Alteration in photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes and protein profile in imparting lead stress tolerance to two varieties of Triticum aestivum L.
1. The document discusses a study on the effect of lead stress on two wheat varieties (PBW-373 and PBW-343).
2. It was found that PBW-373 accumulated more lead than PBW-343, but showed less reduction in seed germination and growth.
3. Both varieties showed reductions in root length, shoot length, chlorophyll content, and other parameters with increasing lead concentration, though the effects were less severe for PBW-373.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Successful colonization of roots and Plant growth promotion of sorghum (Sorgh...Premier Publishers
Pseudomonas putida (P29) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Azb19) are the efficient promising strains selected from in vitro plant growth promoting studies. These two strains were tested for their ability to promote growth of sorghum and colonize sorghum roots. Seed bacterization with P29 and Azb19 resulted in increased plant height, shoot height, root volume, leaf area and total plant dry mass. Further, bacterial inoculation also significantly increased macro-and micro-nutrient uptake by sorghum plants. Using electroporation method, pure cultures of P29 and Azb19 were transformed with pHC 60 plasmid containing gfp gene. Transformants detected by colony PCR were used to study the colonization pattern on roots of sorghum. Confocal fluorescence scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to locate the inoculants on or inside roots. Root colonization in sorghum by P29 was internal whereas Azb19 was detected on root surface. GFP-tagged Pseudomonas was predominantly detected at the root differentiation zone. In case of Azb19 small aggregates of micro-colonies were observed on the surface of the roots. The efficient sorghum root colonization by these inoculants clearly demonstrated that the introduced strains could successfully inhabit the rhizosphere and thus resulting in increased nutrient uptake. Inoculation with P29 resulted in increased uptake of P (288.5%), K (179.1%), Fe (242.7%), and Zn (168.1%) as compared to Azb19 where the uptake of P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased by 142.6%, 161.6%, 199.5%, and 121.9%, respectively. On the other hand, inoculation with Azb19 could enhance better uptake of N (163.6%) as compared to P29 (133.3%). The strains also differed in their mode of root colonization.
Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Klebsiella pneumoni...GJESM Publication
Glycerol is a promising feedstock for microbial cultivation and production of 1,3 propanediol (1,3 PDO). Here we report a newly isolated bacterial strain BA11 from soil, capable of fermenting glycerol to 1,3 PDO, and
has been identified to be a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Strain BA11 was fast growing showing peak 1,3 PDO production in 6 h of cultivation with productivity of 1.2 g/L-h without the addition of Vitamin B12. Based on the
optimum glycerol utilization (75%) and 1,3 PDO production (8.3 g/L) and yield (0.56 mol/mol glycerol utilized), the
most appropriate glycerol concentration for cultivation was 20 g/L. The strain BA11 could tolerate the pH range of 6
to 8.5 as no inhibitory effects were seen on growth as well as 1,3 PDO production. Strain BA11 was most active and
could produce high 1,3 PDO in the incubation temperature range of 25 to 40 oC. The production of 1,3 PDO was
maximum (9.3 g/L) under aerobic condition with 95.8% glycerol utilization. Addition of glucose to the glycerol fermentation led to increased cell mass but no improvement in the 1,3 PDO production.
ABSTRACT In the present study, the extracellular synthesis of Silver nanoparticles was done using two different bacterial strains viz. Bacillus flexus and Bacillus pseudomycoides. The silver nanoparticles were confirmed by in color test and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the λmax observed at 430 nm and 410 nm confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. FTIR analysis confirms the presence of elemental silver and reveals the dual function of the biological molecule responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs in the aqueous medium. The XRD showed that silver nanoparticles produced are crystalline in nature with size ranges from 30 to 70 nm. The SEM shows that produced silver nanoparticles are spherical, Pseudo spherical in shape with traces of agglomeration. Further through investigation of Antibiotic Sensitivity/Resistant pattern expressed that out of eighteen virulent enteric bacterial isolates, three isolates showed MAR index equal to 1, which indicates the presence of multiple drug resistance (MDR). MIC values of AgNPs against MDR isolate E7 and K3 was established to be 80 μg/ml whereas, for isolate Sa1 the MIC value was 70 μg/ml. The synergistic effect of antibiotics in conjugation with biologically synthesized AgNPs encourage the susceptibility amongst the tested bacterial cultures; viz. Salmonella followed by Klebsiella and E. coli.
