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REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA
MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA DEFENSA
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL POLITÉCNICA
DE LA FUERZA ARMADA BOLIVARIANA
NUCLEO FALCÓN - EXTENSIÓN PUNTO FIJO
Materia:
Transferencia de calor.
Docente:
Ing. Dimas Amaya
Autor:
Bach. Josué Rodríguez C.I: 28.539.417
ING.NAVAL 7MO SEMESTRE
ALETAS O SUPERFICIES
EXTENDIDAS
Punto fijo, Junio 2021
INTRODUCCIÓN
Las aletas o superficies extendidas han logrado una
contribución importante e innovadora para la industria en
general ya que se han convertido en factor importante como
medio de control para la trasferencia de calor es por ello que
estudiaremos un poco sus aplicaciones, así como la utilidad
de las mismas, su representación en calculo además de las
materiales que las componentes para lograr resaltar la
importancia sustancial que tienen estos dispositivos para
obtener un buen desempeño en las maquinas que requieran
su uso.
1.- ALETAS DE TRASFERENCIA DE CALOR.
3
Una superficie extendida (también conocida como
aleta), son superficies utilizadas como un mecanismo que
acelera el enfriamiento de una superficie, de forma que
combinan el sistema de conducción y convección en un
área, ya sea, por ejemplo, una pared.
4
2.- UTILIDAD DE LAS SUPERFICIES EXTENDIDAS.
Las utilidad que se le da es con
el fin de incrementar la razón de
transferencia de calor de una
superficie, entre los usos más
comunes tenemos los
radiadores (enfriadores de agua
de enfriamiento de los sistemas
de combustión interna), la
estructura externa de la cámara
(cilindro) de los motores de
motocicletas.
5
3.- TIPOS DE ALETAS.
Las forman que adoptan las aletas son muy variadas, y
dependen de gran medida de la morfología del solido al
que son adicionales y de la aplicación concreta, estas se
pueden dividir en sección transversal constante y variable.
3. 1.- ALETAS DE SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL CONSTANTE.
a) Aletas longitudinal (Recta): Es
aquella que se aplica en
superficies adicionales unidas a
paredes planas o cilíndricas.
a) Aletas aguja o spines: Son
aletas las cuales tienen una
sección transversal circular.
7
3. 2.- ALETAS DE SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL VARIABLE.
a) Aletas rectas: es cualquier
superficie prolongada que se une a
una pared plana.
b) Aletas anulares: es aquella que se
une de forma circunferencial a un
cilindro y su sección transversal varia
con el radio desde la línea central del
cilindro (c).
c) Aletas aguja: son aquellas usadas
cuando la superficie extendida tiene
forma cónica o cilíndrica.
.
4.- FORMULAS.
Dada la relación que expresa el intercambio de calor por
convección de un sólido a un fluido.
Se deduce que el calor disipado por una superficie aumenta
con:
a) el coeficiente covectivo.
b) el área expuesta al fluido
c) la diferencia de temperatura entre la superficie y el fluido.
9
4.1.- EL COEFICIENTE DE CONVECCIÓN DEL FLUIDO.
Debe ser pequeño.
Representa la Efectividad de la aleta.
10
4.2.-ECUACIÓN GENERAL DE LA ALETA.
Q-punto cond,x = Q-punto cond,x+Dx + Q-punto conv
• Balance térmico en elemento de aleta:
𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑞𝑐
• con
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 𝑋
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
, 𝑞𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 ≅ 𝑞𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝑑𝑞𝑥
𝑑𝑥
,
• Resultando en:
𝟏
𝑨
𝒅
𝒅𝒙
𝑨
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒙
-
𝒉𝑷
𝑲𝑨
( T-T∞) = 𝟎
11
4.3.-ECUACIÓN GENERAL PARA ALETAS DE SECCIÓN
TRANSVERSAL CONSTANTE.
• Cambio de variable:
12
4.4.- SOLUCIONES PARTICULARES DE LA ECUACIÓN
GENERAL .
Solución particular Condiciones de
frontera
 Caso A. Extremo
activo (convección)
 Caso B Extremo
adiabático
 Caso C Temperatura
establecida
 Caso D Aleta infinita
13
4.4.1.- CASO A. EXTREMO ACTIVO (CONVECCIÓN)
Todas las aletas están expuestas a convección desde
el extremo, excepto cuando el mismo se encuentre aislado
o su temperatura sea igual a la del fluido. Para este caso
se tiene:
• Transferencia de calor (Qf):
• Distribución de la Temperatura:
14
4.4.2.- CASO B: ALETA CON EXTREMO ADIABÁTICO.
