This document discusses the increasing use of commercial satellite systems for military purposes. It provides examples of how commercial satellites were first used in the 1970s and Gulf War to detect submarines and monitor conflicts. The document examines the capabilities of commercial and military observation satellites and compares their spatial and spectral resolution. It discusses various international treaties regarding the use and monitoring of space assets and debris mitigation. Finally, it proposes the creation of an International Data Centre to improve space traffic monitoring and a new treaty on limiting orbital debris.
The McGill Declaration on Active Space Debris Removal and On-Orbit Satellite Servicing was adopted on November 12, 2011 at McGill University by international experts in various fields related to space debris issues. The declaration notes that the amount of catalogued space debris has increased significantly and poses a serious threat to space sustainability. It encourages states to comply with space debris mitigation guidelines and for active removal of space debris and satellite servicing to be undertaken by all stakeholders as soon as possible. The declaration makes several recommendations, including that governments and operators develop debris removal technology, cooperate on space situational awareness sharing, examine legal mechanisms to facilitate debris removal, and consider establishing funds and entities focused on active debris removal activities.
This document discusses environmental protection in outer space regarding space debris. It provides context on the growing issue of space debris, including that over 500,000 pieces larger than 1 cm exist. Current space law, including the Outer Space Treaty, establishes states are responsible for national space activities and must conduct activities with due regard to other states' interests. Key obligations discussed are preventing/minimizing space debris risks, exchanging collision data, potential removal/recycling responsibilities, and allocating financial burdens. The conclusion notes space law needs clarification to more efficiently address space debris issues and any legal improvements require cooperation among space-faring nations.
This document provides an overview of space policy and law topics presented at the National Student Space Conference UKSEDS. It discusses the key principles of space law established by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, including that outer space shall be free for use and exploration by all states and is not subject to national claims of sovereignty. It also summarizes the different types of space law, the distinction between policy and law, and legal issues like the TRW satellite case. Additionally, it covers factors influencing access to space like orbital slots, frequencies, and launch availability. The document discusses whether small satellites present debris risks and issues around international arms regulations and risks of space activities.
Ripples in the Pond: The Effect of State Actions on the Corpus of Internation...Michael J. Listner
1) International space law is formed by both treaties and customary state practice.
2) State actions like domestic legislation and military activities can affect international space law by establishing customary norms that interpret and potentially diminish existing treaty law.
3) Customary norms established by state practice can reinforce international law like treaties, but can also act like a "stone" by creating new interpretations that disturb the existing legal framework.
Space law governs activities in outer space through national and international law. It aims to regulate state relations and determine rights and duties regarding space activities. Key principles include preserving space and earth environments, determining liability for space object damages, and ensuring space is used peacefully and for the benefit of all humanity. Major treaties include the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, 1968 Rescue Agreement, 1972 Liability Convention, 1975 Registration Convention, and 1979 Moon Agreement, which address issues like jurisdiction, assistance to astronauts, liability for space object damages, registering launched objects, and equitable sharing of moon resources. Space law is important to ensure sustainable and safe use of space.
The McGill Declaration on Active Space Debris Removal and On-Orbit Satellite Servicing was adopted on November 12, 2011 at McGill University by international experts in various fields related to space debris issues. The declaration notes that the amount of catalogued space debris has increased significantly and poses a serious threat to space sustainability. It encourages states to comply with space debris mitigation guidelines and for active removal of space debris and satellite servicing to be undertaken by all stakeholders as soon as possible. The declaration makes several recommendations, including that governments and operators develop debris removal technology, cooperate on space situational awareness sharing, examine legal mechanisms to facilitate debris removal, and consider establishing funds and entities focused on active debris removal activities.
This document discusses environmental protection in outer space regarding space debris. It provides context on the growing issue of space debris, including that over 500,000 pieces larger than 1 cm exist. Current space law, including the Outer Space Treaty, establishes states are responsible for national space activities and must conduct activities with due regard to other states' interests. Key obligations discussed are preventing/minimizing space debris risks, exchanging collision data, potential removal/recycling responsibilities, and allocating financial burdens. The conclusion notes space law needs clarification to more efficiently address space debris issues and any legal improvements require cooperation among space-faring nations.
