Alcohol and drugs in relation to crime

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Substance abuse has risen 68% in the last 10 years and is linked to crimes like anti-social behavior and violence. Studies show that 70% of offenders abused alcohol in the past and 50% still have issues with it. Age 16-24 year old males are most likely to abuse substances and commit crimes. Poverty and lack of education are also linked to higher rates of substance abuse and crime, as those suffering from social exclusion may turn to drugs or alcohol to cope or see dealing as their only means. Finally, regular cannabis use increases the risk of mental illness, which is in turn linked to criminal behavior.

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Drug addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful consequences. Brain changes that occur over time with drug use challenge an addicted person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges to take drugs. This is why drug addiction is also a relapsing disease. Relapse is the return to drug use after an attempt to stop. Relapse indicates the need for more or different treatment. Most drugs affect the brain's reward circuit by flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable "high" that leads people to take a drug again and again.

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Understanding Drug-taking Behavior 1chapter After you havecompleted this chapter, you should have an understanding of ● Basic terminology con- cerning drugs and drug- taking behavior ● The ways drugs enter and exit the body ● Factors determining the physiological impact of drugs ● The distinction between physical and psychological dependence ● The psychiatric definitions of substance abuse and substance dependence ● The five-schedule classifica- tion of controlled substances in the United States Mike was seventeen, a high school junior—an age when life can be both terrific and terrifying. He looked at me with amazement, telling me by his expression that either the question I was asking him was ridiculous or the answer was obvious. “Why do kids do drugs?” I had asked. “It’s cool,” he said. “That’s why. Believe me, it’s important to be cool. Besides, in my life, drugs just make me feel better. Smoking a little weed, mellowing out with some Perks or a little Vicodin, spinning with some Addies—it’s a way of getting away from ‘stuff.’ And you know that every- body does it. At least all of my friends do it. It’s easy to get them. All you need to know is where to go.” The meeting was over. But as he started to leave, Mike seemed to notice the concern on my face. “Don’t worry about me,” he said. “I can handle it. I can handle it just fine.” P A R T O N E Drugs and Society: The Criminal Justice Perspective M01_LEVI0484_03_SE_C01.qxd 11/24/10 3:11 PM Page 1 Drugs, Society and Criminal Justice, 3E by Ken Charles F. Levinthal. Published by Prentice Hall. Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education. G A R R E T T , M E G A N 1 3 2 4 T S 2 ■ Part One Drugs and Society: The Criminal Justice Perspective There is no question that drugs are all around us. Thousands of Internet web sites offering information about drug use are just a click away. It seems difficult at times to pick up a newspaper, watch television, or listen to popular music without seeing or hearing some refer- ence to drug use. We are continually bombarded with news about drug-related arrests of major drug dealers and ordinary citizens, news about the most recent drug involvement among popular celebrities, and news about drugs intercepted and confiscated at our borders and in the towns and cities of America. It is also difficult to avoid the reality of drugs in our personal lives. Seven out of ten adults surveyed in the United States describe the nation’s drug problem as either extremely or very serious; one out of four Ameri- cans report that drugs have been a cause of trouble in their family. In school, you have been taught the risks involved in drug use, but it is likely that you have had to contend with the social pressure to engage in some form of drug-related activity with your friends. According to a national survey, about one in five males and about one in eight females between the ages of twelve and seventeen have been approached in the pas ...

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