This document discusses the Tiv socio-cultural environment and its potential influence on entrepreneurship emergence. It finds that certain Tiv cultural features, such as attitudes towards wealth, authority, work, savings, and education, could inhibit entrepreneurship development or discourage entrepreneurial activity. However, socio-cultural values are changing due to new realities in Nigeria. The document reviews theories on the relationship between culture and entrepreneurship, finding that cultures with individualism, masculinity, low uncertainty avoidance and low power distance tend to be more entrepreneurial. Certain aspects of an entrepreneurial culture are also discussed.
The paper reviews literature which supports the position that culture is a contributor to economic activities of a nation, and by extension entrepreneurship. The paper identifies and explains cultural factors, attributes and variables considered important to entrepreneurship. The particular cultural values and forces which impact Nigerian entrepreneurship are also discussed. The conclusion is that the identified cultural values and practices can inhibit the evolution of an entrepreneurial culture in Nigeria. Based on the above, the paper recommends a change in values and mindset so as to enable both a high entrepreneurial behaviour and culture in Nigeria.
Recruit Potential Module 1 Introduction to Inclusion caniceconsulting
This document provides an introduction to inclusion and diversity in the workplace. It discusses demographic changes that will lead to more diverse workforces in the future. It also covers the basics of inclusion, the differences between inclusion and diversity, the importance of understanding cultural diversity, and the benefits of inclusion and diversity in the workplace such as improved employee performance, innovation, and a global impact. The document emphasizes that inclusion is an ongoing process that requires changes in mindset from all employees. It concludes by discussing the importance of seeking inspiration to create inclusive work environments.
The document discusses issues with development programs failing to empower rural communities. It argues current education and development paradigms do not meet the needs of rural people, who often lack opportunities for entrepreneurship or skills relevant to their lives. New approaches are needed that recognize each community's uniqueness and empower people through flexible, locally-adapted solutions instead of standardized models. Technology should be adapted to small-scale use to allow economic opportunities without forcing migration. Overall it calls for rethinking development to better suit rural realities and empower communities through culturally-sensitive, locally-driven solutions.
Ambicultural perspective as an economic development strategy. the case of zim...prjpublications
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
1) The document discusses the role of culture as it pertains to business and economic development in Zimbabwe. It argues that culture plays an important role as both an endogenous and exogenous factor influencing economic outcomes.
2) Zimbabwe has a rich culture influenced by both indigenous African culture and the culture introduced during colonialism, resulting in an "ambicultural" perspective. However, culture has been overlooked as a transmission mechanism for innovation, technology, and wealth creation.
3) For Zimbabwe's economic growth to improve, leaders must better manage culture and recognize the role of culture in building innovation and technology over time. Embracing the country's ambicultural perspective
This document provides a summary of key factors for successfully managing multicultural project teams in global business. It describes several widely accepted cross-cultural management theories that identify cultural dimensions affecting work behaviors and relationships. These include dimensions related to power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, and time orientation. The document discusses how cultural differences can impact motivation and training of multicultural teams. It provides examples of both successful and failed international projects, highlighting the importance of culturally aware leadership, cross-cultural communication, and mutual respect for project success.
Challenges of development include measuring growth accurately, promoting human development, and establishing strong institutions. Development requires economic growth as well as improvements in social, political, and economic structures. Theories of development attempt to explain how countries progress, but modernization theory was too simplistic. Development is influenced by values, natural resources, population, education, health, political stability, corruption, debt, and foreign aid. Achieving sustainable development remains difficult due to these many complicating factors.
The document discusses several major theoretical perspectives on development:
1. Modernity (1940s-1950s) viewed development as a linear process of economic growth and social change transforming traditional societies.
2. Dependency theory (1960s-1970s) argued that integration into the global capitalist system led to underdevelopment and neo-colonialism rather than development.
3. World systems theory (1980s-2000s) proposed nations exist within a global political and economic framework dividing countries into dominant core societies and dependent peripheral/semi-peripheral regions.
4. Market reform perspectives (1980s-2000s) emphasized success in global markets and economic integration over distributive effects or non-economic
The paper reviews literature which supports the position that culture is a contributor to economic activities of a nation, and by extension entrepreneurship. The paper identifies and explains cultural factors, attributes and variables considered important to entrepreneurship. The particular cultural values and forces which impact Nigerian entrepreneurship are also discussed. The conclusion is that the identified cultural values and practices can inhibit the evolution of an entrepreneurial culture in Nigeria. Based on the above, the paper recommends a change in values and mindset so as to enable both a high entrepreneurial behaviour and culture in Nigeria.
Recruit Potential Module 1 Introduction to Inclusion caniceconsulting
This document provides an introduction to inclusion and diversity in the workplace. It discusses demographic changes that will lead to more diverse workforces in the future. It also covers the basics of inclusion, the differences between inclusion and diversity, the importance of understanding cultural diversity, and the benefits of inclusion and diversity in the workplace such as improved employee performance, innovation, and a global impact. The document emphasizes that inclusion is an ongoing process that requires changes in mindset from all employees. It concludes by discussing the importance of seeking inspiration to create inclusive work environments.
The document discusses issues with development programs failing to empower rural communities. It argues current education and development paradigms do not meet the needs of rural people, who often lack opportunities for entrepreneurship or skills relevant to their lives. New approaches are needed that recognize each community's uniqueness and empower people through flexible, locally-adapted solutions instead of standardized models. Technology should be adapted to small-scale use to allow economic opportunities without forcing migration. Overall it calls for rethinking development to better suit rural realities and empower communities through culturally-sensitive, locally-driven solutions.
Ambicultural perspective as an economic development strategy. the case of zim...prjpublications
This summary provides an overview of the key points from the document:
1) The document discusses the role of culture as it pertains to business and economic development in Zimbabwe. It argues that culture plays an important role as both an endogenous and exogenous factor influencing economic outcomes.
2) Zimbabwe has a rich culture influenced by both indigenous African culture and the culture introduced during colonialism, resulting in an "ambicultural" perspective. However, culture has been overlooked as a transmission mechanism for innovation, technology, and wealth creation.
3) For Zimbabwe's economic growth to improve, leaders must better manage culture and recognize the role of culture in building innovation and technology over time. Embracing the country's ambicultural perspective
This document provides a summary of key factors for successfully managing multicultural project teams in global business. It describes several widely accepted cross-cultural management theories that identify cultural dimensions affecting work behaviors and relationships. These include dimensions related to power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, masculinity vs femininity, and time orientation. The document discusses how cultural differences can impact motivation and training of multicultural teams. It provides examples of both successful and failed international projects, highlighting the importance of culturally aware leadership, cross-cultural communication, and mutual respect for project success.
Challenges of development include measuring growth accurately, promoting human development, and establishing strong institutions. Development requires economic growth as well as improvements in social, political, and economic structures. Theories of development attempt to explain how countries progress, but modernization theory was too simplistic. Development is influenced by values, natural resources, population, education, health, political stability, corruption, debt, and foreign aid. Achieving sustainable development remains difficult due to these many complicating factors.
The document discusses several major theoretical perspectives on development:
1. Modernity (1940s-1950s) viewed development as a linear process of economic growth and social change transforming traditional societies.
2. Dependency theory (1960s-1970s) argued that integration into the global capitalist system led to underdevelopment and neo-colonialism rather than development.
3. World systems theory (1980s-2000s) proposed nations exist within a global political and economic framework dividing countries into dominant core societies and dependent peripheral/semi-peripheral regions.
4. Market reform perspectives (1980s-2000s) emphasized success in global markets and economic integration over distributive effects or non-economic
Chapter 2 lesson 2 the local and international business environment of the firmDepartment of Education
The document discusses cultural intelligence and cultural dimensions that are important for organizations to consider. It explains that cultural intelligence is an individual's ability to adapt to unfamiliar cultures. It also describes key cultural dimensions such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism vs collectivism. Additionally, it discusses how the concept of time can vary across monochronic and polychronic cultures. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding different cultural factors that can influence organizations and their management.