Key-words: Biosynthesis, Synergistic activity, Antibacterial activity, Silver nanoparticles, Multidrug-resistant (MDR)
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Successful colonization of roots and Plant growth promotion of sorghum (Sorgh...Premier Publishers
Pseudomonas putida (P29) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Azb19) are the efficient promising strains selected from in vitro plant growth promoting studies. These two strains were tested for their ability to promote growth of sorghum and colonize sorghum roots. Seed bacterization with P29 and Azb19 resulted in increased plant height, shoot height, root volume, leaf area and total plant dry mass. Further, bacterial inoculation also significantly increased macro-and micro-nutrient uptake by sorghum plants. Using electroporation method, pure cultures of P29 and Azb19 were transformed with pHC 60 plasmid containing gfp gene. Transformants detected by colony PCR were used to study the colonization pattern on roots of sorghum. Confocal fluorescence scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to locate the inoculants on or inside roots. Root colonization in sorghum by P29 was internal whereas Azb19 was detected on root surface. GFP-tagged Pseudomonas was predominantly detected at the root differentiation zone. In case of Azb19 small aggregates of micro-colonies were observed on the surface of the roots. The efficient sorghum root colonization by these inoculants clearly demonstrated that the introduced strains could successfully inhabit the rhizosphere and thus resulting in increased nutrient uptake. Inoculation with P29 resulted in increased uptake of P (288.5%), K (179.1%), Fe (242.7%), and Zn (168.1%) as compared to Azb19 where the uptake of P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased by 142.6%, 161.6%, 199.5%, and 121.9%, respectively. On the other hand, inoculation with Azb19 could enhance better uptake of N (163.6%) as compared to P29 (133.3%). The strains also differed in their mode of root colonization.
Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Klebsiella pneumoni...GJESM Publication
Glycerol is a promising feedstock for microbial cultivation and production of 1,3 propanediol (1,3 PDO). Here we report a newly isolated bacterial strain BA11 from soil, capable of fermenting glycerol to 1,3 PDO, and
has been identified to be a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Strain BA11 was fast growing showing peak 1,3 PDO production in 6 h of cultivation with productivity of 1.2 g/L-h without the addition of Vitamin B12. Based on the
optimum glycerol utilization (75%) and 1,3 PDO production (8.3 g/L) and yield (0.56 mol/mol glycerol utilized), the
most appropriate glycerol concentration for cultivation was 20 g/L. The strain BA11 could tolerate the pH range of 6
to 8.5 as no inhibitory effects were seen on growth as well as 1,3 PDO production. Strain BA11 was most active and
could produce high 1,3 PDO in the incubation temperature range of 25 to 40 oC. The production of 1,3 PDO was
maximum (9.3 g/L) under aerobic condition with 95.8% glycerol utilization. Addition of glucose to the glycerol fermentation led to increased cell mass but no improvement in the 1,3 PDO production.
ABSTRACT In the present study, the extracellular synthesis of Silver nanoparticles was done using two different bacterial strains viz. Bacillus flexus and Bacillus pseudomycoides. The silver nanoparticles were confirmed by in color test and characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the λmax observed at 430 nm and 410 nm confirmed the synthesis of AgNPs. FTIR analysis confirms the presence of elemental silver and reveals the dual function of the biological molecule responsible for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs in the aqueous medium. The XRD showed that silver nanoparticles produced are crystalline in nature with size ranges from 30 to 70 nm. The SEM shows that produced silver nanoparticles are spherical, Pseudo spherical in shape with traces of agglomeration. Further through investigation of Antibiotic Sensitivity/Resistant pattern expressed that out of eighteen virulent enteric bacterial isolates, three isolates showed MAR index equal to 1, which indicates the presence of multiple drug resistance (MDR). MIC values of AgNPs against MDR isolate E7 and K3 was established to be 80 μg/ml whereas, for isolate Sa1 the MIC value was 70 μg/ml. The synergistic effect of antibiotics in conjugation with biologically synthesized AgNPs encourage the susceptibility amongst the tested bacterial cultures; viz. Salmonella followed by Klebsiella and E. coli.
Key-words: Biosynthesis, Synergistic activity, Antibacterial activity, Silver nanoparticles, Multidrug-resistant (MDR)
The current research aimed at fabricating plant extract mediated biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing thorn extract of Bombax ceiba (TEBC). The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by UV spectroscopy where the surface plasmonic resonance peak (SPR) was located at 222 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies demonstrated that the morphology of fabricated nanomaterials was primarily cylindrical of average size of 20-30 nm with some spindles of size >50 nm. The anti-microbial evaluation against Staphylococcus aureus revealed that AgNPs exhibited notable activity with ZOI of 27.2 mm at MIC of 25 μg/mL. The outcome of this research evidently signified that the biofabricated AgNPs using TEBC may be a new greener approach or technology to formulate anti-bacterial nanodrugs in future.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (NGPs) is environmentally safer than chemical and physical procedures. This method requires no use of toxic solvents and synthesis of dangerous products and is environmentally safe. In this study, we report the biosynthesis of NGPs using Streptomyces djakartensis
isolate B-5.
Materials and Methods:
NGPs were biosynthesized by reducing aqueous gold chloride solution via a Streptomyces isolate without the need for any additive for protecting nanoparticles from aggregation. We characterized the responsible Streptomycete; its genome DNA was isolated, purified and 16S rRNA was amplified by PCR. The amplified isolate was sequenced; using the BLAST search tool from NCBI, the microorganism was identified to species level.
Results:
Treating chloroauric acid solutions with this bacterium resulted in reduction of gold ions and formation of stable NGPs. TEM and SEM electro micrographs of NGPs indicated size range from 2- 25 nm with average of 9.09 nm produced intracellular by the bacterium. SEM electro micrographs revealed morphology of spores and mycelia. The amplified PCR fragment of 16S rRNA gene was cloned and sequenced from both sides; it consisted of 741 nucleotides. According to NCBI GenBank, the bacterium had 97.1% homology with Streptomyces djakartensis strain RT-49. The GenBank accession number for partial 16S rRNA gene was recorded as JX162550.
