I published this document detailing the AU Agenda 2063 on infrastructure. Africa needs to spend $90Billion dollars YonY for the next 10 years to bridge the infrastructure gap. This paper was meant for children aged between 14-18 to understand the importance of how an investment in infrastructure will unlock major gains for the continent.
An introduction to the transportation sector and the aviation industry and its role in the tourism industry and a focus on the possible future trends. Created to augment the lecture on the same subject for the students of the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management (CITHM) of the Lyceum of the Philippines - Cavite Campus for the subject Principles of Tourism II.
Transportation plays a significant role in economic development and growth. It contributes to industries by enabling quick marketing of perishable goods. It also increases demand for goods by connecting new customers and markets. Transportation creates place and time utility by bridging production and consumption centers and allowing for faster distribution of products. It helps stabilize prices by moving commodities between surplus and deficit areas. India's transportation sector accounts for 6.4% of GDP, with road transportation making up 5.4% of GDP. Improved transportation infrastructure leads to economic benefits like lower prices, more product variety, and overall economic growth and efficiency.
This document discusses different modes of tourist transportation in India. It outlines road, water, rail, and air transport systems and their roles in facilitating tourism. Road transport plays a vital role in connecting remote areas and is relatively cheaper. Water transport, while oldest, still has relevance for environmental and economic reasons. Rail transport operates the fourth largest network globally and offers luxury tourist trains. Air transport is primarily for passenger transport and its expansion is crucial for tourism growth given India's large size and diversity. Faster and more efficient transportation is essential for increasing domestic and international tourism by linking attractions and accommodating time-limited tourists.
The document discusses upgrades to the Tbilisi-Rustavi highway section in Georgia. It notes that the current 22km highway is congested with over 12,000 vehicles per day despite only having a capacity of 9,000. The upgrades will modernize the highway to international standards with 4 lanes and a design speed of 120 km/h, increasing its capacity to 44,000 vehicles per day. The improvements are part of the EU-supported TRACECA program to develop the "New Silk Road" and ease congestion between Tbilisi and Rustavi while promoting regional trade, transit, and tourism.
Tourism relies on various modes of transportation to move tourists between destinations. The main modes are air, rail, road, and water transport. Each has advantages and disadvantages related to speed, cost, safety, convenience, and other factors that tourists consider when choosing which mode best suits their needs and preferences. While air transport is the fastest, it is also the most expensive. Road transport is cost-effective but can face traffic delays. Water transport is cheap but slow, and more risky than other modes. Tourists weigh these tradeoffs to select the optimal transportation for their specific travel requirements and circumstances.
This document provides an overview of India's transportation system. It discusses the key modes of transport including railways, roads, water transport, and air transport. Railways have the largest network and carry most long-distance passenger and freight traffic. Roads are the most widely used system and provide critical connectivity across the country. Water transport, including shipping and inland waterways, is an important low-cost method for transporting bulk goods. Air transport connects major cities although it is more expensive. Overall the transportation system plays a vital role in India's economy and development.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores accessibility issues for Hatiya Island in Bangladesh. Hatiya Island relies on river transportation to access the mainland, but current services face various challenges. The research aims to assess accessibility, analyze transportation modes and passenger behavior over time, and evaluate strategic approaches by authorities. It seeks to identify gaps and improve safe, reliable mainland access for Hatiya Island. Key questions examine the island's geographical and social context, institutional frameworks for transportation management, available modes and factors affecting them, and potential strategic improvements.
An introduction to the transportation sector and the aviation industry and its role in the tourism industry and a focus on the possible future trends. Created to augment the lecture on the same subject for the students of the College of International Tourism and Hospitality Management (CITHM) of the Lyceum of the Philippines - Cavite Campus for the subject Principles of Tourism II.
Transportation plays a significant role in economic development and growth. It contributes to industries by enabling quick marketing of perishable goods. It also increases demand for goods by connecting new customers and markets. Transportation creates place and time utility by bridging production and consumption centers and allowing for faster distribution of products. It helps stabilize prices by moving commodities between surplus and deficit areas. India's transportation sector accounts for 6.4% of GDP, with road transportation making up 5.4% of GDP. Improved transportation infrastructure leads to economic benefits like lower prices, more product variety, and overall economic growth and efficiency.
This document discusses different modes of tourist transportation in India. It outlines road, water, rail, and air transport systems and their roles in facilitating tourism. Road transport plays a vital role in connecting remote areas and is relatively cheaper. Water transport, while oldest, still has relevance for environmental and economic reasons. Rail transport operates the fourth largest network globally and offers luxury tourist trains. Air transport is primarily for passenger transport and its expansion is crucial for tourism growth given India's large size and diversity. Faster and more efficient transportation is essential for increasing domestic and international tourism by linking attractions and accommodating time-limited tourists.
The document discusses upgrades to the Tbilisi-Rustavi highway section in Georgia. It notes that the current 22km highway is congested with over 12,000 vehicles per day despite only having a capacity of 9,000. The upgrades will modernize the highway to international standards with 4 lanes and a design speed of 120 km/h, increasing its capacity to 44,000 vehicles per day. The improvements are part of the EU-supported TRACECA program to develop the "New Silk Road" and ease congestion between Tbilisi and Rustavi while promoting regional trade, transit, and tourism.
Tourism relies on various modes of transportation to move tourists between destinations. The main modes are air, rail, road, and water transport. Each has advantages and disadvantages related to speed, cost, safety, convenience, and other factors that tourists consider when choosing which mode best suits their needs and preferences. While air transport is the fastest, it is also the most expensive. Road transport is cost-effective but can face traffic delays. Water transport is cheap but slow, and more risky than other modes. Tourists weigh these tradeoffs to select the optimal transportation for their specific travel requirements and circumstances.
This document provides an overview of India's transportation system. It discusses the key modes of transport including railways, roads, water transport, and air transport. Railways have the largest network and carry most long-distance passenger and freight traffic. Roads are the most widely used system and provide critical connectivity across the country. Water transport, including shipping and inland waterways, is an important low-cost method for transporting bulk goods. Air transport connects major cities although it is more expensive. Overall the transportation system plays a vital role in India's economy and development.
This document summarizes a research paper that explores accessibility issues for Hatiya Island in Bangladesh. Hatiya Island relies on river transportation to access the mainland, but current services face various challenges. The research aims to assess accessibility, analyze transportation modes and passenger behavior over time, and evaluate strategic approaches by authorities. It seeks to identify gaps and improve safe, reliable mainland access for Hatiya Island. Key questions examine the island's geographical and social context, institutional frameworks for transportation management, available modes and factors affecting them, and potential strategic improvements.
Vietnam has an infrastructure problem, especially regarding its ports. Its current ports are too small and shallow to effectively handle economic opportunities. Expanding and renovating Vietnam's ports could have significant economic and political impacts. It would reduce shipping costs for Vietnamese exports, attract foreign investment, and allow Vietnam to enter new markets like oil exports and regional transshipment. However, there are concerns about how renovation funds will be spent given a history of corruption. The project also risks widening economic disparities between northern and southern Vietnam.
The document discusses various modes of transportation including roadways, waterways, airways, railways, pipelines, cable systems and space transportation. It provides examples of vehicles used for each mode like cars, boats, airplanes, trains, pipelines for liquids/gases, elevators for cable systems and space crafts. It also discusses various transportation authorities and statistics for different transportation infrastructure in countries like India.
This document provides an overview of different modes of tourist transport and their role in tourism. It discusses rail, water, road, and air transport. For each mode, it describes the historical development and key characteristics. It also discusses the role of organizations like ICAO and IATA in regulating international air transport. The document is divided into chapters with sections on topics like economics of transport, characteristics of different modes, and regulatory bodies. It includes lists of group members and objectives of ICAO and IATA.
