The McGill Declaration on Active Space Debris Removal and On-Orbit Satellite Servicing was adopted on November 12, 2011 at McGill University by international experts in various fields related to space debris issues. The declaration notes that the amount of catalogued space debris has increased significantly and poses a serious threat to space sustainability. It encourages states to comply with space debris mitigation guidelines and for active removal of space debris and satellite servicing to be undertaken by all stakeholders as soon as possible. The declaration makes several recommendations, including that governments and operators develop debris removal technology, cooperate on space situational awareness sharing, examine legal mechanisms to facilitate debris removal, and consider establishing funds and entities focused on active debris removal activities.
The following is a Draft Resolution that I (Delegate of Greece), authored with a good friend of mine, Aarav Parikh (Delegate of Syria). It is pertaining to measures to International co-operation on the peaceful usage of outer space. It was passed as the resolution of DISEC (GAMA MUN 2021) by majority vote. It was drafted at the innaugural edition of the GAMA MUN organized by Diplomathon Global and had Delegates from Various Countries like India, United Arab Emirites, Bahrain etc. I won HC while Aarav won BD!
Topic UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRA.docxturveycharlyn
Topic: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRAEL’S CAPITAL
4 pages double spaced
Political Studies: Outline
First section: Topic
1. Paper topic: Write a short paragraph describing your topic. Be very specific.
2. Thesis statement: Write a clear thesis statement about your paper topic.
Second Section: The paper outline
1. Introduction: Outline what your argument in your paper is going to be in a paragraph
2. Section (#): briefly outline what each section of your paper will be about.
· Include your academic citations in their respective sections
· Explain how you will use them in your arguments in one or two sentences
· You should have as many sections in your outline as you expect to have in your paper.
3. Conclusion.
Things you should include in your outline:
1. Specifics on your topic. The more detail you provide the better your grade will be
2. At least six academic sources that are relevant to your topic as well as an explanation of how you will use them. (APA)
Holloway
Canada’s Need to Take Ownersh*t of its Role in Space Exploration
A short paper on international space law
Introduction/Issues
A frozen turd ball was ejected from our orbiting space station and struck a foreign state’s spy satellite. The satellite was knocked out of orbit and crashed to Earth. The foreign state now demands reparations from us. This paper will survey the legal regime for the use of space and states’ obligations with respect to debris causing damage to other objects in space. Then, this paper will analyze the current situation to assess our options for response. This paper concludes that we should pay reparations to the foreign state and develop technologies to reduce our production of dangerous debris in space.
Rules
Given that humanity gained access to space relatively recently, and only a limited number of states actually participate in space exploration, international space law is still in its infancy. Although states have jurisdiction over the airspace immediately above their territory, outer space is understood as a ‘res communis’, meaning that none of it can form part of a state’s sovereign territory.[footnoteRef:1] The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies entered into force in 1967 and forms the basis of international space law.[footnoteRef:2] 103 states, including Canada, have ratified the treaty and another 25 states are signatories.[footnoteRef:3] Article III notes the parties’ desires to promote peace, security, cooperation and understanding with regards to the use and development of space. Article VIII specifies that states maintain jurisdiction over whatever objects or personnel they send into space. [1: Currie, John H. et al, International Law: Doctrine, Practice and Theory, 2nd ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2014) at 466. ] [2: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities o ...
The following is a Draft Resolution that I (Delegate of Greece), authored with a good friend of mine, Aarav Parikh (Delegate of Syria). It is pertaining to measures to International co-operation on the peaceful usage of outer space. It was passed as the resolution of DISEC (GAMA MUN 2021) by majority vote. It was drafted at the innaugural edition of the GAMA MUN organized by Diplomathon Global and had Delegates from Various Countries like India, United Arab Emirites, Bahrain etc. I won HC while Aarav won BD!
Topic UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRA.docxturveycharlyn
Topic: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRAEL’S CAPITAL
4 pages double spaced
Political Studies: Outline
First section: Topic
1. Paper topic: Write a short paragraph describing your topic. Be very specific.
2. Thesis statement: Write a clear thesis statement about your paper topic.
Second Section: The paper outline
1. Introduction: Outline what your argument in your paper is going to be in a paragraph
2. Section (#): briefly outline what each section of your paper will be about.
· Include your academic citations in their respective sections
· Explain how you will use them in your arguments in one or two sentences
· You should have as many sections in your outline as you expect to have in your paper.
3. Conclusion.
Things you should include in your outline:
1. Specifics on your topic. The more detail you provide the better your grade will be
2. At least six academic sources that are relevant to your topic as well as an explanation of how you will use them. (APA)
Holloway
Canada’s Need to Take Ownersh*t of its Role in Space Exploration
A short paper on international space law
Introduction/Issues
A frozen turd ball was ejected from our orbiting space station and struck a foreign state’s spy satellite. The satellite was knocked out of orbit and crashed to Earth. The foreign state now demands reparations from us. This paper will survey the legal regime for the use of space and states’ obligations with respect to debris causing damage to other objects in space. Then, this paper will analyze the current situation to assess our options for response. This paper concludes that we should pay reparations to the foreign state and develop technologies to reduce our production of dangerous debris in space.