Conclusion:
Optimized application of such findings may create applications of Streptomycetes for use as bio-factories in eco-friendly production of NGPs to serve in demanding industries and related biomedical areas. Research in this area should also focus on the unlocking the full mechanism of NGPs biosynthesis by Streptomycetes.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
Antifungal activity of Silver/ Silicon dioxide Nanocomposites21PCH001JEFINF
Botrytis cinerea , a fungus which affects the faba bean plant can be actively controlled by silver/silicon dioxide Nanocomposites. This is described in detail in this presentation .
Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yiel...ijtsrd
In this research work, the effect of pH and temperature on the biogas yield of co-digestion of Pig manure and water hyacinth were investigated experimentally in laboratory scale anaerobic bioreactors. The co-digestion was run for a Hydraulic Retention Time thirty six days. The volumetric yield of biogas was noted once there is biogas build up at regular intervals using water displacement method. A total of ten evacuations were made and the data obtained was used to evaluate the effect of the aforementioned anaerobic digestion parameters. The experimental results revealed that a neutral pH value of 7 yielded optimum biogas yields compared to a pH value above and below 7. Moreover, from all the experimental mesophilic temperature used in this research work, an optimum mesophilic temperature of 37 oC favoured the optimum biogas yield. Nse Peter Essang "Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yield of Co-Digestion of Pig Manure and Water Hyacinth" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21410.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/gas-engineering/21410/performance-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-ph-and-temperature-on-the-biogas-yield-of-co-digestion-of-pig-manure-and-water-hyacinth/nse-peter-essang
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
Abstract
Objective(s):
Biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (NGPs) is environmentally safer than chemical and physical procedures. This method requires no use of toxic solvents and synthesis of dangerous products and is environmentally safe. In this study, we report the biosynthesis of NGPs using Streptomyces djakartensis
isolate B-5.
Materials and Methods:
NGPs were biosynthesized by reducing aqueous gold chloride solution via a Streptomyces isolate without the need for any additive for protecting nanoparticles from aggregation. We characterized the responsible Streptomycete; its genome DNA was isolated, purified and 16S rRNA was amplified by PCR. The amplified isolate was sequenced; using the BLAST search tool from NCBI, the microorganism was identified to species level.
Results:
Treating chloroauric acid solutions with this bacterium resulted in reduction of gold ions and formation of stable NGPs. TEM and SEM electro micrographs of NGPs indicated size range from 2- 25 nm with average of 9.09 nm produced intracellular by the bacterium. SEM electro micrographs revealed morphology of spores and mycelia. The amplified PCR fragment of 16S rRNA gene was cloned and sequenced from both sides; it consisted of 741 nucleotides. According to NCBI GenBank, the bacterium had 97.1% homology with Streptomyces djakartensis strain RT-49. The GenBank accession number for partial 16S rRNA gene was recorded as JX162550.
Conclusion:
Optimized application of such findings may create applications of Streptomycetes for use as bio-factories in eco-friendly production of NGPs to serve in demanding industries and related biomedical areas. Research in this area should also focus on the unlocking the full mechanism of NGPs biosynthesis by Streptomycetes.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setige...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (
Glomus fasciculatum
) on tropical gum tree
(
Sterculia setigera
Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non
-
AMF
inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different
copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg
-
1
) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses
of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non
-
inoculated. Copper
concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the
inoculated and non
-
inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated
in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in
mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels.
However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of
inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non
-
inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree
growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting
their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setiger...researchagriculture
Pot culture experiments were established to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) (Glomus fasciculatum) on tropical gum tree (Sterculia setigera Del.) grown in Copper contaminated soils. AMF and non-AMF inoculated plants were grown in sterilized substrates and subjected to different copper level (0, 200, 400,600, 800 mg kg-1) concentrations. Root and shoot biomasses of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those of non-inoculated. Copper concentrations in roots were significantly higher than those in shoots in both the inoculated and non-inoculated plants, indicating this heavy metal mostly accumulated in the roots of plants. Copper translocation efficiency from root to shoot was lower in mycorrhizal plants than in nonmycorrhizal ones at any Copper addition levels. However, at high soil Copper concentrations, shoot Copper concentration of inoculated plant were significantly reduced by about 50% compared to non-inoculated plants. These results indicated that AMF could promote tropical gum tree growth and decrease the uptake of Cu at higher soil concentrations, thus protecting their hosts from the toxicity of Copper contaminated soils.
Article Citation:
Malick Ndiaye, Cavalli Eric, Diouf Adama, Diop Tahir Abdoulaye.
Uptake and translocation of copper by mycorrhized seedlings Sterculia setigera (Del.) under Copper-contamined soil.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 022-028.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0012.pdf
1967 sale effect of high electric fields on microorganisms_killing bacteria a...
Similar to Alteration in photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes and protein profile in imparting lead stress tolerance to two varieties of Triticum aestivum L.
Antifungal activity of Silver/ Silicon dioxide Nanocomposites21PCH001JEFINF
Botrytis cinerea , a fungus which affects the faba bean plant can be actively controlled by silver/silicon dioxide Nanocomposites. This is described in detail in this presentation .
Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yiel...ijtsrd
In this research work, the effect of pH and temperature on the biogas yield of co-digestion of Pig manure and water hyacinth were investigated experimentally in laboratory scale anaerobic bioreactors. The co-digestion was run for a Hydraulic Retention Time thirty six days. The volumetric yield of biogas was noted once there is biogas build up at regular intervals using water displacement method. A total of ten evacuations were made and the data obtained was used to evaluate the effect of the aforementioned anaerobic digestion parameters. The experimental results revealed that a neutral pH value of 7 yielded optimum biogas yields compared to a pH value above and below 7. Moreover, from all the experimental mesophilic temperature used in this research work, an optimum mesophilic temperature of 37 oC favoured the optimum biogas yield. Nse Peter Essang "Performance Evaluation of the Effect of pH and Temperature on the Biogas Yield of Co-Digestion of Pig Manure and Water Hyacinth" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21410.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/gas-engineering/21410/performance-evaluation-of-the-effect-of-ph-and-temperature-on-the-biogas-yield-of-co-digestion-of-pig-manure-and-water-hyacinth/nse-peter-essang
Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Digestion of Swine Dung, Plantain Pe...IJCMESJOURNAL
This study centered on biogas production from locally available animal and kitchen wastes: swine dung (SD), plantain peel (PP) and fluted pumpkin stem (PS) using five 32-Litres metallic prototype digesters. The anaerobic digestion was in the ratio of 3:1 of water to waste for all the samples as follows: Sample A was 100%SD, Sample B; 100% PP, Sample C; 100% PS, Sample D; 50%SD+50%PP and Sample E; 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS. The retention time was 30 days and parameters like pH, pressure, daily biogas production, ambient and slurry temperatures alongside the physico-chemical properties of wastes were monitored. The cumulative gas production yield was 11.5L, 35.1L, 39.5L, 46.9L, 59.3L for Sample A, Sample B, Sample C, Sample D and Sample E respectively. The flammable time was 15th, 5th, 25th, 26th, 2nd day for sample A, sample B, sample C, sample D and sample E respectively. The result revealed that the blend of the 3 substrates i.e. sample E: 40% SD+30% PP+30% PS gave the highest yield of biogas and flamed earlier than the other samples while sample A: 100%SD had the lowest yield of biogas. The results also showed that the sample that had the highest composition of methane in the biogas produced was Sample D: 50%SD+50%PP with 85.6989% while the lowest composition of methane was found in Sample C to be 79.0996%. The TS, TVS, BOD and VS were seen to be consistently reducing showing the level of waste treatment achieved during the digestion period of 30 days.
Objective: To study the effects of plant growth promoter fungicide & plant hormone Abscisic acid on the growth and biochemical properties of the plant. In our study we have taken Basella alba (Malabar Spinach) as a model system for our study. Methodology: It was an experimental approach. Wines with 3-6 nodes were selected and planted separately in 20 pots. Difenoconazole and ABA at a specific concentration were used. The plants were irrigated with tap water. The treatments were given on 25, 50 and 75 days after planting (DAP) by soil drenching, The plants were taken randomly on 45, 65 and 85 DAP for analyses and separated into root, stem and leaves used for determining growth and biochemical changes. Results: The total height of the plant increased with ABA treatment but decreased with Difenoconazole whereas there was increase in rootlenghth in both the treatments. The total leaf area of the plant decreased in both Difenoconazole and Abscisic acid treatment. We found significant increase in Chlorophyll, Cartoneoid & Xanthophyll content of the plant against both the treatments. In the same manner remarkable increase in the total protein content, amino acid content and phenol content was also observed after both the treatments. Conclusion: This study aims to reveal the efficacy of the growth regulating fungicide and Abscisic acid in the growth and biochemical properties of the plant. Conclusion: It was concluded that Difenoconazole and Abscisic acid are effective in overall plant development though Difenoconazole is least effective in increasing the total leaf area and height of the plant.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Similar to Alteration in photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes and protein profile in imparting lead stress tolerance to two varieties of Triticum aestivum L. (20)
Transcriptomics is the study of RNA, single-stranded nucleic acid, which was not separated from the DNA world until the central dogma was formulated by Francis Crick in 1958, i.e., the idea that genetic information is transcribed from DNA to RNA and then translated from RNA into protein.
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an immunogen and which function as antibodies. The immunoglobulins derive their name from the finding that they migrate with globular proteins when antibody-containing serum is placed in an electrical field.
A biosensor is a compact analytical device incorporating a biological or biologically derived sensing element either associated or integrated within a physicochemical transducer
Here are some slides to discuss about biosensors and their application which we prepared in graduation.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Alteration in photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzymes and protein profile in imparting lead stress tolerance to two varieties of Triticum aestivum L.
1. 06/08/17 1
Alteration in photosynthetic pigments,
antioxidant enzymes and protein profile
in imparting lead stress tolerance to
two varieties of Triticum aestivum L.