This presentation discusses the role of transportation in national development. It covers various modes of transportation including roads, railways, airways, waterways, and pipelines. Transportation contributes to economic, industrial, and social development by connecting markets, increasing trade, and facilitating the movement of goods and people. While transportation is crucial for development, it can also have negative impacts like migration, pollution, and increased crime. The presentation concludes that investment in high quality transportation systems is necessary to allow remote communities to fully participate in and benefit from national development.
The popularity of river cruises has grown significantly in recent years among both older and younger generations. However, the millennial generation places more emphasis on health, safety, and environmental sustainability compared to previous generations. As the river cruise industry continues to expand, international organizations and national governments must work to continuously improve and harmonize safety and environmental regulations and standards across regions to meet rising passenger expectations and ensure incidents can be prevented. Currently regulatory standards are less developed for river cruising compared to ocean cruising, particularly in developing regions seeing growth, but efforts are underway to establish requirements and bring all vessels up to stronger safety and environmental protections.
This paper examines the need for a 3G intermodal system in the United States. Recognizing that intermodal is a broadly used term, this paper is written in the context of the international container port and the intermodal infrastructure and offerings serving it.
it is based on topic lifelines of Indian economy of Class 10 Geography topic .it gives a brief description about different means and modes of transport available in India Its advantages as well as its features.
This document discusses modes of travel and transportation services in Bangladesh from 1850 to the present. It outlines several eras of transportation: pre-industrial travel using bullock carts and horses; the railway system era beginning in the 1850s; the express travel era where rail expanded; the automobile era starting in the 1920s; the modern tourism era of 1945-1974 with increased air travel; and the current post-mobility adjustment era with alternative transportation. Modes of travel discussed include railways, water transport on rivers, automobiles, buses, and telecommunications aiding the tourism industry.
Greetings,
Attached FYI ( NewBase Special 29 June 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• Egypt solidifies links to China with membership in Silk Road Economic Belt trade union
• China’s “One Belt – One Road” Mega-Project Will Boost Eurasian Natural Gas Opportunities
• Iran said to boost condensate stockpiles after refinery delay
• U.S. refinery capacity reaches 18 million barrels per day
• Argentina and China lead shale development outside North America in first-half 2015
• First sign of a US drilling recovery emerges in rigs
• Oil prices fall after Greek imposes capital controls
• Oil prices influence stock market through the private sector
we would appreciate your actions to send to all interested parties that you may wish. Also note that if you or your organization wish to include your own article or advert in our circulations, please send it to :-
khdmohd@hotmail.com or khdmohd@hawkenergy.net
Best Regards.
Khaled Al Awadi
Energy Consultant & NewBase Chairman - Senior Chief Editor
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME meme since 1995
Hawk Energy sinc
Wallahnestahal is a group of 15 young Omanis from different parts of Oman who produce videos highlighting social issues in the country. They aim to facilitate constructive dialogue and encourage informed discussion. The group is divided into production, technical, and marketing teams. They have produced 13 videos so far with over 30,000 views each. Topics covered include education standards, the job market, telecommunications infrastructure, and planning. The videos analyze issues objectively and suggest strategies for improvement. The group works with a small budget and volunteers their time and skills to give a voice to citizens and strengthen civic participation.
This document discusses the importance of transport and communication for development. It describes a scenario where a village man needs to take his sick wife to the hospital, but faces difficulties due to lack of transport and communication facilities. It then outlines the objectives of examining different modes of transport and communication and their role in connecting people and facilitating socio-economic growth. The key modes of transport discussed are roadways, railways, water transport and air transport. It focuses on the classification and importance of roads and railways for transportation within India.
This document discusses transportation infrastructure problems, causes, and effects and proposes solutions. It defines transportation infrastructure as including roads, railways, ports and airports. Common problems are traffic congestion, inadequate public transport, environmental impacts, and accidents. Causes of poor infrastructure include increased vehicles and commercial traffic. Effects are wasted time, pollution, safety issues, health problems, and slowed economic growth. Proposed solutions are expanding road capacity, promoting alternatives to driving like biking and public transit, and establishing transport rules and regulations.
MODERNIZATION OF SEAPORT OF BANGLADESH FOR REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY – IMPLICATIO...Khaled Hasan
This document discusses the modernization of seaports in Bangladesh and its implications for national development and security. Chapter 1 provides background on Bangladesh's reliance on seaports for international trade as 90% of trade is conducted via sea routes. It notes that the two main seaports of Chittagong and Mongla are undertaking modernization but are still underutilized. The chapter establishes the objectives of the research, which are to study challenges to regional connectivity through seaports, how modernization can address these challenges, and how improved seaports can boost national development and security. Chapter 2 will examine Bangladesh's geostrategic position relative to its seaports and the importance of the Bay of Bengal.
Transportation role in tourism developmentjyoti chandani
Transportation plays a vital role in tourism development by linking destinations and enabling travel between places. Historically, improvements in transportation technology, beginning with the industrial revolution, enabled the growth of tourism by increasing speeds and distances of travel. Modern advances like air travel have dramatically shrunk the world and made international mass tourism possible. Transportation infrastructure and policies can significantly impact tourism by affecting accessibility and the viability of destinations. The development of tourism and transportation are strongly interlinked, as improvements in one stimulate growth in the other.
The document discusses several issues related to regional integration in Africa, including high costs of air travel, the future of regional economic communities like ECOWAS and CEN-SAD, and which REC South Sudan should join. It notes that ECOWAS has long discussed an "ECOAIR" carrier but it has not happened. It also argues that the AU should do more to support initiatives to lower fuel costs for African airlines and engage with Libya on commitments to organizations impacted by Qaddafi's fall. South Sudan's membership in COMESA and potential membership in the EAC is also covered.
The newsletter provides updates on the EThekwini Maritime Cluster's recent activities and programs in March:
1) They concluded a process to select a consultant to conduct business diagnostic assessments for their Accelerator Programme participants to improve financial management, operations, and business leadership.
2) Their annual Durban Maritime Summit Cruise conference explored how to develop Durban's cruise tourism sector, finding the city is missing opportunities in this growing industry due to a lack of cruise terminal facilities.
3) A report by a Dutch expert found a need to train more maritime educators at KZN tertiary institutions to strengthen maritime education and enable more people to enter the industry.
African market_Maritime business seminar on 24.11.2016Business Finland
The document summarizes opportunities for growth in Africa's maritime sector. It notes that Africa has a young and growing population, as well as natural resources and infrastructure investments driving GDP growth above 5% annually. Key opportunities include building ships in Africa tailored to African conditions to serve demands in oil/gas exploration, port infrastructure, and fleet renewals. South Africa faces challenges like an aging fleet and lack of shipbuilding capabilities, but its Operation Phakisa initiative aims to unlock potential in marine transport, offshore energy, aquaculture, and governance to create 22,000 new jobs and over $20 billion in GDP by 2019 through public-private partnerships.
- Sub-Saharan African rail networks are fragmented and lightly used due to competition from improved roads and liberalization of transport sectors. They struggle to generate enough revenue for maintenance and investment needs.
- The total network size is around 69,000 km, but many lines are in poor condition. Traffic densities are generally low at less than 300,000 units per route-km for most networks.
- Rehabilitating the networks will require large investments estimated at $500 million per year for 10 years, well beyond the railways' capacity to self-finance without outside support. New construction projects will rarely be viable given current low traffic volumes across most of the region.
The Future of the port industry in Eastern & Southern AfricaTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Nozipho Mdawe, secretary general, PMAESA at the 2nd Annual Africa Ports & Rail Summit held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 2 and 3 December 2015.
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
The document discusses the importance of developing Africa's aviation sector and facilitating an open skies policy on the continent. It outlines several initiatives that aim to achieve this, including the African Common Civil Aviation Policy, the Single African Sky program, and the Yamoussoukro Decision Implementation. The document emphasizes the need for citizens, journalists, and advocacy organizations to continue putting pressure on governments and the transport ministry to provide feasibility studies and details on developing Africa's aviation industry in order to support economic growth across the region.
