Alcaligens (1)
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Alcaligenes is a genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria found in soil, water, and the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals. One species, Alcaligenes faecalis, is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause infections like sepsis, meningitis, and peritonitis in immunocompromised patients. It is commonly acquired from medical devices and hospital environments. A. faecalis is diagnosed through Gram staining, culture tests showing characteristic odor and growth patterns, and biochemical analysis. Treatment involves carbapenems, antipseudomonal penicillins, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole antibiotics.
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This document provides an overview of anaerobic microorganisms. It discusses their habitat, classification, virulence factors and pathogenesis. Key points include that anaerobes normally inhabit the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract and genitalia. They outnumber aerobic bacteria in many areas. Common pathogenic genera include Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Clostridium and Peptostreptococcus. Virulence factors allow tissue invasion when mucosal barriers are breached. Laboratory diagnosis involves culture media and identification of colonies and metabolites.
E.coli and others dr .ihsan alsaimary
prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
Cholera
Cholera is an acute diarrheal illness caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. It spreads when the feces of an infected person come into contact with food or water. Symptoms include profuse watery diarrhea, vomiting, and leg cramps. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration salts or intravenous fluids for severe cases. Prevention emphasizes basic hygiene, provision of safe water and sanitation, and vaccination programs. With prompt treatment, mortality rates from cholera can be reduced to about 1%.
Vibrio cholera disease presentation slide
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. The lecture discusses the taxonomy, morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and symptoms of V. cholerae. It also covers the modes of transmission, laboratory diagnosis, treatment using antibiotics and oral rehydration solution, and prevention through sanitation and hygiene measures.
Vibrio cholera disease presentation slide
Cholera is an infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by severe watery diarrhea that can lead to dehydration and death if untreated. The lecture discusses the epidemiology, morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenicity and symptoms of V. cholerae. It also covers the laboratory diagnosis, treatment involving antibiotics and oral rehydration solution, and prevention through basic sanitation and hygiene measures.
Non sporing anaerobes
This document provides an overview of anaerobic microorganisms. It discusses their typical habitats including the skin, oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. It outlines their classification and important genera such as Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Clostridium. Virulence factors and mechanisms of pathogenesis are described. The laboratory diagnosis of anaerobic infections including specimen collection and culture techniques are explained. Common clinical infections associated with different anaerobic bacteria and their treatment conclude the document.
Helicobactor pylori
This document provides an overview of Helicobacter pylori, including its history, classification, morphology, culture, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and conclusion. Some key points include:
- H. pylori was first observed in 1938 and was established as the cause of gastritis in 1982.
- It is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral-shaped bacterium that colonizes the stomach.
- H. pylori infection can cause gastritis, peptic ulcers, and gastric cancer.
- Diagnosis involves non-invasive tests like the urea breath test or invasive tests like biopsy and culture.
- Treatment involves triple
Aeromonas
1) Aeromonas is a genus of bacteria commonly found in freshwater and brackish aquatic environments that can cause disease in humans and other animals. It includes 17 known species, with A. hydrophila, A. caviae, and A. veronii biovar sobria being the most common human pathogens.
2) Aeromonas bacteria typically cause two main types of infections - gastroenteritis and wound infections, sometimes with bacteremia. Gastroenteritis symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Wound infections range from mild cellulitis to severe myonecrosis.
3) Identification of Aeromonas involves culturing specimens on selective and general media, followed by biochemical and antimicrobial testing
Enterobacteriaceae.pptx
The document provides an overview of the Enterobacteriaceae family of Gram-negative bacteria. It discusses key characteristics such as being facultative anaerobes that ferment carbohydrates and possess complex antigenic structures. Major pathogens within Enterobacteriaceae like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella are then described in more detail, outlining their classification, virulence factors, clinical diseases caused, and methods of transmission and prevention.
Helicobacter pylori
This document provides information on Helicobacter pylori, including its scientific classification, history of discovery, morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and methods of laboratory diagnosis. Key points include that H. pylori was identified in 1982 as the cause of chronic gastritis and gastric ulcers, it is a gram-negative, microaerophilic, spiral bacterium that colonizes the stomach, and diagnostic tests include rapid urease test, histology, culture, PCR, serology, and urea breath test.