G. B. PANT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, PAURI ,
UTTARAKHAND
PRESENTED BYPRESENTED BY
DIVYA SRIVASTAVADIVYA SRIVASTAVA
M.TECH BIOTECHNOLOGYM.TECH BIOTECHNOLOGY
IV SEMIV SEM
Under the Supervision ofUnder the Supervision of
DR. MAMTA BAUNTHIYALDR. MAMTA BAUNTHIYAL
Associate ProfessorAssociate Professor
Head Of DepartmentHead Of Department
BiotechnologyBiotechnology
G. B. Pant Engineering College, Pauri.G. B. Pant Engineering College, Pauri.
06/08/17 1
2. 06/08/17 2
Environmental damage to plants
◇ Biotic stress
◇ Abiotic stress
Environment Stress On Plant
❤❤
ABIOTIC STRESSES
Environmental, non-
biological
• Temperature (high /
low)
• Water (high / low)
• Salt
• Radiation
• Chemical
BIOTIC STRESSES
Caused by living
organisms
• Fungi
• Bacteria
• Insects
• Herbivores
• Other
plants/competition
3. 06/08/17 3
Stress avoidance
In the whole growth process does not meet with the face of
adversity
Stress tolerance
Plant has a capacity of environmental stress defense, and a
variety of physiological processes remain normal
❤❤
4. 06/08/17 4
The most widespread visual evidence of heavy metal toxicity
is a reduction in plant growth (Sharma and Dubey, 2007)
including leaf chlorosis, necrosis, a decrease in the rate of seed
germination, often correlated with progressing senescence
processes or with plant death (Dalcarso et al., 2010; Carrier et
al., 2003).
5. 06/08/17 5
In my work I have selected two varieties of wheat : I randomly
selected two normal varieties to find out tolerant variety.
PBW-373: PBW 373 is a wheat variety suitable for late sown
and irrigated conditions. It gives an average yield of 41-45
qtls/ha. The variety normally takes early (126-134 days) to
mature. On maturity the plants of the variety attains a height of 80-
90 cms. The variety is very good for chapati making, biscuit
making. Its protein contents is 12-13 percent.
PBW-343: PBW 343 is a wheat variety suitable for timely sown
and irrigated conditions. It gives an average yield of 46-50
qtls/ha. The variety normally takes early (126-134 days) to
mature. On maturity the plants of the variety attains a height of 80-
90 cms. Although care should be taken to save it from the attack
of loose smut. The variety grows well in high fertility condition. Its
protein contents is 11-12 percent.
6. 06/08/17 6
To study the accumulation of Pb in two varieties of T. aestivum
under various concentrations of Pb in soilrite medium.
To study the effect of various concentrations of Pb on physiological
parameters viz. seed germination percentage, root length, shoot
length, growth rate and tolerance index of two varieties of T.
aestivum.
To study the effect of various concentrations of Pb on different
biochemical parameters viz. chlorophyll, carbohydrates, proline and
protein concentrations.
To study the effect of various concentrations of Pb on different
antioxidant enzyme activities viz. catalase, peroxidase, glutathione
peroxidase and superoxide dismutase.
To study the effect of various concentrations of Pb on protein
profile.
7. Lead accumulation in two varieties of Triticum aestivum
i. Lead Accumulation in Plants
ii.Bioaccumulation of lead
Determination of physiological parameters
i. Quantitative Determination of Germination Percentage, Root
Length and Shoot Length
Germination percentage
Root length
Shoot Length
ii. Growth Measurement
Growth Ratio Percentage
Pb tolerance index (TI)
Determination of Biochemical parameter06/08/17 7
8. 06/08/17 8
The plant and soilrite samples were sent to ICRISAT- Hyderabad
for accumulation studies.
Accumulation of lead in samples = lead concentration (µg/g) in
samples x their biomass.
9. 06/08/17 9
Lead accumulation was directly proportional to the increasing
concentration of lead treatment. It was increased by 63% in PBW
373 whereas 30 % lead accumulation was observed in PBW 343
as compared to control. That means both wheat varieties
accumulated lead but the capacity of lead accumulation was
different in both varieties. PBW 373 showed 50 fold more
accumulation of lead as compared to PBW 343. According to
this result PBW 373 is a good lead accumulator.
10. 06/08/17 10
The BF of Triticum aestivum was calculated with the following
formula as per Zhao et al. (2003):
BF= [Pb concentration in plant]/ [Pb concentration in soilrite culture]
11. 06/08/17 11
Bioaccumulation factor was increased in both varieties, the BF
of PBW 373 was increased by 60% and 65% increase in BF of
PBW 343 was seen as compared to control of both varieties
(Wierzbicka et al., 2007).
13. 06/08/17 13
It is clear that as compared to control (C), the germination of
seeds in both varieties decreased. 57% decrease in seed
germination of PBW 343 variety and 50 % decrease in seed
germination of PBW 373 variety was observed. PBW 373
showed a good accumulation capacity and its
bioaccumulation factor was less than other variety PBW
343. The decrease in seed germination was less in PBW 373
as compared to PBW 343. According to all results presented
till this section PBW 373 variety showed tolerance as it
accumulated more lead still showed less decrease in the seed
germination as compared to PBW 343.
14. 06/08/17 14
Root length (cm) = measured at the time when the plants of
two wheat varieties grown under four lead treatments were
harvested.