This document provides an overview of space policy and law topics presented at the National Student Space Conference UKSEDS. It discusses the key principles of space law established by the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, including that outer space shall be free for use and exploration by all states and is not subject to national claims of sovereignty. It also summarizes the different types of space law, the distinction between policy and law, and legal issues like the TRW satellite case. Additionally, it covers factors influencing access to space like orbital slots, frequencies, and launch availability. The document discusses whether small satellites present debris risks and issues around international arms regulations and risks of space activities.
Ripples in the Pond: The Effect of State Actions on the Corpus of Internation...Michael J. Listner
1) International space law is formed by both treaties and customary state practice.
2) State actions like domestic legislation and military activities can affect international space law by establishing customary norms that interpret and potentially diminish existing treaty law.
3) Customary norms established by state practice can reinforce international law like treaties, but can also act like a "stone" by creating new interpretations that disturb the existing legal framework.
Space law governs activities in outer space through national and international law. It aims to regulate state relations and determine rights and duties regarding space activities. Key principles include preserving space and earth environments, determining liability for space object damages, and ensuring space is used peacefully and for the benefit of all humanity. Major treaties include the 1967 Outer Space Treaty, 1968 Rescue Agreement, 1972 Liability Convention, 1975 Registration Convention, and 1979 Moon Agreement, which address issues like jurisdiction, assistance to astronauts, liability for space object damages, registering launched objects, and equitable sharing of moon resources. Space law is important to ensure sustainable and safe use of space.
Ripples in the Pond: The Effect of State Actions on the Corpus of Internation...Michael J. Listner
Customary international law and state practice can influence existing space law both positively and negatively. Positive influences include reinforcing treaty principles like res communis through actions supporting free access and use of space. However, certain activities and domestic laws aimed at reinterpreting space law could undermine established norms. Careful consideration is needed regarding potential impacts on the corpus of international space law to avoid unintended consequences.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users worldwide. It was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1970s to aid in military navigation. GPS became fully operational in 1994 with 24 satellites providing positioning data. While originally intended for military use, GPS is now available for civilian use as well through devices like car navigation systems and smartphones.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to receivers anywhere on Earth. It was developed by the U.S. military in the 1970s and became fully operational in 1994. GPS uses a constellation of satellites that continuously transmit their positions and the current time, allowing receivers to determine their location by calculating the time delay of signals from at least four satellites.
This document analyzes the current status of space law and conventions regarding sovereignty in outer space. It discusses key treaties like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Moon Treaty of 1979. While these treaties established some framework, many challenges remain unaddressed. Issues around defining boundaries between airspace and outer space, liability for damage, and jurisdiction over objects in space continue to be debated. The document concludes more work is still needed to harmonize regulations and reduce ambiguity regarding sovereignty and activities in outer space.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
The Brussels Satellite Convention of 1974 aimed to regulate the legal issues raised by international television broadcasts via satellite. It obligates member states to prevent the unauthorized distribution of satellite signals within their territories. The convention defines key terms like "satellite", "program", and "signal". It establishes exceptions for short excerpts used in news reporting, educational purposes, and signals intended for public reception. The convention has 35 member states as of 2011 but has not been widely adopted due to opposition from broadcasters.
This document provides an overview of international air law, beginning with an introduction to different types of aviation regulations: national, bilateral, regional, and global. It then discusses several key aspects of international air law in more detail, including the Chicago Convention of 1944 which established the basic framework for international commercial aviation. The Chicago Convention set up the International Civil Aviation Organization and addressed issues like nationality and registration of aircraft, facilitation of air navigation, and adoption of international standards. The document also covers the Warsaw system addressing aviation liability.
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the UN SystemChristopher Johnson
The document summarizes the history, structure, agenda, and current work of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). COPUOS reports to the UN General Assembly's Fourth Committee and is comprised of a Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and a Legal Subcommittee. In 2015, the subcommittees will meet in February, April, and June in Vienna to discuss topics like space debris mitigation and the long term sustainability of space activities. COPUOS has 77 member states and aims to promote international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space.