Vietnam has an infrastructure problem, especially regarding its ports. Its current ports are too small and shallow to effectively handle economic opportunities. Expanding and renovating Vietnam's ports could have significant economic and political impacts. It would reduce shipping costs for Vietnamese exports, attract foreign investment, and allow Vietnam to enter new markets like oil exports and regional transshipment. However, there are concerns about how renovation funds will be spent given a history of corruption. The project also risks widening economic disparities between northern and southern Vietnam.
The document discusses various modes of transportation including roadways, waterways, airways, railways, pipelines, cable systems and space transportation. It provides examples of vehicles used for each mode like cars, boats, airplanes, trains, pipelines for liquids/gases, elevators for cable systems and space crafts. It also discusses various transportation authorities and statistics for different transportation infrastructure in countries like India.
This document provides an overview of different modes of tourist transport and their role in tourism. It discusses rail, water, road, and air transport. For each mode, it describes the historical development and key characteristics. It also discusses the role of organizations like ICAO and IATA in regulating international air transport. The document is divided into chapters with sections on topics like economics of transport, characteristics of different modes, and regulatory bodies. It includes lists of group members and objectives of ICAO and IATA.
This presentation discusses the role of transportation in national development. It covers various modes of transportation including roads, railways, airways, waterways, and pipelines. Transportation contributes to economic, industrial, and social development by connecting markets, increasing trade, and facilitating the movement of goods and people. While transportation is crucial for development, it can also have negative impacts like migration, pollution, and increased crime. The presentation concludes that investment in high quality transportation systems is necessary to allow remote communities to fully participate in and benefit from national development.
The popularity of river cruises has grown significantly in recent years among both older and younger generations. However, the millennial generation places more emphasis on health, safety, and environmental sustainability compared to previous generations. As the river cruise industry continues to expand, international organizations and national governments must work to continuously improve and harmonize safety and environmental regulations and standards across regions to meet rising passenger expectations and ensure incidents can be prevented. Currently regulatory standards are less developed for river cruising compared to ocean cruising, particularly in developing regions seeing growth, but efforts are underway to establish requirements and bring all vessels up to stronger safety and environmental protections.
This paper examines the need for a 3G intermodal system in the United States. Recognizing that intermodal is a broadly used term, this paper is written in the context of the international container port and the intermodal infrastructure and offerings serving it.
it is based on topic lifelines of Indian economy of Class 10 Geography topic .it gives a brief description about different means and modes of transport available in India Its advantages as well as its features.
This document discusses modes of travel and transportation services in Bangladesh from 1850 to the present. It outlines several eras of transportation: pre-industrial travel using bullock carts and horses; the railway system era beginning in the 1850s; the express travel era where rail expanded; the automobile era starting in the 1920s; the modern tourism era of 1945-1974 with increased air travel; and the current post-mobility adjustment era with alternative transportation. Modes of travel discussed include railways, water transport on rivers, automobiles, buses, and telecommunications aiding the tourism industry.
Greetings,
Attached FYI ( NewBase Special 29 June 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• Egypt solidifies links to China with membership in Silk Road Economic Belt trade union
• China’s “One Belt – One Road” Mega-Project Will Boost Eurasian Natural Gas Opportunities
• Iran said to boost condensate stockpiles after refinery delay
• U.S. refinery capacity reaches 18 million barrels per day
• Argentina and China lead shale development outside North America in first-half 2015
• First sign of a US drilling recovery emerges in rigs
• Oil prices fall after Greek imposes capital controls
• Oil prices influence stock market through the private sector
we would appreciate your actions to send to all interested parties that you may wish. Also note that if you or your organization wish to include your own article or advert in our circulations, please send it to :-
khdmohd@hotmail.com or khdmohd@hawkenergy.net
Best Regards.
Khaled Al Awadi
Energy Consultant & NewBase Chairman - Senior Chief Editor
MS & BS Mechanical Engineering (HON), USA
Emarat member since 1990
ASME meme since 1995
Hawk Energy sinc
Wallahnestahal is a group of 15 young Omanis from different parts of Oman who produce videos highlighting social issues in the country. They aim to facilitate constructive dialogue and encourage informed discussion. The group is divided into production, technical, and marketing teams. They have produced 13 videos so far with over 30,000 views each. Topics covered include education standards, the job market, telecommunications infrastructure, and planning. The videos analyze issues objectively and suggest strategies for improvement. The group works with a small budget and volunteers their time and skills to give a voice to citizens and strengthen civic participation.
This document discusses the importance of transport and communication for development. It describes a scenario where a village man needs to take his sick wife to the hospital, but faces difficulties due to lack of transport and communication facilities. It then outlines the objectives of examining different modes of transport and communication and their role in connecting people and facilitating socio-economic growth. The key modes of transport discussed are roadways, railways, water transport and air transport. It focuses on the classification and importance of roads and railways for transportation within India.
This document discusses transportation infrastructure problems, causes, and effects and proposes solutions. It defines transportation infrastructure as including roads, railways, ports and airports. Common problems are traffic congestion, inadequate public transport, environmental impacts, and accidents. Causes of poor infrastructure include increased vehicles and commercial traffic. Effects are wasted time, pollution, safety issues, health problems, and slowed economic growth. Proposed solutions are expanding road capacity, promoting alternatives to driving like biking and public transit, and establishing transport rules and regulations.
MODERNIZATION OF SEAPORT OF BANGLADESH FOR REGIONAL CONNECTIVITY – IMPLICATIO...Khaled Hasan
This document discusses the modernization of seaports in Bangladesh and its implications for national development and security. Chapter 1 provides background on Bangladesh's reliance on seaports for international trade as 90% of trade is conducted via sea routes. It notes that the two main seaports of Chittagong and Mongla are undertaking modernization but are still underutilized. The chapter establishes the objectives of the research, which are to study challenges to regional connectivity through seaports, how modernization can address these challenges, and how improved seaports can boost national development and security. Chapter 2 will examine Bangladesh's geostrategic position relative to its seaports and the importance of the Bay of Bengal.
Transportation role in tourism developmentjyoti chandani
Transportation plays a vital role in tourism development by linking destinations and enabling travel between places. Historically, improvements in transportation technology, beginning with the industrial revolution, enabled the growth of tourism by increasing speeds and distances of travel. Modern advances like air travel have dramatically shrunk the world and made international mass tourism possible. Transportation infrastructure and policies can significantly impact tourism by affecting accessibility and the viability of destinations. The development of tourism and transportation are strongly interlinked, as improvements in one stimulate growth in the other.
The document discusses several issues related to regional integration in Africa, including high costs of air travel, the future of regional economic communities like ECOWAS and CEN-SAD, and which REC South Sudan should join. It notes that ECOWAS has long discussed an "ECOAIR" carrier but it has not happened. It also argues that the AU should do more to support initiatives to lower fuel costs for African airlines and engage with Libya on commitments to organizations impacted by Qaddafi's fall. South Sudan's membership in COMESA and potential membership in the EAC is also covered.
The newsletter provides updates on the EThekwini Maritime Cluster's recent activities and programs in March:
1) They concluded a process to select a consultant to conduct business diagnostic assessments for their Accelerator Programme participants to improve financial management, operations, and business leadership.
2) Their annual Durban Maritime Summit Cruise conference explored how to develop Durban's cruise tourism sector, finding the city is missing opportunities in this growing industry due to a lack of cruise terminal facilities.
3) A report by a Dutch expert found a need to train more maritime educators at KZN tertiary institutions to strengthen maritime education and enable more people to enter the industry.