Current governance principles and practices are misaligned with the realities of the modern world. Striking this ‘right fit’ between knowledge, resources, processes and outcomes in complex environments where different groups have something to contribute towards shared outcomes – even while pursuing their own objectives – this is what we call intelligent governance.
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Theories and paradigms of development
The world view of development
Non- Unilinear
Unilinear Word view of Development
Types of Unilinear Theories
Types of Non-Unilinear theories
This document summarizes Kent Wilkinson's lecture on social scientific and interpretive traditions in international communication research. It discusses two main traditions - effects research that focuses on how messages elicit responses, and political economy/interpretation research prevalent in Europe. It also outlines three paradigms in development communication - modernization, dependency, and alternative approaches emphasizing local participation. The document contrasts social scientific and humanistic approaches to theory and research.
This document discusses diversity management and social capital in Pakistan. It proposes that applying Jinnah's principles of diversity management, which include democratization, an egalitarian version of Islam, strict rule of law, and protective measures for minorities and women, can help create social capital. It presents a model showing how Jinnah's principles can mediate between diversity variables like caste, religion, age and gender, and the formation of social capital in organizations operating in Pakistan.
Intercultural Competency: How To Become A Better Fundraiser Within A Diverse ...Kenneth O. Miles
Discuss the importance of understanding cultural differences i.e. intercultural competence, microaggressions, privilege, etc. at the Association of Fundraising Professionals Chapter of Greater Baton Rouge Diversity and Inclusion Summit on July 12, 2016.
Developing countries have three main goals of modernization: 1) achieving political stability by reducing tensions between diverse cultural groups, as military coups often occur when power is contested; 2) developing economic diversity beyond a single crop or industry through modern farming and machinery; 3) increasing education, literacy, healthcare, housing, and infrastructure like water and sewage systems. However, modernization faces challenges like population explosions as life expectancy rises, rapid urbanization, and cultural changes that can contribute to issues like crime and loss of traditions. Failure to modernize sufficiently widens the gap between developing and developed nations.
This document discusses the need to develop a theory of indigenous entrepreneurship. It begins by defining indigenous populations as those descended from groups inhabiting a country prior to colonization, who maintain aspects of their own social and cultural institutions. The document notes that indigenous groups worldwide suffer from poverty and poor health. It suggests entrepreneurship can help indigenous communities rebuild economically and culturally. The paper aims to characterize indigenous entrepreneurship and identify questions for further study. It provides biographies of the authors, who research entrepreneurship among indigenous and ethnic groups.
The document summarizes emerging trends in development studies. It discusses how development has shifted from structuralism to constructivism with an emphasis on agency, institutions, and context over generalized theories. There is also a trend toward interdisciplinarity and recognizing development as multilevel rather than just national. Mainstream development now sees effective states and markets working in tandem through local institutions to empower people by meeting basic needs.
Bec doms ppt on international strategy and managementBabasab Patil
The document provides an overview of topics related to international strategy and management, including:
- Globalization drivers and consequences
- Global ethics and how culture impacts business
- Foreign exchange markets, the types of transactions that occur (spot, forward, swaps), and key participants
- How language, education, economic systems, and other factors shape culture
Cultural-pluralism: implications for national integration and socio-economic ...Premier Publishers
The process by which nation states are created makes them to be a conglomerate of various ethnic groups or sub-nationalities. These groups, as it were, surrender some of their sovereignty to the new state with the central objective of providing security and welfare for the people. This derives perhaps from the notion that things are better achieved within a cooperative environment. The state therefore strives to create a peaceful and conducive environment to enable it attain its objectives of sustainable development using appropriate structures. The state also ensures that its various segments live in harmony in their day-to-day interactions by establishing a consensus on norms, values and ethics of engagement. This leads to forging a ‘homogeneous’ culture which further engenders peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of the country/state. However one cannot say this about Nigeria where ethnic rivalry has continued to undermine her developmental efforts. This paper examines the plural nature of Nigeria and concludes that rather than be an asset, the country’s cultural pluralism is a draw-back to its development. Means of harmonious co-existence geared towards national socio-economic development are suggested.
Ethical Leadership for Nigeria’s Development: An Ibibio Virtue Ethics ApproachAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to show the application of Ibibio (African) ethics in solving major
moral problems in Nigeria's leadership crisis. In Ibibio traditional society, the shared norms are what define the
culture of the Ibibio people. Prohibitions concerning issues like stealing, embezzlement of public funds, and
corruption, among others attract societal disapproval and punishment, serving as a deterrent to others and thus
engendering positive values through abstention. What held the nation back and has continued to do so is rooted
in the lack of ethical leadership. The greatest issue in leadership in Africa, particularly Nigeria, is that of moral
bankruptcy - a complete lack of ethics and ethical principles among leaders. African ethics was employed to
achieve the purpose of the paper. This work argues that the non-existence of ethics in leadership promotes
unethical behaviour among leaders and followers such as the present condition of uncommon looting and
corruption in the country. This paper concludes that sustainable development would be illusive unless there is a
paradigm shift from the present self-centred leadership paradigm to African ethics and principles as exemplified
in Ibibio ethical leadership.
This document discusses the development model that has been widely accepted over the past six decades of promoting economic growth through industrialization and centralized high-cost technologies. While there has been significant economic growth, the benefits have not been equally distributed, leading to large inequalities both between and within countries. International agencies now agree that development without equity is unsustainable. However, efforts to reduce inequalities through improved market rules and increased aid have had limited success. A fundamental rethinking of the development model and choice of technologies may be needed to achieve more equitable and sustainable development.
The document discusses developing a youth-focused research agenda for the CRP MAIZE program. It proposes delineating different contexts for youth research, identifying young people's engagements with and pathways into maize agriculture systems. Specifically, the agenda would involve characterizing contexts, qualitative studies of youth experiences, surveys to analyze youth trajectories, and using partner data to examine trends relevant to youth like demographics, farm structures, and commercialization. The goal is a strategic research program to better understand constraints faced by young entrants and how sustainable intensification may impact barriers.
The document discusses the UN's Millennium Development Goals and sustainable human development. It provides details on the eight Millennium Development Goals, which aim to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, maternal and child mortality, and lack of access to clean water and education by 2015. Achieving these goals requires addressing the interrelationships between health, human development, and environmental sustainability to ensure people can meet their needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs. Developed countries can support developing countries' progress through measures like debt relief, education, and facilitating more affordable trade.
Dualism, main assumptions of dualism, similarities, differences, and why plan...Ali jili'ow
This document discusses dualism, development thinking, planning, and why planning is needed in developing countries. It begins by outlining the main assumptions of dualism theory, including that traditional and modern sectors develop separately with little interaction. It then discusses definitions of planning and reasons why planning is important in developing contexts, such as rapid population growth, resource scarcity, and poverty. As an example, issues around development in Nigeria are described. The document also provides an overview of strategic planning processes and gives an example strategic plan for a local mineral water organization.
Exploring Pesse Na Siri’ Values in Budgetary Preparation Process: An Ethnogra...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes an ethnographic study that explored the values of Pesse na siri' in the budget preparation process at the Regional Work Device Unit (RWDU) level in East Luwu, Indonesia. The study found that several Pesse na siri' values were present in the budgeting process, including tongeng (truth), lempu' (honesty), getteng (firmness), adele' (justice), and lalambate tarantajo or siwolong polong (cooperation). Tongeng value was reflected in adhering to policies, procedures and regulations, while being accountable to the community. Lempu' value involved preparing budgets based on objective source documents without exaggeration
Theorising the relationship between television programmes and promotion of en...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between television programs and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture among university students in Kenya. The study found a significant positive relationship, indicating that TV programs can help promote entrepreneurial culture in Kenya. Some key points:
- The study used a sample of 320 final year university students from 10 public and private universities in Nairobi, Kenya.
- A survey questionnaire was used to collect data on the relationship between different types of TV programs (news, reality shows, documentaries, talk shows, interviews) and entrepreneurial culture.
- A significant positive relationship was found between aggregate TV programs and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture in Kenya.