15. 06/08/17 15
The Pb concentration in the growing medium decreased the
root length of both T. aestivum varieties significantly. Root
length was reduced due to inhibition of cell division in
meristematic zone of root. Pb is a powerful inhibitor of root
growth and accumulates largely in the roots (Nakano et. al.
1981). With respect to control 75% decrease in root length of
PBW 373 was seen whereas in PBW 343 it was 52% at the
highest concentration of lead acetate (8 g/kg). The decrease
in root length was more in PBW 373 as it accumulated lead
50 times more than PBW 343, so the roots are highly
affected in this variety as compared to other one.
16. 06/08/17 16
1.3. Shoot Length
Shoot length (cm) = measured at the time when the plants of
two wheat varieties grown under four lead treatments were
harvested.
17. 06/08/17 17
Pb has inhibitory effect on morphological parameters of T.
aestivum varieties in present study. Shoots were negatively
affected by increasing concentration of lead, same results were
seen in earlier study by Akinci et al., 2010 for tomato crops.
70% decrease in roots length of PBW 373 was seen whereas
80% decrease was observed in PBW 343. This decrease was
due to reduction of meristematic cells in the shoot region by
the accumulation of Pb. These findings are similar to another
study in which there was also reduction in shoot length of
wheat due to Pb contaminated soil (Egley et. al., 1983).
18. 06/08/17 18
The growth ratio of plant was calculated with the following formula:
GR= [Plant biomass with Pb]/ [Plant biomass without Pb] x 100
19. 06/08/17 19
The growth ratio was decreased with the increasing lead
concentration. 68% decrease and 55% decrease were observed
in PBW 373 and PBW 343 respectively. The decrease in the
growth ratio of PBW 373 was 20 fold to PBW 343 at the
highest concentration of lead. This drastic decrease in PBW 373
is related to the lead accumulated by this variety, as it
accumulated high amount of lead so its growth ratio decreased
more than PBW 343 at the highest concentration of lead as
compared to control of both varieties.
20. 06/08/17 20
The tolerance index of plant is calculated with the following formula:
TI= [Root length with Pb]/ [Root length without Pb]
21. 06/08/17 21
The tolerance index was decreased with the increasing lead
concentration. 76% decrease and 53% decrease were seen in
PBW 373 and PBW 343 respectively.
22. 06/08/17 22
III. DETERMINATION OF BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
1. Effect of Lead on Chlorophyll
2. Effect of Lead on Carbohydrates
3. Effect of Lead on Proline
4. Effect of Lead on Protein Content
5. Effect of Lead on Antioxidant Enzyme Activity
6. Protein profile
23. 06/08/17 23
Chlorophyll was estimated using the protocol of Holden (1960).
•Each of the plant samples were weighed 0.5 g and homogenized
separately in a mortar in the presence of excess of 80% acetone
until all the color was released from the tissue.
•CaCO3 was added to prevent pheophytin formation.
• Centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 minutes at room temperature.
•The clear supernatant was collected and then made up to a known
volume (10 ml).
•The test tubes were wrapped with black paper to protect
chlorophyll degradation.
•The spectronic colorimeter (Bausch and Lomb) was adjusted at
wavelength of 663 nm for chlorophyll ‘a’ and 645 nm for
chlorophyll ‘b’ set at 100% transmittance using 80% acetone as
blank before taking the readings of the samples respectively.
Chlorophyll Test
24. 06/08/17 24
•The optical density was measured and the chlorophyll
contents in the original extract was estimated using the
formula:
Total chlorophyll (mg/L) = 20.20A645 + 08.02 A663
Chlorophyll ‘a’ (mg/L) = 12.70A663 – 02.69 A645
Chlorophyll ‘b’ (mg/L) = 22.90A645 – 04.68 A663
•These can be converted to chlorophyll content in mg/g
dry weight as follows:
Total Chlorophyll = a + b
Chlorophyll Test
26. 06/08/17 26
•Pb addition reduced the photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a
and chlorophyll b) significantly. Chlorophyll contents were
reduced with increasing concentration of Pb because Pb
prevents the incorporation of Fe (iron) in phytoporphyrin ring of
chlorophyll molecule and this leads to reduction in chlorophyll
contents (Foyer C.H. et. al. 1994).
•Pb is known to inhibit chlorophyll synthesis either due to
impaired uptake of Mg and Fe by plants (Malanga G. et. al.
1995) or because of increased chlorophyllase activity.
•Heavy metal stress such as caused by Pb reduced
photosynthetic pigments by either reducing their synthesis or
enhancing the process of biodegradation.
•57% decrease in chlorophyll was seen in PBW 373 and 58%
decrease in chlorophyll was seen in PBW 343.
27. 06/08/17 27
CARBOHYDRATES
•100 mg of leaf sample was taken into a boiling tube and then
hydrolyzed by keeping in a boiling water bath for 3 hours with 5ml
of 2.5N HCl. It was then cooled to room temperature. It was
neutralized with solid Na2
CO3.
•The volume was made up to 100ml and then it was centrifuged.
Supernatant was collected and 0.5 ml and 1 ml of aliquots were
taken for analysis.
•Carbohydrates are first hydrolysed into simple sugars using dilute
hydrochloric acid. In hot acidic medium glucose is dehydrated to
hydroxymethyl furfural. This compound forms with anthrone a green
coloured product with an absorption maximum at 630 nm.