African market_Maritime business seminar on 24.11.2016Business Finland
The document summarizes opportunities for growth in Africa's maritime sector. It notes that Africa has a young and growing population, as well as natural resources and infrastructure investments driving GDP growth above 5% annually. Key opportunities include building ships in Africa tailored to African conditions to serve demands in oil/gas exploration, port infrastructure, and fleet renewals. South Africa faces challenges like an aging fleet and lack of shipbuilding capabilities, but its Operation Phakisa initiative aims to unlock potential in marine transport, offshore energy, aquaculture, and governance to create 22,000 new jobs and over $20 billion in GDP by 2019 through public-private partnerships.
- Sub-Saharan African rail networks are fragmented and lightly used due to competition from improved roads and liberalization of transport sectors. They struggle to generate enough revenue for maintenance and investment needs.
- The total network size is around 69,000 km, but many lines are in poor condition. Traffic densities are generally low at less than 300,000 units per route-km for most networks.
- Rehabilitating the networks will require large investments estimated at $500 million per year for 10 years, well beyond the railways' capacity to self-finance without outside support. New construction projects will rarely be viable given current low traffic volumes across most of the region.
The Future of the port industry in Eastern & Southern AfricaTristan Wiggill
A presentation by Nozipho Mdawe, secretary general, PMAESA at the 2nd Annual Africa Ports & Rail Summit held in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on 2 and 3 December 2015.
More like this on www.transportworldafrica.co.za
The document discusses the importance of developing Africa's aviation sector and facilitating an open skies policy on the continent. It outlines several initiatives that aim to achieve this, including the African Common Civil Aviation Policy, the Single African Sky program, and the Yamoussoukro Decision Implementation. The document emphasizes the need for citizens, journalists, and advocacy organizations to continue putting pressure on governments and the transport ministry to provide feasibility studies and details on developing Africa's aviation industry in order to support economic growth across the region.
The document discusses the potential for mobile phones to revolutionize health diagnostics in developing countries. It describes how researchers have turned smartphones into mobile microscopes by attaching additional lenses. This allows smartphones to diagnose conditions like malaria, tuberculosis, and parasitic infections from blood and sputum samples. The technology is currently being tested in several developing country contexts. The document also discusses initiatives to use smartphone spectroscopy and diagnostic apps to allow real-time analysis of health samples in remote locations.
OITC annual Report 2015 - web - page per pageStefan Atchia
The annual report summarizes the African Development Bank's investments and activities in transport and ICT infrastructure in Africa for 2015. Some key points:
- The Bank invested $2 billion in 17 transport and ICT projects, 50% above target, to support economic growth, trade, and development across Africa.
- The Bank's active transport and ICT project portfolio reached $11 billion for 114 ongoing projects in 44 countries, with 40% focused on developing regional road corridors to boost integration, agriculture, and industrialization.
- Efforts were made to diversify into other modes like aviation, rail, maritime, and urban transport, which accounted for 30% of lending, including a bus rapid transit project in Tanz
The document summarizes key aspects of passenger transportation as it relates to the tourism industry. It discusses the importance of various modes of transportation including airlines, automobiles, rail, motor coaches, and cruise ships. It provides statistics on industry revenues and growth rates. It also examines issues like congestion and environmental impacts and trends in transportation technologies.
Also known as “One Belt, one Road" (OBOR), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. It is the largest infrastructure project ever undertaken in history. The goal is to promote
roduction, trade and investment, as well as the physical and digital integration of international markets. The BRI provides Chinese investment with a framework to improve existing infrastructure and build new production sites and trade routes to better connect China to the rest of the world.
Conference on building resilient industries and infrastructure for economic t...IDEGGhana
CONFERENCE ON BUILDING RESILIENT INDUSTRIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE FOR ECONOMIC TRANSFROMATION IN AFRICA: THE ROLE OF CHINA HOSTED BY INSTITUTE FOR DEMOCRATIC GOVERNANCE (IDEG)
(4TH AND 5TH JULY, 2017, ACCRA, GHANA)
OPENING SPEECH/GHANA’S ROLE IN INDUSTRIALISATION AND INFRASTRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE ECOWAS REGION
BY
HIS EXCELLENCY DR. MAHAMUDU BAWUMIA VICE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF GHANA
The Social And Environmental Impact Of Road Infrastructure...Tiffany Graham
Transport engineering plays a key role in improving the efficiency of inter-urban goods movement through infrastructure development and technological innovations. Infrastructure projects like expanding road and rail networks help connect cities and reduce travel times. Intelligent transport systems using sensors and IoT enable real-time traffic management and route optimization. New vehicle designs increase payload capacity and prioritize safety. Standardizing processes across modes of transport streamlines transfers and reduces delays. Together, these engineering advances enhance the flow of goods between urban areas and support economic growth.
Rail will be a uniting force for NigeriaTolu Ogunlesi
"Rail is a uniting force on multiple levels, not just in closing the gaps between places, but also in bringing rich and poor together. At the moment, rich Nigerians conquer vast distances strictly by air, while the less privileged have no other option than to
travel by road. Rail stands somewhere in the middle, providing much greater comfort than the roads and an affordability that air travel is not designed to provide."
Transnet port terminals on stay ahead of the competition, presented during af...Transnet Port Terminals
Transnet Port Terminals operates cargo handling across South Africa's ports and is expanding capacity to respond to growing demand. As the largest container terminal operator in Africa, it aims to establish South Africa as a regional hub through initiatives like port pairing agreements and developing other African ports. Transnet owns ports, rail, and pipelines and has a capital investment plan to further economic growth through improved regional integration and infrastructure development.
Transportation has always played an important role in Canada's history, with the construction of the railway system in the late 1800s connecting many provinces and allowing for the first transcontinental rail journey across Canada in 1885. Transportation infrastructure is necessary for Canada's development but is also very expensive, while the transportation system makes trade and business possible both within Canada and internationally but sometimes causes environmental damage.
1) Africa's current transport infrastructure is inadequate to support economic growth and integration, with only a small percentage of roads paved and few countries having rail or transport networks above the global average.
2) Expanding transport infrastructure through projects like PIDA's vision for an integrated transport network could slash transport costs, boost intra-African trade to over 20% from the current 12%, and create millions of jobs.
3) High speed rail has the potential to further connect cities and regions, ease congestion on existing networks, and stimulate economic development, but will require large capital investments that may not be fully recovered.
- Richard Blouse Jr. presented TranslinkeD, the Detroit Regional Chamber's vision to leverage the region's assets into a global logistics hub.
- The region is well-positioned geographically and has strong transportation infrastructure including ports, railways, roads, and airports to connect global trade routes.
- Developing the region as an inland port similar to other successful models could attract billions in investment and jobs by improving capacity to quickly move goods worldwide.
This document discusses diversifying African trade. It provides a snapshot of current African trade, which remains highly dependent on commodities, with minerals and ores making up over two-thirds of exports. While the EU and US are still major trade partners, Chinese trade with Africa has surged significantly in recent years. The report examines partnerships with emerging economies like India and Turkey that are increasing trade with Africa. It also looks at regional trade blocs and external trade policies, identifying obstacles to trade and providing recommendations to further diversify African trade and promote sustainable economic growth.
Also known as “One Belt, one Road" (OBOR), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was launched by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013. It is the largest infrastructure project ever undertaken in history. The goal is to promote
roduction, trade and investment, as well as the physical and digital integration of international markets. The BRI provides Chinese investment with a framework to improve existing infrastructure and build new production sites and trade routes to better connect China to the rest of the world.
Similar to Alamau building transcontinental infrastructure for economic cooperation (20)
18062024_First India Newspaper Jaipur.pdfFIRST INDIA
Find Latest India News and Breaking News these days from India on Politics, Business, Entertainment, Technology, Sports, Lifestyle and Coronavirus News in India and the world over that you can't miss. For real time update Visit our social media handle. Read First India NewsPaper in your morning replace. Visit First India.