This document discusses four cultural dimensions identified by Geert Hofstede that can impact business: individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity. The individualism/collectivism dimension refers to whether cultures are more self-oriented or group-oriented. Individualistic cultures like the US value individual goals over group harmony, while collectivistic cultures like Mexico value the group. The power distance dimension concerns inequality between superiors and subordinates. Countries like the US have moved toward more equal relationships, while Arab countries still have higher power distances. Uncertainty avoidance relates to a culture's tolerance for risk - high uncertainty avoidance cultures like Britain prefer more rules and stability, while low cultures like Canada
Chapter 2 lesson 2 the local and international business environment of the firmDepartment of Education
The document discusses cultural intelligence and cultural dimensions that are important for organizations to consider. It explains that cultural intelligence is an individual's ability to adapt to unfamiliar cultures. It also describes key cultural dimensions such as power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism vs collectivism. Additionally, it discusses how the concept of time can vary across monochronic and polychronic cultures. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding different cultural factors that can influence organizations and their management.
Current governance principles and practices are misaligned with the realities of the modern world. Striking this ‘right fit’ between knowledge, resources, processes and outcomes in complex environments where different groups have something to contribute towards shared outcomes – even while pursuing their own objectives – this is what we call intelligent governance.
This study examines the causal relationship between urbanization and economic growth in the United States from 1960 to 2017 using the Toda-Yamamoto causality approach. The empirical findings suggest there is a unidirectional causality running from urbanization to economic growth, but no causality in the opposite direction. In other words, urbanization Granger causes economic growth but not vice versa. The results indicate urbanization is a driving force of economic growth in the long run for the US. The study uses real GDP growth as a proxy for economic development and the ratio of urban to total population as a proxy for urbanization rate. Time series techniques, including unit root and Granger causality tests, are employed to analyze the data
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Theories and paradigms of development
The world view of development
Non- Unilinear
Unilinear Word view of Development
Types of Unilinear Theories
Types of Non-Unilinear theories
This document summarizes Kent Wilkinson's lecture on social scientific and interpretive traditions in international communication research. It discusses two main traditions - effects research that focuses on how messages elicit responses, and political economy/interpretation research prevalent in Europe. It also outlines three paradigms in development communication - modernization, dependency, and alternative approaches emphasizing local participation. The document contrasts social scientific and humanistic approaches to theory and research.
This document discusses diversity management and social capital in Pakistan. It proposes that applying Jinnah's principles of diversity management, which include democratization, an egalitarian version of Islam, strict rule of law, and protective measures for minorities and women, can help create social capital. It presents a model showing how Jinnah's principles can mediate between diversity variables like caste, religion, age and gender, and the formation of social capital in organizations operating in Pakistan.
Intercultural Competency: How To Become A Better Fundraiser Within A Diverse ...Kenneth O. Miles
Discuss the importance of understanding cultural differences i.e. intercultural competence, microaggressions, privilege, etc. at the Association of Fundraising Professionals Chapter of Greater Baton Rouge Diversity and Inclusion Summit on July 12, 2016.
Developing countries have three main goals of modernization: 1) achieving political stability by reducing tensions between diverse cultural groups, as military coups often occur when power is contested; 2) developing economic diversity beyond a single crop or industry through modern farming and machinery; 3) increasing education, literacy, healthcare, housing, and infrastructure like water and sewage systems. However, modernization faces challenges like population explosions as life expectancy rises, rapid urbanization, and cultural changes that can contribute to issues like crime and loss of traditions. Failure to modernize sufficiently widens the gap between developing and developed nations.
This document discusses the need to develop a theory of indigenous entrepreneurship. It begins by defining indigenous populations as those descended from groups inhabiting a country prior to colonization, who maintain aspects of their own social and cultural institutions. The document notes that indigenous groups worldwide suffer from poverty and poor health. It suggests entrepreneurship can help indigenous communities rebuild economically and culturally. The paper aims to characterize indigenous entrepreneurship and identify questions for further study. It provides biographies of the authors, who research entrepreneurship among indigenous and ethnic groups.
The document summarizes emerging trends in development studies. It discusses how development has shifted from structuralism to constructivism with an emphasis on agency, institutions, and context over generalized theories. There is also a trend toward interdisciplinarity and recognizing development as multilevel rather than just national. Mainstream development now sees effective states and markets working in tandem through local institutions to empower people by meeting basic needs.
Bec doms ppt on international strategy and managementBabasab Patil
The document provides an overview of topics related to international strategy and management, including:
- Globalization drivers and consequences
- Global ethics and how culture impacts business
- Foreign exchange markets, the types of transactions that occur (spot, forward, swaps), and key participants
- How language, education, economic systems, and other factors shape culture
Cultural-pluralism: implications for national integration and socio-economic ...Premier Publishers
The process by which nation states are created makes them to be a conglomerate of various ethnic groups or sub-nationalities. These groups, as it were, surrender some of their sovereignty to the new state with the central objective of providing security and welfare for the people. This derives perhaps from the notion that things are better achieved within a cooperative environment. The state therefore strives to create a peaceful and conducive environment to enable it attain its objectives of sustainable development using appropriate structures. The state also ensures that its various segments live in harmony in their day-to-day interactions by establishing a consensus on norms, values and ethics of engagement. This leads to forging a ‘homogeneous’ culture which further engenders peaceful co-existence and socio-economic development of the country/state. However one cannot say this about Nigeria where ethnic rivalry has continued to undermine her developmental efforts. This paper examines the plural nature of Nigeria and concludes that rather than be an asset, the country’s cultural pluralism is a draw-back to its development. Means of harmonious co-existence geared towards national socio-economic development are suggested.
Ethical Leadership for Nigeria’s Development: An Ibibio Virtue Ethics ApproachAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to show the application of Ibibio (African) ethics in solving major
moral problems in Nigeria's leadership crisis. In Ibibio traditional society, the shared norms are what define the
culture of the Ibibio people. Prohibitions concerning issues like stealing, embezzlement of public funds, and
corruption, among others attract societal disapproval and punishment, serving as a deterrent to others and thus
engendering positive values through abstention. What held the nation back and has continued to do so is rooted
in the lack of ethical leadership. The greatest issue in leadership in Africa, particularly Nigeria, is that of moral
bankruptcy - a complete lack of ethics and ethical principles among leaders. African ethics was employed to
achieve the purpose of the paper. This work argues that the non-existence of ethics in leadership promotes
unethical behaviour among leaders and followers such as the present condition of uncommon looting and
corruption in the country. This paper concludes that sustainable development would be illusive unless there is a
paradigm shift from the present self-centred leadership paradigm to African ethics and principles as exemplified
in Ibibio ethical leadership.
This document discusses the development model that has been widely accepted over the past six decades of promoting economic growth through industrialization and centralized high-cost technologies. While there has been significant economic growth, the benefits have not been equally distributed, leading to large inequalities both between and within countries. International agencies now agree that development without equity is unsustainable. However, efforts to reduce inequalities through improved market rules and increased aid have had limited success. A fundamental rethinking of the development model and choice of technologies may be needed to achieve more equitable and sustainable development.
The document discusses developing a youth-focused research agenda for the CRP MAIZE program. It proposes delineating different contexts for youth research, identifying young people's engagements with and pathways into maize agriculture systems. Specifically, the agenda would involve characterizing contexts, qualitative studies of youth experiences, surveys to analyze youth trajectories, and using partner data to examine trends relevant to youth like demographics, farm structures, and commercialization. The goal is a strategic research program to better understand constraints faced by young entrants and how sustainable intensification may impact barriers.
The document discusses the UN's Millennium Development Goals and sustainable human development. It provides details on the eight Millennium Development Goals, which aim to reduce poverty, hunger, disease, maternal and child mortality, and lack of access to clean water and education by 2015. Achieving these goals requires addressing the interrelationships between health, human development, and environmental sustainability to ensure people can meet their needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs. Developed countries can support developing countries' progress through measures like debt relief, education, and facilitating more affordable trade.
Dualism, main assumptions of dualism, similarities, differences, and why plan...Ali jili'ow
This document discusses dualism, development thinking, planning, and why planning is needed in developing countries. It begins by outlining the main assumptions of dualism theory, including that traditional and modern sectors develop separately with little interaction. It then discusses definitions of planning and reasons why planning is important in developing contexts, such as rapid population growth, resource scarcity, and poverty. As an example, issues around development in Nigeria are described. The document also provides an overview of strategic planning processes and gives an example strategic plan for a local mineral water organization.