28. 06/08/17 28
Amount of carbohydrate present in 100mg of the sample
= mg of glucose X 100 Volume of test sample
29. 06/08/17 29
In the present investigation, total carbohydrate of both
varieties of wheat plant was negatively affected by the
increasing concentration of lead in soilrite medium. The
negative effect of lead on carbon metabolism is a result of
their possible interaction with the reactive centre of
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase. In the present study
53% decrease in carbohydrates was seen in PBW 373
where as 65% decrease in carbohydrates was seen in
PBW 343.
30. 06/08/17 30
1 gm of leaf samples were extracted in 5 ml of 3 % salfosalicyclic
acid at 950
C for 15 minutes. After filtration, 2 ml of supernatant was
transferred to a new tube containing 2 ml of acetic acid and 2 ml of
acidified ninhydrin reagent.
After 30 minutes of incubation at 950
C, samples were kept at room
temperature for 30 minutes and 5 ml of toluene was added to the
tube with shaking at 150 rpm to endure red product. The absorbance
of toluene layer was determined at 532 nm.
Determination of proline content
32. 06/08/17 32
Proline concentration increased in leaves of both
varieties of wheat exposed to increasing lead
concentrations. In wheat plant, proline concentration
peak was significantly increased at 8 g/kg lead acetate
in both varieties PBW 373 and PBW 343 by 81.35%
and 93% respectively as compared to control. Both
varieties showed significant increase but PBW 343
was increased 10 folds of PBW 373. Proline increases
as the result of lead toxicity to plants, present work
shows that PBW 343 got more toxicity as compared to
PBW 373.
33. 06/08/17 33
Determination of protein
The method developed by Lowry et al., (1951) and is sensitive
enough to give a moderately constant value.
1 gm of sample was taken and macerated in pestle mortar in 5 ml of
phosphate buffer. The homogenate was centrifuged at 8000 rpm for
20 minutes. The supernatant was collected and extraction was
repeated 4-5 times. The supernatants were combined and the
volume was made to 50 ml with phosphate buffer. 1 ml of the above
was taken and to it 1 ml of 20% TCA was added. It was then kept
for half an hour and centrifuged at 8000 rpm for 20 minutes. The
pellet was washed with acetone twice and it was again centrifuged.
Supernatant was then discarded.
35. 06/08/17 35
The protein concentration was decreased with the increasing
concentration of lead.81.4% reduction was observed in PBW373
at the highest concentration of lead but 84% reduction was
observed in PBW373 at the highest concentration of lead as
compared to control. The decrease in protein concentration is
observed because lead damages the genetic material which causes
disturbance in central dogma so proteins get damaged due to
higher concentration of lead.
36. 06/08/17 36
Catalase activity was assayed following the method of Luck
(1974).
PRINCIPLE : The UV absorption of hydrogen peroxide can be
measured at 240nm, whose absorbance decreases when
degraded by the enzyme catalase. From the decrease in
absorbance, the enzyme activity can be calculated.
REAGENTS
1. Phosphate buffer : 0.067 M (pH 7.0)
2. Hydrogen peroxide (2mM) in phosphate buffer
37. 06/08/17 37
PREPARATION OF ENZYME EXTRACT
A 20% homogenate of the different parts of B. monnieri was
prepared in phosphate buffer. The homogenate was centrifuged and
the supernatant was used for the enzyme assay.
ASSAY
H2O2-phosphate buffer (3.0ml) was taken in an experimental
cuvette, followed by the rapid addition of 40µl of enzyme extract
and mixed thoroughly. The time required for a decrease in
absorbance by 0.05 units was recorded at 240nm in a
spectrophotometer (Genesys 10-S, USA). The enzyme solution
containing H2O2-free phosphate buffer served as control.
RH2 + H2O2 R + 2H2O
39. 06/08/17 39
Lead action determined either CAT decline (Dey et al.,
2007) or moderate increases of this enzyme. Here 79.33%
decrease in CAT activity of PBW 373 and 66% decrease in
PBW 343 was observed as compared to controls of both
varieties.
40. 06/08/17 40
Peroxidase catalyses the dehydrogenation of a large number of
organic compounds such as phenols, aromatic amines,
hydroquinones etc. Peroxidase occurs in animals, higher plants
and other organisms. Guaiacol is used as substrate for the
assay of peroxidase.
AH2 + H2O2 A +2H2O
41. 06/08/17 41
The resulting oxidized (dehydrogenated) guaiacol is probably
more than one compound and depends on the reaction
conditions. The rate of formation of guaiacol dehydrogenation
product is a measure of the POD activity and can be assayed
spectrophotometrically at 436nm.
Peroxidase catalyses the dehydrogenation of a large number of
organic compounds such as phenols, aromatic amines,
hydroquinones etc. Peroxidase occurs in animals, higher plants
and other organisms. Guaiacol is used as substrate for the
assay of peroxidase.
43. 06/08/17 43
In the present study, POD was increased in both varieties PBW
373 and PBW 343 by 84.5 % and 83.13% respectively at the
highest concentration of lead as compared to control.
