Vertical alignment connects learning objectives between different grade levels to ensure skills are built upon from previous grades. Horizontal alignment coordinates objectives across different subjects within the same grade. The document provides an example of an 11th grade English teacher who engages in both vertical alignment by communicating with 9th-10th and 12th grade English teachers, and horizontal alignment by coordinating with teachers of other subjects for 11th graders to integrate literacy skills and make connections between subjects like literature and history.