Exploring Pesse Na Siri’ Values in Budgetary Preparation Process: An Ethnogra...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes an ethnographic study that explored the values of Pesse na siri' in the budget preparation process at the Regional Work Device Unit (RWDU) level in East Luwu, Indonesia. The study found that several Pesse na siri' values were present in the budgeting process, including tongeng (truth), lempu' (honesty), getteng (firmness), adele' (justice), and lalambate tarantajo or siwolong polong (cooperation). Tongeng value was reflected in adhering to policies, procedures and regulations, while being accountable to the community. Lempu' value involved preparing budgets based on objective source documents without exaggeration
Theorising the relationship between television programmes and promotion of en...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between television programs and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture among university students in Kenya. The study found a significant positive relationship, indicating that TV programs can help promote entrepreneurial culture in Kenya. Some key points:
- The study used a sample of 320 final year university students from 10 public and private universities in Nairobi, Kenya.
- A survey questionnaire was used to collect data on the relationship between different types of TV programs (news, reality shows, documentaries, talk shows, interviews) and entrepreneurial culture.
- A significant positive relationship was found between aggregate TV programs and the promotion of entrepreneurial culture in Kenya.
This document discusses four cultural dimensions identified by Geert Hofstede that can impact business: individualism/collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity/femininity. The individualism/collectivism dimension refers to whether cultures are more self-oriented or group-oriented. Individualistic cultures like the US value individual goals over group harmony, while collectivistic cultures like Mexico value the group. The power distance dimension concerns inequality between superiors and subordinates. Countries like the US have moved toward more equal relationships, while Arab countries still have higher power distances. Uncertainty avoidance relates to a culture's tolerance for risk - high uncertainty avoidance cultures like Britain prefer more rules and stability, while low cultures like Canada
The document discusses how national culture influences organizational management in a globalized economy. It defines national culture and examines factors that shape national culture like language, legal systems, values, education, and religion. It also discusses Hofstede's model of national cultural dimensions, which identifies power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, masculinity vs. femininity, uncertainty avoidance, and long-term orientation as key aspects of national culture that impact how organizations are managed across borders. National culture was found to significantly influence behaviors and practices within highly regulated industries like aviation, so managing a multicultural workforce and accounting for national cultural differences is important for organizations operating globally.
Community development corporations (CDCs) play an important role in building and strengthening communities. One Neighborhood Builders is a CDC located in Olneyville, Rhode Island that focuses on creating affordable housing and spurring economic development. They accomplish their mission through affordable housing development, a social enterprise program for youth, asset building for families, and community organizing. Upon visiting their main office, the friendly receptionist provided information on services like workshops on fighting predatory lending and free tax preparation through their VITA program. Social workers can take on various macro practice roles in areas like community planning, organization, and policy analysis to help communities address needs and problems.
Individual’s Leadership Style Changes Due to Different Culture in the UKYogeshIJTSRD
This paper investigates the effects of cultural dimensions on individuals’ leadership styles. The study focused on two main themes Culture and Leadership. Two main dimensions considered Power Distance and Individualism to show their effects on individuals’ two main leadership behaviour Democratic and Autocratic leadership styles. Considering a phenomenological approach, the responses of participants were obtained from their replies to an open ended questionnaire. Data were analysed with Hofstede’s 6D Model. Individuals are from America, Lithuania, India, Italy, and Sri Lanka. They are currently working in the UK, performing as managerial roles, shared their cultural experiences and leadership styles. The study shows individuals from India and Sri Lanka have completely changed their leadership styles due to the surveillance of different culture in the UK. The individual from Italy slightly modified her leadership style while the other two participants from America and Lithuania remain unchanged as they have similar cultural dimensions. Dr. Mohammad RashedKhan "Individual’s Leadership Style Changes Due to Different Culture in the UK" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd41114.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/hrm-and-retail-business/41114/individual’s-leadership-style-changes-due-to-different-culture-in-the-uk/dr-mohammad-rashedkhan
The role of community leaders in the civil society is greatly observed as an original experience that helps communities to change their attitudes toward pessimist fate. It does emphasise that cultivation of nations is available through social services and humanitarian programs. the spread of education around the globe offered great opportunities to leaders of the world to access sciences and technology systems at distance learning. The online education reflected the potential of empowerment in education, the social development and the necessity to adopt new life skills. Leadership here illustrates a map road of social justice and cultural intelligence that nurture a socio-political perception of decency and fairness
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of development administration from the 1960s to present. It began as a way to apply public administration principles to achieving development goals in developing countries. Development administration aims to guide government action toward development objectives and ensure administrative innovation. It focuses on providing key inputs like skilled manpower, finances, infrastructure, information, citizen participation, and legitimate power to drive development. There is no consensus model as administrative needs vary between cultures and stages of development. The field of development administration rose in popularity post-WWII but declined as other development paradigms emerged.
Promoting collaborative RD networks in morocco some elements for thoughtIlyas Azzioui
this presentation highlights some aspects related to innovation systems in development countries, dominant values and some prevalent misconceptions that should be taken into consideration when building a collaborative R&D Network in a developing country like Morocco.
1) Culture can be defined in many ways and encompasses both material and non-material aspects of a society. Non-material aspects include symbols, language, values, and norms that are learned and shared.
2) Globalization has increased connections between countries and the spread of ideas and business practices worldwide. Understanding different cultural values and effective cross-cultural communication is important for international business.
3) Hofstede studied IBM employees around the world and identified five cultural dimensions, including power distance, that influence mental programming and societal norms around equality and power structures.
This document outlines the learning objectives for Unit 524, which focuses on facilitating change in health, social care, or children and young people's settings. The objectives include understanding principles of change management, analyzing internal and external factors driving change, describing theories and approaches that support the change process, and explaining the importance of effective change management. The document also discusses factors like leadership, assets, and financial strength that influence an organization's internal environment and ability to implement strategies and change.
Endogenous rural development refers the development initiated by local people with their own resources, values, aspirations, knowledge, skill and organizations.
Self and group identity, epowerment, religious denominationIrfan Hussain
This document defines and discusses several concepts related to identity:
1. Self identity is defined as one's own identity or individuality. Social identity is defined as the part of one's self-concept derived from perceived membership in a social group.
2. Social identity theory introduced the concept of social identity to explain intergroup behavior. Types of social identity include inter-personal and inter-group continuum.
3. Empowerment is defined as sharing information, rewards, and power with employees so they can make decisions to solve problems and improve performance. It is based on holding employees responsible for their actions.
This document discusses how career development policy and practice can better support community wellness in remote communities in the Northwest Territories (NWT). It takes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing on disciplines like economics, sociology, psychology, education, political science and history. It provides context on the NWT, where communities face high unemployment, loss of culture, and poverty. While career programs aim to address unemployment, the remote labor market is very limited. The document examines ideas from career development, community development, and wellness models to identify new approaches that value local input and priorities to foster livelihood opportunities and a healthy future for remote NWT communities.
Understanding the ConsumerCulture and Cultural Change1.docxmarilucorr
Understanding the Consumer
Culture and Cultural Change
1
Understanding Culture
Culture is the lens through which consumers view products and try to make sense of their own and other people’s behaviour..
Culture dictates the manner of how people consume, the priority of needs and wants they attempt to satisfy.
Consumption choices cannot be understood without considering the cultural context in which they are made.
Therefore:
Culture determines
the overall priorities that a consumer attaches to different activities and products
the success or failure of specific products and services.
What is Culture?
Culture is “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”
(Edward B. Tylor, 1871)
What is the difference between the two?
Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one group or category of people from another."
(Hofstede, 1991, p.5)
3
Definitions of Culture
“Culture may be defined as a set of values, ideas, artefacts, and other meaningful symbols that help individuals to communicate, interpret, and evaluate as members of society.“ (Engel, Blackwell & Miniard, 1990, p. 3).