44. 06/08/17 44
Glutathione peroxidase
1 gm of sample was taken and homogenized in 5 fold volume
of phosphate buffer (pH 9.5). It was then centrifuged at 7000
rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant was collected. This
process was repeated once or twice by adding phosphate buffer
in the residue.
The test tubes were labeled. 1.44 ml of phosphate buffer, 0.1
ml of EDTA, 0.1 ml of NADPH and 0.01 H2
O2
were taken in
all test tubes and mixed well. Then 0.1ml of sample was added
in all test tubes except ‘blank’. The volume was made up to 2
ml and took the reading at 340 nm.
Specific activity=A340 x Volume of reaction mixture/6.22 X 106
x Volume of sample
46. 06/08/17 46
Enzyme activity decreases in both varieties PBW 373 and PBW
343 by 69.23% and 64.4% respectively at the highest
concentration of lead as compared to control. The decrease in
glutathione peroxidase of both varieties did not show
significant difference as compared to each other but it was
observed to be decreased as compared to control in both
varieties.
47. 06/08/17 47
SOD enzyme activity
1 gm of leaves was taken and was homogenized in 5 fold
volume of phosphate buffer (pH 9.5). It was then
centrifuged at 7000 rpm for 15 minutes. The supernatant
was collected. This process was repeated once or twice by
adding phosphate buffer in the residue. All of the test tubes
were labeled properly. 1.5ml of phosphate buffer, 0.1ml of
NBT, 0.1 ml of Na2CO3, 0.2 ml of methionine, 0.1 ml of
EDTA and 0.1ml of sample were added in all tubes except
blank. After that 0.7 ml of distilled water was added in all
test tubes. 0.1ml of riboflavin was added in the dark. 60
minutes incubation of the prepared samples was followed
by absorbance at 560 nm and readings were taken.
Specific activity=A560 x volume of reaction mixture/0.025 x
volume of sample x protein content
49. 06/08/17 49
70% and 21% increase in SOD enzyme activity was observed in
PBW 373 and PBW 343 respectively. According to the present
result PBW 373 showed an drastic increase in its SOD activity
which provides first line of defense to this plant. PBW 373
accumulated high amount of lead and SOD increased in same
variety, which means it can tolerate lead at high concentration.
50. 06/08/17 50
Determination of Protein Profile of Both
Varieties
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-
PAGE) is the molecular technique used for the characterization of
macromolecules.
Lane 1
Lane 2
Lane 3
Lane 4
Lane 5
Lane 6
Lane 7
Lane 8
SAMPLES
Molecular marker
PBW 373 C
PBW 373 T3
PBW 373 T1
PBW 343 T2
PBW 343 C
PBW 343 T1
PBW 373 T2
PBW 343 T3
52. 06/08/17 52
There are different band intensities which were measured by
GelQuant.net software. At 245 kDa no band was seen and at
190 kDa molecular weight all eight samples showed band
intensity in which L4 which was PBW 343 treated with 4g/kg
lead acetate showed the highest intensity, this band intensity
decreased with increasing concentration of lead acetate and
decreased to 97% in PBW 343 treated with 8 g/kg lead acetate.
The intensity of 135 kDa protein was more in control of PBW
373 as compared to other and it was seen to be decreased with
the increasing concentration of lead acetate treatment and 95%
decreased in PBW 373 treated with 8g/kg lead acetate. The
intensity of band of 17kDa was the highest for PBW 373
54. 06/08/17 54
Conclusion
•At the highest lead concentration (8g/kg) lead accumulation was
increased by 63% in PBW 373 whereas 30 % PBW 343 as
compared to control, bioaccumulation factor was 7% more in
PBW 373 than PBW 343.
•A drastic change was observed in chlorophyll of both varieties,
which was highly reduced in PBW 373 by 76%, this decrease
was 30 folds of chlorophyll of PBW 343 whereas 53% decrease
in carbohydrates was seen in PBW 373 where as 65% in PBW
343.
• Proline concentration peak was significantly increased in PBW
343 12 fold of PBW 373 at 8 g/kg lead acetate.
•There was no significant difference between both varieties in
respect to their protein content but lead showed toxic effects on
protein of both varieties.
55. 06/08/17 55
•Catalase activity was drastically decreased in PBW 373 by
79.33% and 66% PBW 343.
•A significant difference of 70% was observed in both
varieties, PBW 373 showed more decrease in SOD enzyme
activity.
•Protein profiling showed variation in intensity of all bands
of both varieties.
•Overall these results showed that both varieties are lead
tolerant but PBW 373 has more Pb tolerance capacity but
PBW 373 accumulates lead in high amount so should not
be used at land which are highly lead contaminated.
56. 06/08/17 56
Sharma P, Dubey RS (2005) Lead toxicity in plants. Braz. J.
Plant Physiol., 17(10), 35-52.
Kopittke PM, Asher CJ, Kopittke RA, Menzies NW (2008)
Prediction of Pb speciation in concentrated and dilute nutrient
solutions. Environ Pollut 153(3):548–554
Wierzbicka MH et. al., 2007. Comparison of the toxicity and
distribution of cadmium and lead in plant cells. Protoplasma
231, 99–111
Srivastava D, Singh A, Baunthiyal M. Lead Toxicity and
Tolerance in Plants. J Plant Sci Res. 2015;2(2): 123