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Recent years have seen a disturbing rise in violence, discrimination, and intolerance against Christian communities in various Islamic countries. This multifaceted challenge, deeply rooted in historical, social, and political animosities, demands urgent attention. Despite the escalating persecution, substantial support from the Western world remains lacking.
Federal Authorities Urge Vigilance Amid Bird Flu Outbreak | The Lifesciences ...The Lifesciences Magazine
Federal authorities have advised the public to remain vigilant but calm in response to the ongoing bird flu outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza, commonly known as bird flu.
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#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...rittaajmal71
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केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
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Christian persecution in Islamic countries has intensified, with alarming incidents of violence, discrimination, and intolerance. This article highlights recent attacks in Nigeria, Pakistan, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq, exposing the multifaceted challenges faced by Christian communities. Despite the severity of these atrocities, the Western world's response remains muted due to political, economic, and social considerations. The urgent need for international intervention is underscored, emphasizing that without substantial support, the future of Christianity in these regions is at grave risk.
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2. Page | 1
Table of Contents
Acronyms and Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................2
Letter from the Chairperson......................................................................................................................3
About the Committee................................................................................................................................4
Statement of the Issue ..............................................................................................................................5
Current Trends ..........................................................................................................................................8
Railway Projects …….……………………………..…………………………...……………………………….8
Road Transportation........................................................... ………………………………………………….9
Air Transportation ......………………………………………………………………….……………………..10
Case Studies ............................................................................................................................................ 11
Case Study One: The Trans-African Highway Network (TAH)................................................................... 11
Case Study Two: The North-South Corridor …………………………………………………………………13
Stakeholders ........................................................................................................................................... 15
Proposed Solutions................................................................................................................................. 16
Questions a Resolution Must Answer...................................................................................................... 18
References............................................................................................................................................... 19
3. Page | 2
Acronyms and Abbreviations
The African Development Bank (AfDB)
The African Leadership Academy Model African Union (ALAMAU)
The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
The East Africa Community (EAC)
The Economic Community for West African States (ECOWAS)
The European Union (EU)
The Model African Union (MAU)
The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD)
The Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA)
Regional Economic Community (REC)
The Single African Air Transport Market (SAATM)
The Southern African Development Community (SADC)
Trans-African Highway (TAH)
The United Nations Economic Committee for Africa (UNECsA)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
4. Page | 3
Letter from the Chairperson
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to the African Leadership Academy
Model African Union (ALAMAU) and specifically
the African Development Bank (AfDB)!
My name is Jesse Mwangi and I go by Jesse
Forrester. I had been a debater in Kenya prior
to studying at the African Leadership Academy
(ALA), though I experienced the Model United
Nations (MUN) for the first time at ALA. As I
started the International Relations Council
classes, I noticed veterans of the MUN;
students who understood parliamentary
procedure and spoke without fear. Of course,
there will be people just like this at ALAMAU - you may even be one of them! Either way, in my committee
everyone is on the same level, no matter how many MUNs you have attended. The most important
consideration is to stand up and let your voice be heard. (So long as you have read the Study Guide…)
You may also be surprised to hear that despite my initial discouragement, I was selected to represent
ALA at the Georgetown MUN in Qatar. I felt pressure to do well, especially as the team had done an
excellent job the previous year. Nevertheless, when I got there and took the microphone to speak, I felt
nerves and then strength. After my first official MUN, I won the best delegate award in my committee
and was thoroughly pleased with myself!
In this guide, you will find details on a complex issue. Ultimately, I hope you grasp the urgency that
faces our continent to move towards a more integrated infrastructure system. If you have any
questions, please reach out to me on: Jmwangi17@alastudents.org
All the best,
Jesse Mwangi
Chairperson
The African Development Bank
5. Page | 4
About The Committee
The African Development Bank (AfDB) is an African Union (AU) committee focused on the socio-
economic development of Africa. It aims to support the reduction of poverty, the improvement of living
conditions, and the mobilization of resources for the continent's social and economic growth. 1
At ALAMAU 2019, the AfDB will discuss the financial and logistical questions related to cross-continental
infrastructure.
1
ALAMAU. "Committees - ALAMAU". 2018, http://www.alamau.org/committees/#1465077018958- 39b0a-bb28. Accessed 17
Nov 2018.
Source: https://bit.ly/2AT1jcz
6. Page | 5
Statement of the Issue
Terminology
Transcontinental: passing or extending across a continent.2
In terms of this topic, it can refer to the
Trans-African Highway (TAH), which is a road network spanning the length of the continent.
Additionally, a transcontinental inland waterway system refers to the integration of waterways across
Africa.
Waterway System: a river, canal, or other body of water serving as a route,3
including for the
transportation of people, goods and services.
Corridor: a narrow tract of land forming a passageway to connect two major cities. Alternatively, it
refers to an outlet to the sea from an inland country.4
One example is the Eastern Africa Transport
Corridor.
History and Background
The importance of transportation cannot be emphasized enough; in fact to many, it is considered the
'lifeline' of a nation.5
Africa is the world’s second largest and second most populous continent in the
world with a land area of 30.4 million square km.6
This adds urgency to the need for a seamless network
of integrated transport. Moreover, according to the Institute for Transport and Development Policy,
60% of Africans will be living in urban areas by 2050.7
This will directly affect the ways in which people
travel, whether for employment, trade or tourism.
Africa's current transport network is rooted in its history. During the period of British imperialism,
financier and British colonial statesman Cecil John Rhodes strove to connect Cape Town to Cairo to
solidify the British Empire’s grip on Africa. While favoring the construction of a road system, he made
plans for a colonial railway network with routes inland to the ports,8
which assisted in extracting and
exporting resources back to England. Since then, much of the road system has been in a dilapidated
state.9
It is clear, however, that improving the road and rail infrastructure would significantly contribute
to economic growth in Africa and help maximize its resources. This was emphasized in The Economist;
“potholed roads and missing rail links get in the way of economic growth… Landlocked countries suffer
2
Dictionary.com. “Transcontinental.” https://www.dictionary.com/browse/transcontinental. Accessed 14 Nov 2018.
3
Dictionary.com. “Waterways.” https://www.dictionary.com/browse/waterways.Accessed 14 Nov 18
4
Dictionary.com. “Corridor.” https://www.dictionary.com/browse/corridor. Accessed 14 Nov 2018.
5
The Economic Times. "Why Transport Infrastructure Is Most Important For Country's Progress." 2018,
https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/why-transport-infrastructure-is-most-important-for-countrys-
progress/articleshow/50865730.cms. Accessed 5 Nov 2018.
6
The Tralac Centre. "Connecting Africa: Role of Transport Infrastructure". 2018, https://www.tralac.org/news/article/12896-
connecting-africa-role-of-transport-infrastructure.html. Accessed 13 Oct 2018.
7
Institute for Transportation And Development Policy. "Africa - Institute for Transportation and Development Policy." 2018,
https://www.itdp.org/where-we-work/africa/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.
8
Global Security, https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/uk-cape-to-Cairo-railway.htm. 2018. Accessed 6 Nov
2018.
9
The African Development Bank, “Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and the Missing Links.”
https://web.archive.org/web/20070128052858/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/N
EPAD_INFORMATION/TAH_FINAL_VOL2.PDF. 2018. Accessed 11 Nov 2018.
7. Page | 6
the most. Transport costs can make up 50-75% of the retail price of goods in Malawi, Rwanda and
Uganda. Shipping a car from China to Tanzania on the Indian Ocean coast costs $4,000, but getting it
from there to nearby Uganda can cost another $5,000.”10
Utilizing Africa's major rivers for transport could offset the costs incurred when transporting with road
and rail, as inland waterways are cheaper.11
Additionally, this method could serve well for the shipment
of heavy goods. Nevertheless, many rivers are non-navigable;12
a significant challenge especially
considering that such waterways are scarcer in Africa than in any other continent. Even small boats can
only travel a limited distance in the majority of African rivers due to waterfalls and cascades.13
In terms of air transport, almost all
African countries currently have
their own airlines, demonstrating
significant growth in this area.
