads
which
are
connected
to
the
distribution
grid;
´ Diverse
range
of
small,
local
generators
based
on
distributed
energy
resources,
for
example,
solar,
wind
energy,
storage
system;
and
´ Control
and
power
conditioning
systems.

64.
64
• A
Smart
Mini-­‐‑Grid
system
is
an
application
of
digital
technology
which
optimizes
electrical
power
generation
and
delivery
• The
system
is
based
on
the
integration
of
multiple
distributed
energy
resources
(DERs)
into
the
same
grid.
• This
system
is
also
based
on
intelligent
load
and
energy
resource
management.
• It
is
designed
with
local
controllers
for
each
of
the
distributed
generation
technologies
as
well
as
a
central
controller
called
intelligent
dispatch
controller
(IDC)
which
communicates
with
the
each
local
controller.
Whereas
the
local
controllers
ensure
maximum
utilization
of
energy
resources
with
permissible
output
power,
the
IDC
performs
complex
system
control
functions
and
takes
critical
decisions
such
as
automating
the
demand
response,
dynamically
adding
or
removing
DERs
in
a
seamless
manner
(based
on
the
existing
demand)
without
affecting
the
grid
stability.

65.
65
HYDROGEN REUSE SYSTEM
´ Hydrogen
is
used
as
a
process
atmosphere
in
many
industries,
most
notably
metal
treating,
powder
metallurgy,
glassmaking,
and
semiconductor
manufacturing.
´ It
is
typically
vented
during
these
processes
in
the
same
stream
as
other
waste
gas
components.
To
date,
the
waste
hydrogen
gas
has
typically
not
been
recovered
for
reuse.
This
is
especially
true
in
smaller
scale
applications,
because
there
was
no
economical
means
by
which
to
scrub
the
gas
stream
of
accumulated
impurities,
or
to
compress
it
in
a
way
that
it
could
be
efficiently
stored
for
later
use.
Hydrogen
consumers
have
traditionally
had
two
solutions
to
the
problem
of
waste
hydrogen:
´ purchase
more
hydrogen
from
industrial
gas
suppliers
´ generate
hydrogen
on-­‐‑site
using
an
electrolyzer
or
a
reformer.

66.
66
HYDROGEN REUSE SYSTEM CITY LEVEL

67.
67
h2
renew™
Sustainable
Innovation’s
solution
to
hydrogen
supply
lies
within
its
revolutionary
H2RENEW™
technology;
capable
of
recycling
and
generating
high
purity
(99.999+%),
high
pressure
hydrogen
using
a
solid
state
process.
Hydrogen
normally
exhausted
and/or
flared
from
an
industrial
process
is
captured,
purified,
compressed,
and
stored
for
later
use.
As
a
result,
up
to
98%
of
process
hydrogen
can
be
recycled,
greatly
reducing
the
amount
of
purchased
hydrogen
and
handling
costs
and
risks.
Since
process
hydrogen
is
recycled,
there
is
no
need
for
a
large
volume
of
stored
hydrogen
on-­‐‑site,
nor
the
need
to
generate
large
quantities
of
gas.
NASA
Recycles
Hydrogen
to
Beat
Bottled
Water
Blues
´ If
you
think
high-­‐‑end
bottled
water
is
expensive
at
the
grocery
store,
you
should
try
pricing
it
in
space.
In
looking
to
possible
future
manned
missions
to
the
Moon
and
Mars,
NASA
today
sets
a
premium
on
recycling
the
water
(especially
the
hydrogen)
already
onboard
its
spacecraft.
And
with
water
shipping
cost
estimates
a
million
dollars
per
pound
or
more.
´ So
recently,
NASA
granted
Sustainable
Innovations
a
Phase
I
Small
Business
Innovation
Research
(SBIR)
Award
for
its
H2RENEW™
hydrogen
(and
therefore
water)
recycling
technology.
´ The
first
challenge
in
designing
an
onboard
spacecraft
gas
recycling
system
is
that
molecular
hydrogen
is
so
small
and
lightweight,
it’s
hard
to
corral
into
even
an
impure
stream.
But
then
refining
the
gas
stream
so
that
it
approaches
100%
hydrogen
with
no
impurities
–
and
doing
so
using
only
a
portable,
lightweight
and
low-­‐‑maintenance
system
–
is
especially
difficult.