Genus Escherichia coli
This document provides information on the genus Escherichia coli. It discusses the morphology, culture characteristics, biochemical reactions, antigenic structure, and virulence factors of E. coli. Key points include:
- E. coli is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic rod that is a normal inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract.
- It ferments glucose with acid and gas production and is capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites.
- E. coli has O, H, and K surface antigens that are used for serotyping. The O antigen lipopolysaccharide contributes to virulence.
- Virulence factors include surface antigens, fimbriae, and toxins
anaerobic infection ppt.
This document provides an overview of anaerobic infections. It defines anaerobes and discusses their role as commensal flora. It describes the diseases caused by anaerobic bacteria and the sites they commonly infect. The document outlines the pathogenesis of anaerobic infections and their increasing incidence. It discusses the importance of laboratory diagnosis and describes methods for specimen collection, transport, culture, and identification of anaerobic bacteria.
CHOLERA
This document defines cholera as an acute diarrheal illness caused by the Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It spreads when infected feces contaminate food or water. Symptoms include watery diarrhea and vomiting which can lead to severe dehydration. The document discusses the epidemiology, causative organism, pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, prevention including vaccines, prognosis, and ways to control the spread of cholera such as treatment centers, sanitation measures, and surveillance.
puerperalsepsis-180809144349 (1).pdf
Puerperal sepsis is a serious infection of the genital tract occurring during childbirth or within 42 days postpartum. It is usually caused by bacteria that normally inhabit the vagina, such as Group A streptococcus or E. coli, entering the bloodstream through wounds or open tissues from labor and delivery. Signs include fever, pain, and abnormal vaginal discharge. Diagnosis involves cultures of vaginal secretions and blood. Treatment consists of antibiotics, with sometimes surgery needed to drain abscesses. Nursing care focuses on isolation, hygiene, monitoring vital signs, and supporting recovery. Proper prenatal care and aseptic techniques during delivery can help prevent this infection.
Puerperal sepsis
Puerperal sepsis is a serious infection of the genital tract occurring during childbirth or within 42 days postpartum. It is usually caused by bacteria that normally inhabit the vagina, such as Group A streptococcus or E. coli, entering the uterus and surrounding tissues through lacerations or surgical incisions during delivery. Signs include fever, abdominal pain, foul-smelling discharge. Diagnosis involves cultures of vaginal discharge and blood. Treatment consists of intravenous antibiotics, with sometimes surgery to drain abscesses. Nursing care focuses on isolation, hygiene, monitoring for complications like septic shock. Prophylaxis includes good nutrition, infection screening and surgical asepsis during delivery.
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Mammals stomach and dentition
The document discusses the origin and evolution of mammals. It describes two main theories for the ancestry of mammals - descent from amphibians or reptiles. While Huxley proposed an amphibian ancestry, most evidence supports a reptilian ancestry, with mammals evolving from mammal-like reptiles called therapsids. True mammals first appeared in the Jurassic period and were small, nocturnal creatures. After the extinction of dinosaurs, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation, diversifying to fill new ecological niches. Limbs and teeth evolved adaptations for different diets and modes of locomotion like burrowing, swimming and climbing. Distantly related groups sometimes converged on similar forms when occupying similar habitats.
Origin and Evolution of Mammals
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Draco volans
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Digestive system of vertebrates
1. The document describes the digestive system of vertebrates, including the development and anatomy of key structures like the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver and gallbladder.
2. It notes that the digestive tract develops from the embryonic archenteron and surrounding mesoderm. Structures vary between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates.
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Common peafowl
1. The document discusses the common peafowl, specifically the Indian peafowl. It describes the classification, appearance, habitat, and distribution of male peacocks and female peahens.
2. Male peacocks have iridescent blue-green plumage and elongated tail feathers called a "train" with eye-like patterns. Females are duller in coloration and lack the elongated tail feathers.