Moreover, the AU Agenda 2063
recently revealed an ambitious
plan to construct a Single African
Air Transport Market (SAATM).14
With twenty-six countries having
signed up by July 2018, many
benefits have been proposed. As
highlighted by the International Air
Transport Association, “enhanced
connectivity will stimulate
demand, improve the
competitiveness of the African
airline industry, and make air
travel more accessible. In turn, this will enable higher volumes of trade, expanded tourism and growing
commerce between African nations and with the rest of the world.”15
Furthermore, the SAATM is
underpinned by a strong regulatory paper discussing competition, consumer protection and dispute
settlement.
10
The Economist. “Get a move on.” 2013. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2013/02/16/get-a-move-
on?frsc=dg%7Ca
11
The Maritime Executive. "A Trans-Africa Inland Waterway System?" 2018, https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/a-
trans-africa-inland-waterway-system. Accessed 27 Oct 2018.
12
Navigable: deep and wide enough to provide passage to ships. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/non-navigable
13
Sowell, Thomas. “Thomas Sowell: Geography and man have all but killed Africa.” 2005.
https://www.deseretnews.com/article/600148308/Geography-and-man-have-all-but-killed-Africa.amp
14
The African Union. "About Agenda 2063 | African Union". 2018, https://au.int/en/agenda2063/about. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.
15
IATA. “IATA Welcomes Single African Air Transport Market but Says Effective Implementation is Key.” 2018.
https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2018-01-28-01.aspx
‘Single African Air Transport Market targets more nations.’ https://ubm.io/2G2ok2y
8. Page | 7
While certainly an inspiring initiative, constructing one airline for the continent presents significant
complexities and potential dangers, particularly concerning the prospect of having an extensive
amount of data in one place. The management of the airline would also be intensive, as would the
attempt to calculate the share of profits between member countries and the negotiation of
employment opportunities for all involved.
Conclusion
Africa needs to provide an efficient infrastructure system for two billion people in less than thirty-two
years if it aims to keep up with its population growth. In response to this challenge, transport in Africa
is evolving, however significant hurdles remain.
9. Page | 8
Current Trends
Many countries in Africa are rapidly grasping the importance of transport links to their economies.
In turn, they are diversifying their investment in transport infrastructure.
Railway Projects
Africa has historically been
reliant on road transport,
which has had severe
implications. As mentioned by
the Trade Law Centre, “this
imbalance between road and
rail has resulted in significant
road rehabilitation costs,
environmental impact
including pollution and major
externalities such as road
accident deaths.”16
Rail
transport is nevertheless noted
as the primary mode to
transport bulky goods in Africa
and it offers some of the most
valuable new projects across
the continent.17
A noteworthy
example in this regard is the
Mombasa-Nairobi high speed
railway, 18
which is Kenya’s most substantial infrastructure project since independence. The railroad is
aimed at transporting half the goods that arrive at East Africa's largest port in Mombasa, in comparison
to the mere five percent carried by the old colonial-era train.19
Furthermore, it is offering a four-and-a-
half hour journey for a trip that used to take a day to complete. Plans are underway to expand the
16
Trade Law Centre. “North-South Rail Corridor study: An example of what Africans can achieve when working together.”
https://www.tralac.org/news/article/11669-north-south-rail-corridor-study-an-example-of-what-africans-can-achieve-
when-working-together.html
17
The African Union. "About Agenda 2063 | African Union". 2018, https://au.int/en/agenda2063/about. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.
18
Railway Technology. "Mombasa-Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Project - Railway Technology." 2018, https://www.railway-
technology.com/projects/mombasa-nairobi-standard-gauge-railway-project/. Accessed 10 Nov 2018.
19
Duggan, Briana. Muktar, Idris. “Nairobi to Mombasa high-speed railway opens.”
https://edition.cnn.com/2017/05/31/africa/kenya-nairobi-railway/index.html
Source: http://bit.ly/2SB4dKr
10. Page | 9
railway into western Kenya and to connect it with six other East African countries, which could further
open markets and trade in the region.20
Another important example is South Africa’s completed Gautrain which is a high speed rail project that
connects important points within the Johannesburg-Pretoria corridor running through the OR Tambo
International Airport and the Sandton financial district.21
Furthermore, Nigeria is currently constructing
the Lagos-Ibadan-Kano Railway,22
the advantages and challenges of which are detailed in the
preceding infographic. As it stands, this project is moving at a gradual pace given its expense; the
Minister of Transportation Rotimi Amaechi confirmed that it would require approximately N4 trillion
(~$11million) to complete.23
Road Transportation
States across the continent are aiming to modernize their roads to meet the necessary demands. While
hurdles remain, Africa has experienced immense development in this regard. With significant Chinese
investment into the creation of varied projects,
tens of billions of United States Dollars (USD) is
continually getting pumped into this arena.24
This is exemplified in Uganda through its
construction of the 51 kilometer Entebbe-
Kampala express highway, which links the
Entebbe International Airport to the capital,
Kampala. This highway is expected to minimize
the journey time on an extremely congested
route from several hours to approximately half
an hour. Mozambique is also creating Africa's
longest suspension bridge; 25
the Chinese-built
Maputo Bridge and Link Roads, which will
become a critical passageway to South Africa.26
20
Ibid.
21
Gautrain. "Gautrain | For People on The Move." 2018, https://www.gautrain.co.za/. Accessed 16 Nov 2018. Africa
Construction Trends Report. Deloitte, New York, 2018
22
Africa Business Communities. "Chinese Firm, Nigeria Sign $6B Lagos-Kano Rail Project Agreement". 2018,
https://africabusinesscommunities.com/news/Chinese-firm-Nigeria-sign-$6b-rail-project-agreement/. Accessed 9 Nov 2018.
23
Channels Television. “Completing Lagos-Kano Railway Project Will Cost N4trillion – Amaechi.”
https://www.channelstv.com/2018/11/22/completing-lagos-kano-railway-project-will-cost-n4trillion-
amaechi/?utm_source=FB&utm_medium=ChannelsTv&utm_campaign=SNAP%2Bfrom%2BChannels+Television
24
Deloitte. https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/africa-construction-trends-report-
2017.html. Accessed 7 Nov 2018.
25
Kristen, Elise. "Africa's Longest Suspension Bridge Opens In Mozambique." Getaway Magazine, 2018,
https://www.getaway.co.za/travel-news/africas-longest-suspension-bridge-opens-in-mozambique/. Accessed 13 Nov 2018.
26
New China. “Backgrounder: Mozambique's Chinese-built Maputo Bridge and Link Roads.”
http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/13/c_137175965.htm
11. Page | 10
Air Transportation
International airports in Africa are generally robust, with
leading airports including the O.R Tambo International
Airport in Johannesburg, South Africa and Cairo’s
International Airport. It is key to note that “the continent's
airlines have reported their best performance since 2012,
with passenger demand up 7.4%.”27
Africa's demand for air
transport is expected to increase with the growing
population. Nonetheless, numerous Africans located in
remote areas still cannot afford basic services, let alone an
air ticket. The development of unmanned aerial vehicles
(UAVs), otherwise known as drones, is therefore an
innovative initiative that can serve this collective. Through companies such as Cloudline,28
UAVs deliver
essentials goods and services to Africans without access to adequate infrastructure. As such, they
provide an alternative, cheap and temporary solution while governments continue to build crucial
transport links.
Conclusion
Many African states and private companies are thinking strategically about infrastructure. While the
rail, road and air options are advancing, some projects are extremely costly. Nevertheless, they promise
to deliver financial return as well as the opportunity to leverage resources and improve the quality of
life of Africans.