‘Culture is a society’s personality and describes what people have in common. It is the total sum of learned beliefs, values, and customs that direct the consumer behaviour of members of a particular society’ (Schiffman et al., pp. 282)
4
(adapted from Douglas & Craig, 2011)
Consumer
CULTURE
Cognition
Attitude
Values
Patterns of
Consumption
Choices
Information seeking
Disposal?
Macro
Micro
Meso
Situational Factors
Macro: The types of macroenvironmental variables, which condition consumer behavior, include economic variables such as GNI per capita, income distribution,
GNP, income distribution, government exp, population- purchasing power and variety of options available
The demographic factors such as population size and rate of growth, levels of education, socio-cultural factors such as cultural values, religion and geographic factors such as climate or topography. While each of these different factors can be clearly identified, it is important to remember that they interact with each other, as well as conditioning variables at other levels of context.
Meso: within country differences in ethics groups, language, lifestyle, culture, topography
In China, for example, there are marked differences in the economic infrastructure, consumer purchasing power and distribution channels between different regions (Batra, 1997; Cui and Liu, 2000).
Micro: Local level info on market, economy
This is defined here as consisting of the basic physical infrastructure in a village, town or city, including roads, water, electricity, the market infrastructure, i.e. the number and type of stores avail ...
This document discusses organizational culture and how companies should adapt based on the cultures they operate in. It analyzes Hofstede's cultural dimensions model and Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner's model to examine the cultural characteristics of Australia. For Hofstede's model, it finds that Australia has relatively low power distance, moderate individualism, and low uncertainty avoidance. It also analyzes the seven dimensions in Trompenaars' model, including universalism vs particularism and individualism vs communitarianism. The conclusion states that understanding these cultural dimensions frameworks can help companies better adapt to different cultures to achieve organizational goals.
Understanding International Business in the Context of Cultural LensesIOSR Journals
This paper is based on the premise that for business organizations to succeed in our globalized, competitive international environment without a „globalized‟ culture, business managers need to have a sound and practical knowledge of cross boarder cultures. Believing, as Dewey (1938) long ago recognized that “there is nothing more practical than a good theory”, the paper identified from the professional literature and discussed seven theories of culture. The understanding of these cultural models would help the business manager to become more intelligent, culturally more sensitive to cultural differences, develop cultural competence and became more effective and efficient as he/she works to overcome cultural complexities that can negatively affect business and business profits.
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics.pptxNonSy1
This document discusses the importance of understanding culture, society, and politics. It outlines content and performance standards for demonstrating an understanding of human cultural variation, social differences, social change, political identities, and the significance of studying anthropology, sociology, and political science. Key points covered include acknowledging cultural variation and differences, adopting an open attitude toward social and political phenomena, and appreciating these disciplines as social sciences. The document emphasizes that studying culture, society, and politics allows us to understand human adaptation and integration, patterns of social behavior, production of tools and technologies, and how culture contributes to human satisfaction. It also notes the importance of studying society in representing our identity, symbolizing political independence, and enabling economic interdependence. Politics
This document summarizes a research article that examines the construction of social capital through a women-targeted microfinance institution in Nigeria called Yamdu Multipurpose Cooperative Society. The summary discusses how social capital is assumed to support economic development through microfinance, but the dynamics of how social networks interact with income generation are rarely explored. It then examines theories of social capital, including the "communitarian" view that sees social capital as inherently beneficial to communities, versus the "network" view that sees it as a resource individuals can access.
The document discusses the role of culture on entrepreneurship development. It argues that culture can influence entrepreneurship through individual orientations and institutions. Specifically, Max Weber emphasized that Protestantism encouraged a culture that promoted traits conducive to entrepreneurship like individualism and achievement motivation. Additionally, entrepreneurial culture can enable widespread wealth creation by democratizing business creation and management capacities. Certain cultural values and attitudes are also argued to be more favorable for entrepreneurship.
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This document discusses organizational culture and Hofstede's cultural dimensions model. It begins with definitions of culture and introduces Hofstede's four main cultural dimensions: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs collectivism, and masculinity vs femininity. Several countries are provided as examples for each dimension. Additional factors affecting cultural and human variables are also examined, including social institutions, public policy, and societal cultural values. The effect of cultural values on management is discussed. In conclusion, the document emphasizes embracing different cultural variables, building relationships, employing locals, adapting to local markets, and coordinating by region when managing across cultures.
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Ajekwe & ibiamke 2016 the tiv socio cultural environment and entrepreneurship emergence
1. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM)
e-ISSN: 2278-487X, p-ISSN: 2319-7668. Volume 19, Issue 1. Ver. VI (Jan. 2017), PP 42-49
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901064249 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
The Tiv Socio-Cultural Environment and Entrepreneurship
Emergence
Clement C. M. Ajekwe1*
Adzor Ibiamke2
1
Department of Accounting, Benue State University, Makurdi
2
Department of Management Science, Kwararafa University, Wukari
Abstract: The paper assesses the Tiv socio-cultural environment and considers its effect on the emergence of
entrepreneurship. A qualitative methodology was adopted based essentially on a theoretical survey, scattered
observations and random access to some features of the Tiv socio-cultural environment, and a discussion of
their implications for the emergence of entrepreneurship. Certain Tiv socio-cultural features and history,- such
as attitudes towards wealth, authority and leadership, work and leisure, savings and the formal education
system,- were “found” to be capable of either inhibiting their entrepreneurship development or holding back in
check any desire to engage in entrepreneurial activity. However, because of the new and emerging realities in
Nigeria, socio-cultural values of ethnic groups, including that of the Tiv are changing. Tiv individuals are
urged to learn how to convert the weaknesses in their socio-cultural environment to advantage and to create
opportunities to launch them into entrepreneurship.
Keywords: Tiv, Entrepreneurship, Socio-Cultural Environment
I. Introduction
The economic realities of the Tiv people of central Nigeria with experiences of economic hardship,
unemployment and poverty, in much recent time, has made the role of entrepreneurship development in Tivland
crucial. While the Tiv people have certain socio-cultural values that can be applauded, they are nevertheless
associated with cultural practices that inhibit entrepreneurship hence a need for reorientation. Prior studies have
indicated that entrepreneurship has the ability to create wealth and employment for individuals, society as well
as the country (Drucker, 1985). While some prior studies illustrate the importance of entrepreneurship, several
others have indicated that it can be inhibited by an anti-entrepreneurial culture. The fact that the culture of a
people can encourage or discourage start-ups is depicted by the significant differences in the levels of
entrepreneurship among different ethnic groups of a country. For instance, people of Shanghai are said to be
more entrepreneurial than people from Beijing (Sheller, 2005); the Igbo and Ijebu of Nigeria and the Kikuyu of
Kenya are well known as having a socio-cultural environment which predisposes them towards entrepreneurship
more than other ethnic groups in their respective countries (Nafukho, 1998). Several other researchers support
this view (McClelland, 1961; Weber, 1976; Aldrich & Waldinger, 1990; Light & Rosenstein, 1995; Thomas &
Mueller, 2000; Harrison & Huntington, 2000).
Culture is defined as a set of shared values, beliefs, and behaviours (Hofstede, 1980). Deeply
embedded, shared values shape political institutions as well as social and technical systems of an ethnic group.
In our context, all manmade intangibles that have direct or indirect effect on the peoples‟ behaviour and the total
way of life in relation to career choice are referred to as the socio-cultural environment (Akpor-Robaro, 2012).
Cultural values indicate the degree to which a society considers entrepreneurial behaviours, such as risk taking
and independent thinking, to be desirable. Cultures that value and reward such behaviours promote a propensity
to develop and introduce radical innovations, including entrepreneurship; whereas cultures that reinforce
conformity, group interests, and control over the future are not likely to show risk-taking and entrepreneurial
behaviours (Herbig & Miller, 1992; Herbig, 1994; Hofstede, 1980). Entrepreneurs, that is, business owners are
shaped by the factors of their socio-cultural environment. Tiv is the fourth largest of the over 200 ethnic groups
in Nigeria; with an estimated population of twelve million. The Tiv, like the other Nigerian ethnic groups, have
distinct cultural values, beliefs and practices. They speak a common language and claim a common ancestral
origin. They inhabit Central Nigeria in the states of Benue (where they are the majority ethnic group),
Nasarawa, Taraba, Plateau, Cross River and Kogi, including the Federal Capital Territory, Abujaand the
Republic of Cameroon. This paper seeks to assess the socio-cultural environment of the Tiv and how it impacts
entrepreneurship emergence within its membership. It is important, therefore, to understand the Tiv socio-
cultural environment and its potential influence on entrepreneurship.