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Water
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Translation
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The structure of dna and genome ogranization
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Alcaligens (1)
- 1. Alcaligenes By- Sanju Sah St. Xavier’s college, Maitighar, Kathmandu Department of Microbiology
- 2. CLASSIFICATION Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Betaproteobacteria Order: Burkholderiales Family: Alcaligenaceae Genus: Alcaligenes Species: faecalis
- 3. INTRODUCTION • Alcaligenes is a genus of Gram-negative, rod- shaped bacteria. • They are obligately aerobic, but some can undergo anaerobic respiration if nitrate is present. • The species are motile with peritrichous flagella and rarely non motile. • They have a distinct cell wall. • It is a genus of non fermenting bacteria. • Strains of Alcaligenes (such as A. faecalis) are found mostly in the intestinal tracts of vertebrates, decaying materials, dairy products, water, and soil; they can be isolated from human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and wounds in hospitalized patients with compromised immune systems.
- 4. • It is a pathogenic, opportunistic bacteria. • Samples from blood, urine, feces, discharge from ears, spinal fluid, and wounds have produced this type of bacteria. • Alcaligenes species have been increasingly recovered over the past decade from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). • Some species of Alcaligenes are potential causes of chronic pulmonary disease in patients with cystic fibrosis. • Alcaligenes generate energy in a number of ways, including arsenite oxidation.
- 5. A. faecalis • It was isolated in 1896 by Petruschky from stale beer. • It is motile, flagellated, slender, slightly curved, not spore-forming, slowly growing, non fermenting, capsule forming, gram-negative aerobe of the family Alcaligenaceae. • Most commonly found in the alimentary tract as a harmless saprophyte in 5% – 19% of the normal population. • Causes sepsis, meningitis, peritonitis, enteric fever, appendicitis, cystitis, chronic suppurative otitis media, abscesses, arthritis, pneumonitis, and endocarditis. • It has been associated with fatal outcomes because these organisms are resistant to commonly used antibiotics.
- 6. Habitat (Reservoir) Mode of transmission Virulence factor Spectrum of disease and infection Alcaligenes faecalis Environment, soil, water, moist hospital grounds, skin Exposure to medical devices and solutions Unknown Usually involves immunocompromised patients. Involves blood, urine, respiratory tract Alcaligenes piechaudii Environment Rarely found in humans Unknown Rarely causes human infection
- 7. Biochemical Tests of Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis
- 9. • PATHOLOGY OF A. faecalis • Many infections caused by the microbe are a result of contamination of medical devices. • Kaliaperumal et al. (2006) have shown that A. faecalis may be a causative agent in postoperative endophthalmitis in the human eye. • Patients on endophthalmitis may experience swelling of the eyelid, redness, and permanent loss of vision. • Kahveci et al. (2011) found that catheters contaminated with A. faecalis may be associated with development of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. • Symptoms of peritonitis include vomiting, passing little or no stool, sore and bloated abdomen, and fever.
- 10. • The microbe has been found to cause urinary tract infections in humans. • A. faecalis has also been found in corneal ulcers, feces, blood, and other bodily fluids. • In addition to infecting humans, A. faecalis is a pathogen of domesticated chickens, domesticated turkeys, and other birds. • Although A. faecalis has been isolated from human and non-human hosts, the pathogenic mechanism of the microbe is largely unknown.
- 11. LAB DIAGNOSIS • Specimen : Blood, urine, feces, discharge from ears, spinal fluid, and wounds • Gram staining : Gram-negative, rod-shaped, flagellated, slender, slightly curved, non spore-forming, capsule forming • Culture -Blood Agar : Feather edged colonies usually surrounded by zone of green discoloration, produces highly characteristic fruity odor resembling apples or strawberries -Mac Conkey Agar : Non lactose fermenter • Biochemical tests
- 12. TREATMENT • Currently, carbapenems, antipseudomonal penicillins, and trimethoprim/sul- famethoxazole are considered the agents of choice for the treatment of A. faecalis infections
- 13. REFERENCES • https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/yoken/68/2/68_JJID.2014.164/_pdf • Bailey and Scott (2007). Diagnostic Microbiology 12th edition Elsevier pp 363-369 • https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Alcaligenes_faecalis_NEUF2011 • https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular- biology/alcaligenes-faecalis
- 14. THANK YOU