27
Brophy, Selene. “Africa air travel on the rise, showing massive 7.4% growth.”
https://www.traveller24.com/News/Flights/africa-air-travel-on-the-rise-showing-massive-74-growth-20170203
28
Cloudline. “Bringing sustainable logistics access to remote communities.” https://flycloudline.com/. Accessed 21 Nov 2018
A UAV. www.flycloudline.com
12. Page | 11
Case Study One: The Trans-African Highway Network (TAH)
In 1971, the United Nations
Economic Commission for Africa
(UNECA) released a largescale
plan to pave 57 233 km of road.29
Named the Trans-African Highway
(TAH), it comprised nine major
highways to boost trade and
development in Africa.30
The
economic benefit projected for
this project is considered to be
tremendous, mainly because an
interconnected transportation
system would link ports to the
hinterlands.31
Progress Report
Four decades have passed since the TAH was initiated, yet progress remains relatively stagnant. 10 400
km of rail and 7 000 km of the road corridor are missing, and it would cost $32 billion to complete. In
Central Africa, only 3,891 km of the planned 11,246 km of road has been paved, meaning that 65%
remains unconstructed in that region.32
The challenges facing the construction of the TAH are multi-fold:
i. Evidently, conflict is a major hindrance. Road infrastructure work is virtually impossible in
unstable parts of the continent, including in Libya, in parts of Nigeria wherein Boko Haram
militias terrorize areas, in the horn of Africa and parts of East Africa experiencing civil war and
terrorism, and in perennially unstable parts of Central Africa.33
As governments in these areas
29
Sulaiman, Philip. "Stalled On The Trans-Africa Highway | Brand South Africa". Brand South Africa, 2018,
https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/investments-immigration/economynews/stalled-on-the-trans-africa-highway. Accessed
2 Nov 2018.
30
Whitehead, Eleanor. "Trans-African Highway Remains a Road to Nowhere" How We Made It In Africa, 2018,
https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/trans-african-highway-remains-a-road-to-nowhere/39863/. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.
31
Sulaiman, Philip. "Stalled On The Trans-Africa Highway | Brand South Africa". Brand South Africa, 2018,
https://www.brandsouthafrica.com/investments-immigration/economynews/stalled-on-the-trans-africa-highway. Accessed
2 Nov 2018.
32
Whitehead, Eleanor. "Trans-African Highway Remains A Road To Nowhere." How We Made It In Africa, 2018,
https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/trans-african-highway-remains-a-road-to-nowhere/39863/. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.
33
In On Africa. "In Fits and Starts, The Trans-African Highway Extends Its Reach | IOA". 2018,
https://www.inonafrica.com/2018/07/10/in-fits-and-starts-the-trans-african-highway-extends-its-reach/. Accessed 1 Nov
2018.
The Trans-African Highway Network. Madote.com
13. Page | 12
concentrate on allocating resources to security concerns, they are not as focused on developing
infrastructure.
ii. As it stands, most funding in Africa is as a result of foreign grants and loans, which the AfDB
stated in a report on the TAH is not likely to change in the foreseeable future.34
China in
particular has heavily invested in African infrastructure. The implications of this dependency
for projects such as the TAH needs to be seriously considered, as it is not necessarily
sustainable.
iii. The AfDb cites difficult terrain and climatic conditions as partially responsible for a lack of
development on the TAH. This includes the harsh conditions in the Sahel that reduce the
durability of tarmacked roads, leading to high maintenance costs, and the thick jungle and
rough terrain in Central Africa.35
iv. Many countries prioritize their national development over the development of transcontinental
infrastructure. It is therefore hard to ensure that countries follow through with greater
development plans.
If a clear strategy is not carved out, the amount of lost revenue would be immense. Moreover, the
barriers to trade and the drain on an already strained infrastructure would increase.
Conclusion
The TAH has vast potential, but it has been more than four decades without having made significant
progress. As such, questions remain regarding whether this project should advance and if so, how it
could be sustainably funded and able to overcome its current challenges.
34
The African Development Bank, “Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and the Missing
Links.”
https://web.archive.org/web/20070128052858/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/N
EPAD_INFORMATION/TAH_FINAL_VOL2.PDF. 2018. Accessed 11 Nov 2018.
35
The African Development Bank, “Review of the Implementation Status of the Trans-African Highways and the Missing
Links.”
https://web.archive.org/web/20070128052858/http://www.afdb.org/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/ADB_ADMIN_PG/DOCUMENTS/N
EPAD_INFORMATION/TAH_FINAL_VOL2.PDF. 2018. Accessed 11 Nov 2018.
14. Page | 13
Case Study Two: The North-South Corridor
Recognized as Africa's most important
trade route,36
the North-South Corridor has
emerged as a multi-modal transcontinental
network. Hence, it uses road, rail, and ports
to connect Cape Town in the south of the
continent to Cairo in the north of the
continent. 37
With links from the port of
Durban in South Africa to the Copperbelt in
the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) as
well as Zambia, this plan strives to act as an
intra-African trade platform to link the
Southern African Development Community
(SADC) region. 38
In fact, it directly involves
seven countries; Botswana, the DRC,
Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa,
Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
The road network alone covers approximately 8599km whereas the rail network will have an additional
600km, the costs of which are 9.1 billion USD and 800 million USD respectively. 39
By deliberately
reducing the number of goods transported by road, the North-South Corridor aims to maximize the
efficient, reliable delivery of goods. Such a landmark project is therefore split into different phases and
sections and is currently at varying levels of completion. 40
The Beitbridge Border Post
The Harare-Beitbridge Highway is expected to be one of the most instrumental pieces of infrastructure
on the North-South corridor. Located at the border of Zimbabwe and South Africa, this spot is
recognized as the busiest border crossing in Southern Africa,41
with an estimated number of 15000
36
Transport World Africa, 2018, http://www.transportworldafrica.co.za/2016/01/15/north-south-corridor-africas-main-vein/
8. Accessed 5 Oct 2018.http://www.africanreview.com/transport-a-logistics/logistics/road-transport-is-realising-africa-s-full-
potential
37
Ibid
38
The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa. "For Funding Facilities". ICA, 2018, https://www.icafrica.org/en/topics-
programmes/north-south-corridor/. Accessed 15 Nov 2018.
39
The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa. "For Funding Facilities". ICA, 2018, https://www.icafrica.org/en/topics-
programmes/north-south-corridor/. Accessed 15 Nov 2018.
40
James, Mani. “Business Impacts in Africa. Mega Trends Driving Mega Opportunities in Sub Saharan Africa.”
https://www.slideshare.net/futurewatch/mega-trends-driving-mega-opportunities-in-sub-saharan-africa
41
Business Day. "Beitbridge Border Post Revamp And Expansion Project Get Rolling". 2018,
https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/world/africa/2018-07-12-beitbridge-border-post-revamp-and-expansion-project-get-
rolling/. Accessed 1 Nov 2018.
North South Corridor, Iru.org
15. Page | 14
people and five hundred trucks daily. As such, the
Zimbabwean government has planned to inject $200
million into revamping the border post going into the
highway.42
As stated by the Zimbabwean President Emmerson
Mnangagwa, the developments would “enable the
border post to be more competitive by becoming the
shortest and most efficient international gateway
through which north bound travellers, goods and
services can pass.”43
Furthermore, in addition to the
physical infrastructure, an Integrated Border
Management Information System is expected to be
added to harmonize the coordination among border
agencies.44
Conclusion
The North-South Corridor is anticipated to leverage the
development of the SADC region. Particular parts of the
project, such as the Beitbridge Border Post, are making
headway in developing an efficient and dependable
transport system.