2. The Tiv Socio-Cultural Environment and Entrepreneurship Emergence
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901064249 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
II. A Theoretical Perspective Of Culture’s Association With Entrepreneurship
Culture is progressively acknowledged as an important factor contributing to promote or inhibit
entrepreneurship in a society (OECD, 2004). Hence, the influence of culture on entrepreneurship is a topic that
researchers have been interested in, with national, regional, as well as ethnic cultures under investigation
(George & Zahra, 2002). Several theories have tried to explain the social and cultural characteristics which
cause people to be or not to be entrepreneurs. Such theories include Hofstede‟s cultural dimensions‟ theory,
McClelland‟s need for achievement theory, Max Weber‟s religion theory, the educational incubation theory and
the displacement theory. However, only Hofstede‟s culture theory is accessed in this paper.
2.1 Hofstede’s Cross-Cultural Theory
Hofstede (1980, 1991) investigated IBM workers in more than 50 countries to identify values useful in
cross-cultural management. Hofstede (1980) originally identified and described four cultural dimensions to
which a fifth was later added as follows:
2.1.1 Uncertainty avoidance
Uncertainty avoidance describes the extent to which a culture tolerates and adapts to uncertainty
through the domains of technology, law, and religion (Hofstede, 2001). Uncertainty avoidance tends to
discourage risk-taking and encourage modifying innovations to meet traditional organizational norms (McGrath,
MacMillan, & Scheinberg, 1992; Shane et al., 1995), thereby reducing a culture‟s tendency toward
entrepreneurial behaviour. Individuals in societies high on uncertainty avoidance prefer the status quo.
Individuals in societies low in uncertainty avoidance are comfortable with ambiguous situations and change
including the uncertain world of self employment.
2.1.2 Power distance
Power distance has been described as the extent to which people in a society accept differences in
power and status between its members (Hofstede, 2001; Mitchell et al., 2000). Cultures with high power
distance tend to be more hierarchical and centralized in their decision-making; whereas cultures with relatively
low power distance tend to be more egalitarian and democratic. Low power distance has been associated with
entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial cognition and activity (McGrath, MacMillan, & Scheinberg, 1992; Mitchell et
al., 2000).
2.1.3 Individualism or collectivism
As a cultural dimension, individualism reflects the extent to which individual ties are relatively loose
and people tend to be responsible only for themselves and their immediate families. This is contrasted with
collectivism, which reflects societies where people are born into cohesive in-groups of which they will be a
member for life (Hofstede, 2001). Research suggests that this dimension is much less subject to external
influence than either power distance or uncertainty avoidance (McGrath, MacMillan, Yang, & Tsai, 1992). The
lack of malleability of this dimension suggests that the relatively high emphasis on individual achievement may
limit entrepreneurial behaviours in collectivist cultures.
2.1.4 Masculinity or femininity
While cast in gender-oriented terms, Hofstede‟s (1980) masculinity-femininity dimension actually
measures characteristics such as the extent to which a culture values work goals such as advancement,
responsibility, and earnings relative to personal relationships, helping others, and the physical environment.
Initial research in national culture and entrepreneurship suggest that entrepreneurs tend to be more masculine
than non-entrepreneurs (McGrath, MacMillan, & Scheinberg, 1992) and the masculinity dimension‟s orientation
toward earnings and achievement suggest an affinity toward wealth creation. The relationship between
entrepreneurial orientation and wealth creation will be particularly strong in masculine cultures. This is because
the focus on goal accomplishment and financial earnings in these cultures help to create a rewards system that
encourages characteristics associated with entrepreneurial orientation such as risk taking and pro-activeness.
2.1.5 Time orientation
Time orientation index measures the extent to which a society is focused on the future or on the present
and the past. A society that has a long-term orientation encourages savings and persistence among its
population. Conversely, members of a society with a short-term orientation focus on the past by respecting
tradition and meeting social obligations and on the present by living to enjoy the moment as if there is no
tomorrow.
3. The Tiv Socio-Cultural Environment and Entrepreneurship Emergence
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901064249 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
2.2 A Conceptual Model of Association of Culture with Entrepreneurship
Two broad streams of research studies have examined the values, beliefs, motivations and cognitions of
entrepreneurs across cultures. The first stream of research studies show that broad cultural characteristics based
on Hofstede‟s (1980, 1991) cultural dimensions (individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power
distance, masculinity-femininity and long-term versus short-term orientation) are significantly associated with
national and regional (ethnic) levels of entrepreneurship (Shane, 1992&1993; Davidsson, 1995; and Davidsson
& Wiklund, 1995). The expected associations of these cultural dimensions and entrepreneurship have been
covered extensively in the literature (e.g. Herbig, 1994; Hofstede, 1980; Shane, 1992). In general, researchers
have hypothesized that entrepreneurship is facilitated by cultures that are high in individualism, high in
masculinity, low in uncertainty avoidance, and low in power distance. All things being equal, it is expected that
the greater the cultural distance from this ideal type, the lower the average individual and aggregate levels of
entrepreneurship.The second stream of research studies addressed the association between culture and the
characteristics of individual entrepreneurs (McGrath & MacMillan, 1992; McGrath et al., 1992; Mueller &
Thomas, 2000; Thomas & Mueller, 2000). On the whole, these studies identify a number of entrepreneurial
characteristics that appear to be influenced consistently by (national) culture. Specifically, there is strong
evidence that self reported reasons for starting a business vary systematically with variations in culture along
dimensions of individualism, power distance and masculinity (Scheinberg & MacMillan, 1988; Shane et al.,
1991). Furthermore, cultural values such as individualism and uncertainty avoidance are significantly related to
traits such as internal locus of control, risk taking and innovativeness, which are associated with
entrepreneurship (Mueller & Thomas, 2000; Thomas & Mueller, 2000).
These studies provide two key insights into the role of culture in entrepreneurship: (i) in the context of
entrepreneurship, theories of motivation are culture bound in that different cultures emphasize different
motivational needs; and (ii) culture is likely to influence national, regional or ethnical rates of entrepreneurship
by creating a larger supply of potential entrepreneurs.The relationships among studies reviewed is depicted in a
model of the association between culture and entrepreneurship (Figure 1) According to the model, culture in all
its dimensions, moderates the relationship between contextual factors and entrepreneurial outcomes;
highlighting the role of culture as a catalyst rather than the cause of entrepreneurial outcomes. The model
suggests that cultural characteristics transform and complement institutional and economic contexts to influence
entrepreneurship. Other moderators included in figure1 are needs and motives and beliefs and behaviours.
Figure 1. Model of the Association between Culture and Entrepreneurship
Source: Hayton, J., George, G. and Zahra, S. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A Review of
behavioural research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4):46.
4. The Tiv Socio-Cultural Environment and Entrepreneurship Emergence
DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901064249 www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
1.3 Culture of Entrepreneurship
Ethnic groups or regions that have a cultural propensity towards entrepreneurship are said to have
entrepreneurial culture (Shiller, 2005). Once an entrepreneurial culture takes root it typically spreads locally as
people learn about business and begin to feel attracted to it even if it doesn‟t yield an immediate or certain pay
off (Gianetti & Simonev, 2007). An entrepreneurial culture (i) is seen as a set of values, beliefs and attitudes
commonly held by society that support the notion that an entrepreneurial life system is desirable; (ii) strongly
supports the search for effective entrepreneurial behaviour within its membership (Gibb, 1996); (iii) accords
high prestige to entrepreneurs who then enjoy high social status in society, regardless of whether or not they are
already successful; (iv) nurtures individuals in original and significant ways (Joynt & Warner, 1966); and (v)
places a high value on independence which allows for less conformity and is more tolerant toward inequalities
of income and wealth (Licht, 2007:850; Giannetti & Simonov, 2004:269). It does not look down or stigmatize
entrepreneurs who have tried but failed, rather it recognizes the positive influence of entrepreneurs on society
and their role in serving as the essential incubator in the entrepreneurship initiation process (Johannison, 1987).