Se considera aleta de este tipo cuando el área del
extremo no intercambia calor con el fluido adyacente.
• Transferencia de calor (Qf):
• Distribución de la Temperatura:
15
4.4.3.- CASO C: ALETA DE EXTREMO CON TEMPERATURA
ESTABLECIDA.
Cuando se conoce la temperatura en el extremo de la
aleta.
• Transferencia de calor (Qf):
• Distribución de la Temperatura:
16
4.4.4.-CASO D: ALETA DE LONGITUD INFINITA.
• Transferencia de calor (Qf):
• Distribución de la Temperatura:
17
5.- MATERIALES CON LAS CUALES SE CONSTRUYEN LAS
ALETAS.
Generalmente, las aletas están hechas de aluminio o
cobre dado que requieren un material con una
conductividad térmica elevada.
Cobre
K= 401 W/ m. k
Aluminio
K= 237 W/ m. k
18
6.- APLICACIONES REALES DE LAS ALETAS.
La aplicación más frecuente es aquella en la que se usa
una superficie extendida de manera específica para aumentar
la rapidez de transferencia de calor entre un sólido y un fluido
contiguo.
Tuberías Condensadores Dispositivos electrónicos
APLICACIONES REALES
19
7.- DIFERENCIA ENTRE EFECTIVIDAD Y EFICIENCIA DE UNA
ALETA.
la potencia térmica que
se disipa sin aleta desde
el área de la base que
ocupa ésta en la
superficie primaria.
la potencia térmica que se
disiparía si toda la aleta estuviese
a una temperatura igual a la de la
base ( la temperatura de la aleta
será inferior a la de la base ).
EFECTIVIDAD EFICIENCIA
20
CONCLUSIÓN
En resumen las aletas tiene una gran importancia dado
que muchos de los equipos que se utilizan a nivel industrial
y cotidiano generan una cantidad de calor que para el
sistema que puede ser perjudicial así que se utilizan las
aletas para disipar ese calor ya que permite mantener un
sistema en el interior de la maquina a una temperatura
estable para no ocasionar problema de funcionamiento en
el desarrollo de su desempeño y es por ello que es
importante conocer los factores básicos que las componen
así como sus aplicaciones y los cálculos que nos permiten
cumplir con el objetivo de estas superficies.
21
GRACIAS POR SU ATENCIÓN

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ALETAS

  • 1. REPUBLICA BOLIVARIANA DE VENEZUELA MINISTERIO DEL PODER POPULAR PARA LA DEFENSA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL EXPERIMENTAL POLITÉCNICA DE LA FUERZA ARMADA BOLIVARIANA NUCLEO FALCÓN - EXTENSIÓN PUNTO FIJO Materia: Transferencia de calor. Docente: Ing. Dimas Amaya Autor: Bach. Josué Rodríguez C.I: 28.539.417 ING.NAVAL 7MO SEMESTRE ALETAS O SUPERFICIES EXTENDIDAS Punto fijo, Junio 2021
  • 2. INTRODUCCIÓN Las aletas o superficies extendidas han logrado una contribución importante e innovadora para la industria en general ya que se han convertido en factor importante como medio de control para la trasferencia de calor es por ello que estudiaremos un poco sus aplicaciones, así como la utilidad de las mismas, su representación en calculo además de las materiales que las componentes para lograr resaltar la importancia sustancial que tienen estos dispositivos para obtener un buen desempeño en las maquinas que requieran su uso.
  • 3. 1.- ALETAS DE TRASFERENCIA DE CALOR. 3 Una superficie extendida (también conocida como aleta), son superficies utilizadas como un mecanismo que acelera el enfriamiento de una superficie, de forma que combinan el sistema de conducción y convección en un área, ya sea, por ejemplo, una pared.
  • 4. 4 2.- UTILIDAD DE LAS SUPERFICIES EXTENDIDAS. Las utilidad que se le da es con el fin de incrementar la razón de transferencia de calor de una superficie, entre los usos más comunes tenemos los radiadores (enfriadores de agua de enfriamiento de los sistemas de combustión interna), la estructura externa de la cámara (cilindro) de los motores de motocicletas.
  • 5. 5 3.- TIPOS DE ALETAS. Las forman que adoptan las aletas son muy variadas, y dependen de gran medida de la morfología del solido al que son adicionales y de la aplicación concreta, estas se pueden dividir en sección transversal constante y variable.
  • 6. 3. 1.- ALETAS DE SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL CONSTANTE. a) Aletas longitudinal (Recta): Es aquella que se aplica en superficies adicionales unidas a paredes planas o cilíndricas. a) Aletas aguja o spines: Son aletas las cuales tienen una sección transversal circular.