42
Ibid
43
The Herald. “B/Bridge upgrade to boost trade, revenue.” https://www.herald.co.zw/bbridge-upgrade-to-boost-trade-
revenue/
44
The Herald. “B/Bridge upgrade to boost trade, revenue.” https://www.herald.co.zw/bbridge-upgrade-to-boost-trade-
revenue/
‘Driving into a new future: Loaded trucks queue on the
Zimbabwe side of Beitbridge border post waiting to
enter SA. The busy border post is to be refurbished and
expanded.’ https://bit.ly/2L2NfEB
16. Page | 15
Stakeholders
The New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)
NEPAD is the implementing agency of the AU aimed at facilitating the development of continental
initiatives, mobilizing resources and engaging regional economic communities (RECs). It is specifically
working towards Africa's Agenda 2063; the long-term outline for socio-economic transformation.45
With
these points in mind, NEPAD has been instrumental in supporting the development of infrastructure on
the continent.
The UNECA
Established by the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) of the United Nations (UN), as the regional
arm of the UN and a key part of Africa’s landscape, UNECA strives to promote the socio-economic
development of its member states, foster intra-regional integration and promote cooperation for
Africa's development.46
As the original stakeholders in the TAH in 1971, UNECA has contributed towards
laying the foundations for further transport integration in the continent.
The Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA)
The PIDA is an initiative aimed at mobilizing resources to
transform the continent through modern infrastructure.
It has 51 cross-border infrastructure projects that
comprises hundreds of sub-projects across energy,
transport, transboundary water, and Information and
Communication Technology sectors.47
The PIDA has
accordingly been tasked with the creation of African
infrastructure in line with Agenda 2063. In particular, it
been instrumental in the progress of the North-South
Corridor.
The RECs
These are regional groupings of African states, each of which have developed individually with varied
roles and structures. Overall, RECs aim to facilitate regional economic integration between members
of individual regions48
and in doing so, hold potential as one of the most efficient grouping to integrate
Africa's infrastructure.
45
NEPAD. "About Us | NEPAD". 2018. http://www.nepad.org/who-we-are/about-us. Accessed 7 Nov 2018.
46
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. “Overview.” https://www.uneca.org/pages/overview. 2018. Accessed 7 Nov
2018.
47 Programme For Infrastructure Development In Africa. "PIDA - About Us". 2018, http://www.au-pida.org. Accessed 7 Nov
2018.
48 The African Union. "Regional Economic Communities (Recs) | African Union". 2018, https://au.int/en/organs/recs.
Accessed 7 Nov 2018.
https://bit.ly/2Uj9pEh
17. Page | 16
Proposed Solutions
The Wide Scale Adoption of Rail
An interconnected transport system built on the foundations of a good railway network, which can
progressively intersect with other forms of transport, would support Africa’s attempt to tackle its
infrastructure gap. The reasons for this are multiple:
i. Rail is the most dependable form of transportation,49
as it is the least affected by weather
conditions such as rain.
ii. According to Forbes, rail is 99.9% safe with regards to accidents, making it much safer than
roads.50
iii. It can complement road transportation, as it can transport bulky goods and road transport can
then deliver to the exact location.
iv. Rail is cheaper, as the initial fixed cost of building a train drops as time passes. This is due to the
fact that train tracks are durable and accordingly do not need the regular maintenance of an
asphalt road, for example. Moreover, operating a rail line requires fewer present staff. 51
Evidence of movement in this regard is offered by developments such as the Lagos-Ibadan-Kano
Railway,52
as well as the Trans-African Railway expected to link the port of Dakar to the port of Djibouti.
This railway is expected to “offer the best lever for economic development as well as a vehicle of
communication and, potentially, of peace."53
Leveraging RECs
RECs have a prominent role to play in the realization of a transport-integrated continent. With the
developmental agendas of individual countries in mind, RECs could easily work with neighboring
countries to ensure that their regional plans map out in line with the AU wishes for those areas.54
Connecting the dots would require macro-level coordination to understand the ways in which the plans
feed into each other. While this is a complex task, African countries have made some strides in this
49
Linkedin. "Advantages And Disadvantages Of Railway Transportation". 2018, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages-
disadvantages-railway-transport-nazanin-zare/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.
50
Bradley Jr, Robert. "Rail Transport: 99.9% Safe". Forbes, 2018,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertbradley/2014/02/05/rail-transport-99-9-safe/#53fe78101eaf. Accessed 18 Nov 2018.
51
Linkedin. "Advantages And Disadvantages Of Railway Transportation". 2018, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/advantages-
disadvantages-railway-transport-nazanin-zare/. Accessed 30 Oct 2018.
52
Africa Business Communities. "Chinese Firm, Nigeria Sign $6B Lagos-Kano Rail Project Agreement". 2018,
https://africabusinesscommunities.com/news/Chinese-firm-Nigeria-sign-$6b-rail-project-agreement/. Accessed 9 Nov 2018.
53
Cairn. "Finance Et Bien". 2018, https://www.cairn.info/revue-finance-et-bien-commun-2007-3-page-34.htm. Accessed 15
Oct 2018.
54
Yurtoglu, Nadir. "Http%3A%2F%2Fwww.Historystudies.Net%2Fdergi%2F%2Fbirinci-Dunya-Savasinda-Bir-Asayis-Sorunu-
Sebinkarahisar-Ermeni-Isyani20181092a4a8f.Pdf".History StudiesInternational JournalOfHistory,vol 10,no.7, 2018,pp. 241-
264. History Studies International Journal Of History, doi:10.9737/hist.2018.658.
18. Page | 17
regard, as demonstrated by the North-South Corridor and the Maputo Bridge and Link Roads,55
which
accomplish both national and more regional agendas.
In terms of the TAH, a regional block such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)
would benefit enormously from strong cooperation. Not only does the railway opportunity offer to
connect the East and the West of Africa, but it provides the potential for a free trade zone and regional
peace. In turn, this offers the possibility for economic integration and the free movement of goods and
people.
55
The South African. "China Just Built The Longest Suspension Bridge In Africa Connecting Maputo And KZN". 2018,
https://www.thesouthafrican.com/maputo-catembe-bridge-africa-china-kwazulu-natal/. Accessed 15 Nov 2018.
19. Page | 18
Questions a Resolution Must Answer
1. Africa faces transportation costs that are 50- 175% higher than the developed world56 and the
current required amount to bridge the infrastructural gap is $900 billion.57 As such, African
countries lack the necessary capital to construct their infrastructure and have accordingly
taken multiple loans to finance their development. This opens states to the danger of debt and
loan defaults and the concomitant loss of strategic national assets. Given these threats, how
can the continent be creative yet practical in its approach to funding? What alternative funding
models can it consider?
2. The key to African prosperity is cooperation. Considering that multiple countries have their
national agendas and developmental plans, how can they be incentivized to participate in
regional and continental transport initiatives? Moreover, how can Africa leverage the potential
of RECs in this regard?
3. Africa is endowed with most of the factors of production, including labor, entrepreneurship and
land. How can countries negotiate on, and contribute to transcontinental initiatives through
these factors?
4. Africa is acknowledged as the youngest continent in the world,58
with a population that is
growing at an exponential rate. What investments can and ought to be made in the next three
decades to adequately prepare for the population explosion, while potentially leveraging the
possibilities offered by youth?
56
In On Africa. "In Fits And Starts, The Trans-African Highway Extends Its Reach | IOA". 2018,
https://www.inonafrica.com/2018/07/10/in-fits-and-starts-the-trans-african-highway-extends-its-reach/. Accessed 1 Nov
2018.
57
Sy, Amadou. "Financing Africa'S Infrastructure Gap." Brookings, 2018, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/up-
front/2013/10/09/financing-africas-infrastructure-gap/. Accessed 2 Nov 2018.
58
Quartz Africa. "The Youngest Continent Will Keep Being Run By Its Oldest Leaders". 2018,
https://qz.com/africa/1162490/the-youngest-continent-keeps-on-being-run-by-the-oldest-leaders/. Accessed 19 Nov 2018.
20. Page | 19
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