Entrepreneurial cultures score high on Hofstede‟s (1980 & 1991) value dimensions of individualism and
masculinity; but low on uncertainty avoidance (Mueller & Thomas, 2000; McGrath, MacMillan & Scheinberg,
1992).
2.3.1 Aspects of Entrepreneurial Culture
Several factors contribute to an entrepreneurial culture including: (i) consequences of history; (ii)
ideological beliefs and practices of an ethnic group and (iii) the dominant cultural attitudes, values and beliefs of
an ethnic group.
1. Consequences of history
The resultant consequence of history on a society determines the extent to which their structures are
designed to enable expression of individualism and collectivism, conformity or deviancy, equality or hierarchy
and masculinity or femininity (Hagget, 1983; Hornaday & Aboud, 1971). These are political and social systems
which serve to grow people who are either fostered or lacking in the personal attributes generally associated
with entrepreneurship, particularly leadership, creativity, independence, achievement orientation, self reliance
and self confidence.
2. Ideological practices
Ideological practices of a population refer to their pattern of thinking (Burrows, 1991). In some
societies, such as the USA, entrepreneurs enjoy a high status regardless of whether or not they are already
successful (Lamont, 1994). Other societies, such as Pre-Thatcher Britain, look down on entrepreneurs, holding
them out to be low achievers who could not be trusted (Chell et al, 1991). However, as noted by Chell et al.,
(1991:37), this ideology has changed in the post-Thatcher Britain: Historically the British culture was such that
its high achievers were creamed off for top jobs in administration and government. Self-employment was not
regarded as an attractive option until the popularization of the “enterprise culture” of the Thatcher era of the
1980‟s.Some societies have a low tolerance for failure. Such societies stigmatize entrepreneurs who have tried
but failed. Other societies applaud entrepreneurial initiatives and failure in enterprise has few associated
negative connotations. Rather, the significance and value of having applied personal initiative and enterprise
albeit unsuccessfully is viewed positively. In contrasting the UK and USA on this ideological practice, Chell et
al, (1991:37) observed that “(The) British attitude toward self employment together with the stigma attached to
business failure is not evident in the United States, for instance, where failure is seen as a positive learning
experience”.
Furthermore, within some societies there is a practice of saving for the future, while in others, the focus
is on living and spending to enjoy the moment. This has adverse implications for the amount of personal funds
that may be available for investment in business. For example, writing on the Tiv economy during the 1915-
1950 period, Makar (1994) documented the expected effect of the construction of the eastern railway line in the
1920‟s cutting across Tivland in stimulating economic activity; considering that about 28,000 Tiv were
conscript labourers on the railway line and the Benue Bridge at Makurdi. The colonial administration expected
that these conscript labourers would increase the wealth of their land, but regretted that their earnings did not
add any wealth to the Tiv society because, according to official British Administration Reports, 1923 (quoted by
Makar, 1994: 150) “The young men spent or gambled away their money as soon as they received it and the
ubiquitous Hausa traders collected the greater part of it”.
3. Dominant cultural attitudes, values and beliefs
Socio-cultural attitudes, values and beliefs of a group at one particular point in time result in a
particular common mindset relative to the degree to which entrepreneurship is supported by society (Gilder,
1971). In particular, the extents to which cultural attitudes are communal or individualistic have been identified
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DOI: 10.9790/487X-1901064249 www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
as significant (Morrison 1998). Societies that predominantly hold strong communal and collective values do not
support individualistic wealth creation through entrepreneurship, while those with strong individualistic values
generally do. Furthermore, in societies where there are moral obligation to provide for the community, the
priority for income earned is to the community rather than to investment in private enterprise.
With this background, the paper proceeds as follows: the next section surveys the Tiv socio-cultural
environment; section 4 analyzes and discusses the Tiv socio-cultural environment; and section 5 concludes the
paper.
III. Tiv Socio-Cultural Environment And Entrepreneurship
The Tiv social organization is based on kinship and lineage. People who are “kith and kin” settled
together. Traditionally, the Tiv society scorned individualism and was apprehensive of anyone who embraced it.
Such a person was thought dangerous in society for he was moving toward an innovation which had not been
tested before and it was feared that the act might affect the carefully structured balance of the whole society. For
this reason, an individual who, through hard work or good fortune rose above others was said to be putting
everyone in danger of arousing inimical forces (tsav) in the cosmos. So much was the force of kinship and
lineage institutions and the social security that living in them provided that Bohannan and Bohannan (1968)
opined that they “could hold in check any desire to engage in entrepreneurial activity---for to enjoy the
proceeds, one had to share it among kinsmen or be ostracized by them”
3.1 Aspects of Tiv Social-Culture
This paper proposes that certain aspects of Tiv culture are capable of either inhibiting entrepreneurship
development among its membership or holding back in check any desire to engage in entrepreneurial activity.
The particular aspects identified in this paper are six: Tiv attitudes towards wealth, authority and leadership,
work and leisure, savings, the formal education system and their communal living. These aspects of Tiv culture
are discussed ad seriatim:
3.1.1 Tiv attitude to wealth
The Tiv had a culture which valued prestige over and above wealth. The items the Tiv valued were not
material things or marketable goods at all. Rather, the number of dependents, kinship (angbianev) and prestige
(shagba) were valued instead of money or other measures of wealth as viewed by other ethnic groups like the
Igbo. In the Igbo culture, for example, financial wealth is cherished because it is the basis for social recognition
and status. Among the Igbo therefore, self employment (i.e., entrepreneurship) provides faster legitimate means
to wealth, economic power, recognition and status.The Tiv on the other hand, deprecated living on profit and
were scornful of the individual who is rich in money but lacks the basic goal for social maximization. In
particular, no person would gain in wealth controlling and exploiting the labour of others. If any Tiv person tried
it, such a person would to be said to have had very bad tsav (Bohannan & Bohannan, 1968). The implications of
Tiv attitude to wealth relative to entrepreneurship should be obvious: entrepreneurship, by definition, is wealth
creation which can result in inequalities in the distribution of wealth. As suggested above, the Tiv are not
comfortable with disproportionate inequalities in incomes and wealth distribution.
3.1.2 Tiv attitude toward authority and leadership
Tiv society is generally paternalistic and hierarchical and of little prone to individualism. It tends to be
egalitarian within the same age set (kwav) but hierarchical in group-to-group relations with marked
subordination of the younger age sets. Within each set, individuals possess equal social status unlike say, the
Igbo where wealth determines a person‟s social status. Because Tiv culture was not achievement-oriented,
superior achievement of a member within an age-set, did not guarantee an automatic catapult of the achiever
outside his or her age circle to a higher circle. Hierarchy based on age and ascription is not considered an aspect
of “entrepreneurial culture”. Entrepreneurs value an achievement culture more than an ascription culture
(Hornaday & Aboud, 1971).
3.1.3Tiv attitude to work and leisure
Judged by standards of charity and solidarity, the Tiv have an impressive culture. The Tiv value group
solidarity and occasions of socializing which have generally led to a tendency to attach a high value to leisure
and the attendant ability to engage in social activities such as marriages, burials, naming ceremonies and
attendance at church ceremonials (for “thanksgivings, for example). The high value attached to “socializing” has
often been misconstrued by westerners as “laziness” or even as “wasteful”. Simply put, these activities and
attendance at them, serve as a means of reinforcing social bonds which are the foundation of the Tiv society.
Thus, the marginal return for “leisure” is generally very high; but the benefits are more social than economic.