  • 7. 7 3. 2.- ALETAS DE SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL VARIABLE. a) Aletas rectas: es cualquier superficie prolongada que se une a una pared plana. b) Aletas anulares: es aquella que se une de forma circunferencial a un cilindro y su sección transversal varia con el radio desde la línea central del cilindro (c). c) Aletas aguja: son aquellas usadas cuando la superficie extendida tiene forma cónica o cilíndrica. .
  • 8. 4.- FORMULAS. Dada la relación que expresa el intercambio de calor por convección de un sólido a un fluido. Se deduce que el calor disipado por una superficie aumenta con: a) el coeficiente covectivo. b) el área expuesta al fluido c) la diferencia de temperatura entre la superficie y el fluido.
  • 9. 9 4.1.- EL COEFICIENTE DE CONVECCIÓN DEL FLUIDO. Debe ser pequeño. Representa la Efectividad de la aleta.
  • 10. 10 4.2.-ECUACIÓN GENERAL DE LA ALETA. Q-punto cond,x = Q-punto cond,x+Dx + Q-punto conv • Balance térmico en elemento de aleta: 𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 + 𝛿𝑞𝑐 • con 𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 𝑋 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑞𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 ≅ 𝑞𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 𝑑𝑞𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , • Resultando en: 𝟏 𝑨 𝒅 𝒅𝒙 𝑨 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒙 - 𝒉𝑷 𝑲𝑨 ( T-T∞) = 𝟎
  • 11. 11 4.3.-ECUACIÓN GENERAL PARA ALETAS DE SECCIÓN TRANSVERSAL CONSTANTE. • Cambio de variable:
  • 12. 12 4.4.- SOLUCIONES PARTICULARES DE LA ECUACIÓN GENERAL . Solución particular Condiciones de frontera  Caso A. Extremo activo (convección)  Caso B Extremo adiabático  Caso C Temperatura establecida  Caso D Aleta infinita
  • 13. 13 4.4.1.- CASO A. EXTREMO ACTIVO (CONVECCIÓN) Todas las aletas están expuestas a convección desde el extremo, excepto cuando el mismo se encuentre aislado o su temperatura sea igual a la del fluido. Para este caso se tiene: • Transferencia de calor (Qf): • Distribución de la Temperatura:
  • 14. 14 4.4.2.- CASO B: ALETA CON EXTREMO ADIABÁTICO. Se considera aleta de este tipo cuando el área del extremo no intercambia calor con el fluido adyacente. • Transferencia de calor (Qf): • Distribución de la Temperatura:
  • 15. 15 4.4.3.- CASO C: ALETA DE EXTREMO CON TEMPERATURA ESTABLECIDA. Cuando se conoce la temperatura en el extremo de la aleta. • Transferencia de calor (Qf): • Distribución de la Temperatura:
  • 16. 16 4.4.4.-CASO D: ALETA DE LONGITUD INFINITA. • Transferencia de calor (Qf): • Distribución de la Temperatura:
  • 17. 17 5.- MATERIALES CON LAS CUALES SE CONSTRUYEN LAS ALETAS. Generalmente, las aletas están hechas de aluminio o cobre dado que requieren un material con una conductividad térmica elevada. Cobre K= 401 W/ m. k Aluminio K= 237 W/ m. k
  • 18. 18 6.- APLICACIONES REALES DE LAS ALETAS. La aplicación más frecuente es aquella en la que se usa una superficie extendida de manera específica para aumentar la rapidez de transferencia de calor entre un sólido y un fluido contiguo. Tuberías Condensadores Dispositivos electrónicos APLICACIONES REALES
  • 19. 19 7.- DIFERENCIA ENTRE EFECTIVIDAD Y EFICIENCIA DE UNA ALETA. la potencia térmica que se disipa sin aleta desde el área de la base que ocupa ésta en la superficie primaria. la potencia térmica que se disiparía si toda la aleta estuviese a una temperatura igual a la de la base ( la temperatura de la aleta será inferior a la de la base ). EFECTIVIDAD EFICIENCIA
  • 20. 20 CONCLUSIÓN En resumen las aletas tiene una gran importancia dado que muchos de los equipos que se utilizan a nivel industrial y cotidiano generan una cantidad de calor que para el sistema que puede ser perjudicial así que se utilizan las aletas para disipar ese calor ya que permite mantener un sistema en el interior de la maquina a una temperatura estable para no ocasionar problema de funcionamiento en el desarrollo de su desempeño y es por ello que es importante conocer los factores básicos que las componen así como sus aplicaciones y los cálculos que nos permiten cumplir con el objetivo de estas superficies.
  • 21. 21 GRACIAS POR SU ATENCIÓN