Rules
Given that humanity gained access to space relatively recently, and only a limited number of states actually participate in space exploration, international space law is still in its infancy. Although states have jurisdiction over the airspace immediately above their territory, outer space is understood as a ‘res communis’, meaning that none of it can form part of a state’s sovereign territory.[footnoteRef:1] The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies entered into force in 1967 and forms the basis of international space law.[footnoteRef:2] 103 states, including Canada, have ratified the treaty and another 25 states are signatories.[footnoteRef:3] Article III notes the parties’ desires to promote peace, security, cooperation and understanding with regards to the use and development of space. Article VIII specifies that states maintain jurisdiction over whatever objects or personnel they send into space. [1: Currie, John H. et al, International Law: Doctrine, Practice and Theory, 2nd ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2014) at 466. ] [2: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities o ...
Deficiencies and Pressing Issues in the Existing Legal Regime of Outer SpaceChristopher Johnson
It is increasingly clear that the body of international space law, drafted in the 1960s and 70s (and showing the hallmarks of that era), has a number of deficiencies in relation to existing, emerging, and proposed space activities. These deficiencies include both intended deficiencies in the law—where the drafters refrained from lawmaking (either out of modesty or political expediency); as well as unintended and emergent deficiencies (where technological progress in spaceflight technologies and capabilities were not addressed in the law because they were simply not imagined at the time).
Private, non-governmental actors are becoming increasingly active in space activities, driving innovation and expanding our capabilities. However, their ambitions have implications for international and national governance regimes. This lecture was given at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy's 2019 Geopolitics and Global Futures Symposium
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
M.a.d comprehensive lists of international multilateral treaties (law of trea...maysam araee daronkola
M.A.D Comprehensive Lists of international multilateral treaties (law of treaties)
(treaty, convention, agreement, protocol, amendment, decleration &…) directed by maysam araee daronkolah
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
In introduce to the present work must say this work being divided into several sections:
1: list of treaties by date of conclusion (from 1900 to 2013)
2: list of treaties by date of entry in to force (from 1900 to 2013)
3: list of treaties by subject that consist of:
Air law, Communication And Information, Disarmament and Arms Control, Economic, Ecosystem, [Educational, Scientific and Cultural] matter, Energy, Environment, Fishing, Foodstuff, Health, Human rights, Human Trafficking, Humanitarian Law, Intellectual Property, International Organization, International Private Law, International Relation & Diplomatic and Consular Law, International Trade and Commerce, Labor Law, Law of the sea, Law of Treaties & Succession of States, Maritime And Shipping, [Minerals, Industrial Material and Industrial] Matter, Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Safety, Peace and Military alliance, Penal Matter &Terrorism, Privileges and Immunities of IO, Settlement of Dispute, Space Law, Sport, Stateless and Refugee, Transport, Women and Children Rights
Deficiencies and Pressing Issues in the Existing Legal Regime of Outer SpaceChristopher Johnson
It is increasingly clear that the body of international space law, drafted in the 1960s and 70s (and showing the hallmarks of that era), has a number of deficiencies in relation to existing, emerging, and proposed space activities. These deficiencies include both intended deficiencies in the law—where the drafters refrained from lawmaking (either out of modesty or political expediency); as well as unintended and emergent deficiencies (where technological progress in spaceflight technologies and capabilities were not addressed in the law because they were simply not imagined at the time).
Private, non-governmental actors are becoming increasingly active in space activities, driving innovation and expanding our capabilities. However, their ambitions have implications for international and national governance regimes. This lecture was given at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy's 2019 Geopolitics and Global Futures Symposium
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
M.a.d comprehensive lists of international multilateral treaties (law of trea...maysam araee daronkola
M.A.D Comprehensive Lists of international multilateral treaties (law of treaties)
(treaty, convention, agreement, protocol, amendment, decleration &…) directed by maysam araee daronkolah
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
In introduce to the present work must say this work being divided into several sections:
1: list of treaties by date of conclusion (from 1900 to 2013)
2: list of treaties by date of entry in to force (from 1900 to 2013)
3: list of treaties by subject that consist of:
Air law, Communication And Information, Disarmament and Arms Control, Economic, Ecosystem, [Educational, Scientific and Cultural] matter, Energy, Environment, Fishing, Foodstuff, Health, Human rights, Human Trafficking, Humanitarian Law, Intellectual Property, International Organization, International Private Law, International Relation & Diplomatic and Consular Law, International Trade and Commerce, Labor Law, Law of the sea, Law of Treaties & Succession of States, Maritime And Shipping, [Minerals, Industrial Material and Industrial] Matter, Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Safety, Peace and Military alliance, Penal Matter &Terrorism, Privileges and Immunities of IO, Settlement of Dispute, Space Law, Sport, Stateless and Refugee, Transport, Women and Children Rights
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. (iii) There is increasing evidence that we are near the ‘tipping point’ whereby
the ‘cascade effect’ would make the problem progressively worse and this
would not only be a problem for LEO operations but for all space
activities;
Encouraged by the development of the Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines adopted