By this culture, it is expected therefore that the Tiv response to income incentives, be it in agriculture,
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entrepreneurship or any other “productive endeavour”, will be positive only if the expected increase in the
leisure/income trade off will not only materialize within a short time horizon, but also will be striking. At the
moment, it is mainly entry into politics, being political touts and thugs that guarantee substantial and immediate
pay off. A good number of Tiv youths are seeking a career in politics, touting and being political thugs. As entry
into politics is seen as guaranteeing substantial and immediate pay-off; there is very strong temptation for Tiv
entrepreneurs to combine business with politics or even to abandon entrepreneurship for politics. Tiv pioneer
entrepreneurs, like Ugoo Iywoo, Akaazua Muemue, etc, are known more as politicians than as entrepreneurs.
Unfortunately, explorations by entrepreneurs into politics have, in general, tended to shorten the lives of their
enterprises through activities of political thugs and intrigues that envelop and choke them.
3.1.4 Tiv attitudes towards savings
To the Tiv, the only riches are those shared with and are socially visible to the community. There is the
social and mystical need for what westerners may call “wastefulness”. Examples include expensive burials,
naming ceremonies and lavish entertainment, sometimes involving excessive consumption of alcohol, the
slaughter of domestic animals on a massive scale, etc. Regarding expensive burials, both the catholic and
protestant churches have introduced codes that are intended to prohibit or limit some of these extravagant
expenditures only to see them circumvented by their adherents.Exacerbating matters is the philosophy of “ka
kwagh u a lu u ken uya la a lu u wou ye” and the fact that the extended family is always present and likely to be
imposing. When small in size, excess income is distributed first to members of the “immediate family”, then to
the “extended family” and then to the larger community. Increased income, therefore, simply leads to more
lavish consumption and a widening of the circle of those benefiting from the income re-distribution. A corollary
is that economic success in itself did not lead to upward social mobility. Most of this wealth generally ended up
in conspicuous consumption; buying unmerited chieftaincy titles, luxury non-commercial homes in several
locations, latest car models, lavish social festivities and trying to please everyone in the extended family all at
once, instead of productive investments.
To what can these seemingly irrational behaviour traits be attributed? The need for patronage may be a
primary justification. The host who provides sumptuous hospitality and redistributes his wealth can expect to
count on the beneficiates in periods of need (such as when seeking elective office). A desire for shagba
(prestige) or a communication of “social arrival” frequently provides a second reason. A third possible
explanation may be related to a “culture of poverty” (Thompson and Wildavsky, 1986), the characteristics of
which are (i) Short-termism: why look to the future if you cannot outguess Mother Nature?; (ii) Unwillingness
to invest: Why invest if you cannot know whether you will die the next day?; (iii) Lack of personal
responsibility: why take responsibility if the future is unknowable; what if other people are likely to undercut
you no matter what you do?; and (iv) Fatalism: life is too short; eat and be merry for you do not know when the
hour will come; after all, “ka kwagh u a lu u ken uya la a lu u wou ye”From the economic development and
entrepreneurial perspective, this tendency of attaching little value to self control needed for savings runs counter
to the pre-requisites for promoting private investment and entrepreneurship.
3.1.5 Tiv formal education
A country‟s education system plays a significant role in the initiation of characteristics generally
associated with entrepreneurial development (Gibb, 1996). Nigerian educational institutions, particularly
primary schools are very weak breeding grounds for future entrepreneurs. In these institutions, children are
inculcated with conformist ideals while their natural curiosity is suppressed. The children are taught how to
obey and respect senior people and that success of their future careers can only accrue from thus type of
conformist behaviour; a teaching which parents consolidate and reinforce at home. Thus the inculcation of
conformist ideals; at school and at home; together with the powerlessness it generates in the children; results in
a dependency syndrome which seriously erodes the development of entrepreneurial traits such as self confidence
and decision making ability.
3.1.6 Tiv communal living.
In times past, the Tiv practised a policy of „communalism” or “collectivism”. By this policy, all
activities, like tilling the land, building living quarters, food security etc were approached collectively. Even
children belonged to the collective society. The communal approach to life has implications on entrepreneurial
behaviour. It does not encourage a savings culture. It is quite common that a Tiv person in regular employment
supports ten members of his or her community in one way or the other. It therefore becomes very difficult to
accumulate sufficient savings with which to invest in a new business. Without investments, there will be no jobs
that can increase the number of working population and reduce the number of “mouths” one person has to feed.
In this way, the communal spirit becomes a millstone around the necks of aspiring Tiv entrepreneurs, acting as
an inhibitor of entrepreneurial development.
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IV. Analysis And Discussion
The paper adopts a qualitative methodology based essentially on a theoretical survey, scattered
observations and some qualified reasoning of the features of the Tiv socio-cultural environment, to analyze and
discuss their effect on the emergence of entrepreneurship.Tiv socio-cultural features are related to Hofstede‟s
(1980 & 1991) cultural dimensions to ascertain their fit with a culture of entrepreneurship. The Tiv are said to
originate from present DR Congo (Abraham, 1934). That the Tiv migrated from the Congo; passing through
several places before settling at their present location in the Benue valley, is an indication of a people low in
uncertainty avoidance. As noted in section 2.1.1, an ethnic group low in uncertainty avoidance is comfortable
with uncertainty, including the uncertain world of business ownership. However that they lived in tightly knit
communities suggests a high uncertainty avoidance. On the other hand, the Tiv settlement pattern could have
been a military strategy to thwart attacks from other ethnic groups who inhabited the Benue valley before their
arrival.A culture with low power distance (i.e., an egalitarian culture), suits entrepreneurship more than a high
power distance culture where it is assumed only certain families, royalty or persons of particular age can own
and operate businesses. The Tiv society exhibits characteristics of both high and low power distance. It is
paternalistic and tends to be egalitarian within the same age set but hierarchical in group-to-group relations with
marked subordination of the younger age sets. Paternalism tends to weaken its beneficiaries by depriving them
the development of personal attributes generally associated with entrepreneurship particularly leadership,
creativity, independence, achievement orientation, self reliance and self confidence. The communal character of
the Tiv predisposes them to collectivism which has negative implications for entrepreneurship; as it causes the
individual to lose his/her sense of independence, self initiative, motivation, and internal locus of control to the
group; shifting their locus of control externally to the community.
In general, the Tiv exhibit a feminine culture. The ya na angbian philosophy for example, obsession
with taking care of the weaker members of society and considerations for others‟ interests are examples of
feminine aspects of Tiv culture. While this acts as a strong bond of the Tiv, the feminine culture is not forceful
enough to motivate its membership into entrepreneurial ventures. Furthermore, some aspects of Tiv behaviours
suggest a culture with a short-term orientation. East (2003:376-377) captured these aspects which have been
paraphrased as follows:Another trait in the Tiv character is their lack of perseverance. They can never keep
doing the same thing for any length of time. The Tiv have no care for the future. That is how the Tiv suffer
from their improvidence Furthermore, their attitude to savings and communal living are pointers to a short-
term orientation, which negatively impacts capital accumulation and inhibits entrepreneurship development. The
number of Tiv university graduates and others with specialized or higher qualifications has increased
fantastically. However, Tiv business owners are mostly with limited to modest formal education. Highly
educated people “know” their status and have a phobia for risk/failure; consequently they tend to shy away from
self employment, preferring to work in the “secure” world of government or established private sector
organizations. On the other hand, with economic displacement resulting in unemployment, retrenchment and the
introduction of “enterprise culture” education in tertiary institutions, Tiv graduates are now exploring
opportunities to engage in entrepreneurship.
V. Conclusion
The findings and analyses of this paper are consistent with the opinions in entrepreneurship theories
that the socio-cultural environment and circumstances of a people influence their behaviours and decisions in
their social and economic lives, including decisions about entrepreneurship.The individual has a unique
personality; however he or she is the product of society and subject to the values and influences of his/her
society/ ethnic group. Therefore, the socio-cultural environment has significant impact on individuals which
directly influences their decisions and actions.The qualitative analyses highlighted in this paper signal a mostly
negative impact of the socio-cultural environment on Tiv individuals to entrepreneurial self employment.
However, because of the new and emerging realities in Nigeria, socio-cultural values of ethnic groups, including
that of the Tiv are changing. Therefore, Tiv individuals are urged to learn how to convert the weaknesses in
their socio-cultural environment to advantage and to create opportunities to launch them into entrepreneurship.
Business ownership is possible and can be enjoyable.
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