by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee as well as the Space
Debris Mitigation Guidelines of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful
Uses of Outer Space, as endorsed by the General Assembly of the United Nations
in its Resolution 62/217 of 22 December 2007, as an important international
cooperative step towards reducing space debris risks;
Recalling the Treaty on Principles Governing Activities of States in the
Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial
Bodies (Outer Space Treaty), the Agreement on the Rescue of Astronauts, the
Return of Astronauts and the Return of Objects Launched into Outer Space
(Rescue and Return Agreement), the Convention on International Liability for
Damage Caused by Space Objects (Liability Convention), and the Convention on
Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space (Registration Convention);
Recognizing that according to Article I of the Outer Space Treaty, the
exploration and use of outer space is the province of all mankind and outer space
is free for exploration and use by all States without discrimination of any kind, and
that according to Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty, States Parties to the Treaty
shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space,
including the activities of their non-governmental entities;
Recognizing that Article VI of the Outer Space Treaty and the Liability
Convention sets out the principles for ascribing liability to the launching State for
damage caused by its space object, including that of its non-governmental entities,
to the space object of another State in outer space and for damage occurring on
the surface of the Earth or to an aircraft in flight;
Recognizing that Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty obliges States to avoid
harmful contamination of outer space during the conduct of studies and
exploratory activities in outer space, and to have due regard to the corresponding
interests of all other States;
Recognizing that the United Nations General Assembly in its Resolution 1721
B (XVI) of 20 December 1961 calls upon States launching objects into Earth’s
orbit or beyond to furnish information promptly to the Secretary General, for the
registration of launches, and that this obligation is codified in the provisions of the
Registration Convention;
Noting that Transparency and Confidence Building Measures are essential to
the success of active debris removal and on-orbit satellite servicing efforts;
AIR AND SPACE LAW
278
3. Noting that actions so far taken by international and national actors and
institutions to address the problem of space debris have focused mainly on
mitigating the creation of new pieces of debris;
Noting that active removal of space debris is essential to assure the
sustainability of the space environment for productive and peaceful purposes as a
critical element of a comprehensive process that includes judicious and
collaborative mission architectures, diligent and cooperative space situational
awareness, coordinated launch operations, and space system design practices that
emphasize debris minimization and mitigation;
Noting the development and maturity of several concepts and technologies
that will enable the active removal of existing pieces of debris from orbit and the
servicing of satellites in orbit;
Hereby Declares That:
(1) States are encouraged to increase compliance of existing and planned
space systems with space debris mitigation guidelines, requirements and
standards;
(2) Active removal of space debris and on-orbit satellite servicing should
be undertaken by all stakeholders as soon as possible;
(3) The United Nations and other international agencies should work
diligently to complement international conventions, particularly those
dealing with the liability of space activities as well as State jurisdiction
and control over space objects, in order to facilitate the conduct of
active debris removal and on-orbit satellite servicing;
(4) Governments and commercial operators should work actively and
diligently to develop and demonstrate debris removal and on-orbit
satellite servicing technology and missions;
(5) States and satellite operators should cooperate in sharing Space
Situational Awareness (SSA) information on a transparent basis;
(6) Efforts should be made to collect data from, and to provide SSA
services to as many space operators as possible in order to prevent
collisions involving controllable objects;
(7) National governments and competent international bodies should
examine legal and regulatory mechanisms and processes to advance and
facilitate the removal of space debris from orbit and the servicing of
satellites in orbit. These mechanisms and processes should seek to
encourage or commend the following types of actions:
(a) Active removal by launching State(s) of space debris attributable to
them;
MCGILL DECLARATION ON ACTIVE SPACE DEBRIS REMOVAL 279
4. (b) Establishment of national or international funds to support the
removal of space debris from orbit and the servicing of satellites in
orbit;
(c) Promulgation of national legislation and regulations to promote
active debris removal and on-orbit satellite servicing; and
(d) Other appropriate actions to advance the expeditious disposal of
space debris and the servicing of satellites in orbit;
(8) States are encouraged to improve upon their levels of compliance with
international obligations for the registration of space objects so as to
allow the identification of space objects that are suitable candidates for
removal and so as to confirm their jurisdiction over, and commit to
their obligation to control, space objects;
(9) Consideration should be given to the idea of establishing national,
bilateral and/or international/intergovernmental entities (preferably on
Public-Private-Partnership basis) whose mandate will be to conduct
active debris removal and on-orbit satellite servicing activities on a
commercial basis;
(10) Consideration should be given to the creation of a Global Economic
Fund for Space Debris Removal to pay for removal service in the long
term (to cover the cost of removal of existing debris plus spacecraft
that fail in orbit);
(11) Debris producing nations should unilaterally take the lead in
voluntarily removing their own debris and servicing their own
satellites in orbit;
(12) Debris removal shall be performed without increasing the safety risk to
the public on ground, at sea, and traveling by air.
Done at Montreal on the Twelfth Day of November of theYear Two Thousand and
Eleven
AIR AND SPACE LAW
280