Deficiencies and Pressing Issues in the Existing Legal Regime of Outer SpaceChristopher Johnson
It is increasingly clear that the body of international space law, drafted in the 1960s and 70s (and showing the hallmarks of that era), has a number of deficiencies in relation to existing, emerging, and proposed space activities. These deficiencies include both intended deficiencies in the law—where the drafters refrained from lawmaking (either out of modesty or political expediency); as well as unintended and emergent deficiencies (where technological progress in spaceflight technologies and capabilities were not addressed in the law because they were simply not imagined at the time).
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
Topic UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRA.docxturveycharlyn
Topic: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRAEL’S CAPITAL
4 pages double spaced
Political Studies: Outline
First section: Topic
1. Paper topic: Write a short paragraph describing your topic. Be very specific.
2. Thesis statement: Write a clear thesis statement about your paper topic.
Second Section: The paper outline
1. Introduction: Outline what your argument in your paper is going to be in a paragraph
2. Section (#): briefly outline what each section of your paper will be about.
· Include your academic citations in their respective sections
· Explain how you will use them in your arguments in one or two sentences
· You should have as many sections in your outline as you expect to have in your paper.
3. Conclusion.
Things you should include in your outline:
1. Specifics on your topic. The more detail you provide the better your grade will be
2. At least six academic sources that are relevant to your topic as well as an explanation of how you will use them. (APA)
Holloway
Canada’s Need to Take Ownersh*t of its Role in Space Exploration
A short paper on international space law
Introduction/Issues
A frozen turd ball was ejected from our orbiting space station and struck a foreign state’s spy satellite. The satellite was knocked out of orbit and crashed to Earth. The foreign state now demands reparations from us. This paper will survey the legal regime for the use of space and states’ obligations with respect to debris causing damage to other objects in space. Then, this paper will analyze the current situation to assess our options for response. This paper concludes that we should pay reparations to the foreign state and develop technologies to reduce our production of dangerous debris in space.
Rules
Given that humanity gained access to space relatively recently, and only a limited number of states actually participate in space exploration, international space law is still in its infancy. Although states have jurisdiction over the airspace immediately above their territory, outer space is understood as a ‘res communis’, meaning that none of it can form part of a state’s sovereign territory.[footnoteRef:1] The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies entered into force in 1967 and forms the basis of international space law.[footnoteRef:2] 103 states, including Canada, have ratified the treaty and another 25 states are signatories.[footnoteRef:3] Article III notes the parties’ desires to promote peace, security, cooperation and understanding with regards to the use and development of space. Article VIII specifies that states maintain jurisdiction over whatever objects or personnel they send into space. [1: Currie, John H. et al, International Law: Doctrine, Practice and Theory, 2nd ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2014) at 466. ] [2: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities o ...
Private, non-governmental actors are becoming increasingly active in space activities, driving innovation and expanding our capabilities. However, their ambitions have implications for international and national governance regimes. This lecture was given at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy's 2019 Geopolitics and Global Futures Symposium
The document discusses the meaning and scope of outer space law. It begins by defining outer space as the area beyond Earth's atmosphere. Outer space law governs activities in space and aims to regulate relations between states. It encompasses international treaties and agreements as well as national laws concerning space. The five major international treaties governing outer space are discussed, including the 1967 Outer Space Treaty which bans weapons of mass destruction in space and establishes principles of international cooperation for peaceful exploration. The treaty also establishes that space is free for exploration and use by all nations and is not subject to claims of ownership.
M.a.d comprehensive lists of international multilateral treaties (law of trea...maysam araee daronkola
M.A.D Comprehensive Lists of international multilateral treaties (law of treaties)
(treaty, convention, agreement, protocol, amendment, decleration &…) directed by maysam araee daronkolah
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
In introduce to the present work must say this work being divided into several sections:
1: list of treaties by date of conclusion (from 1900 to 2013)
2: list of treaties by date of entry in to force (from 1900 to 2013)
3: list of treaties by subject that consist of:
Air law, Communication And Information, Disarmament and Arms Control, Economic, Ecosystem, [Educational, Scientific and Cultural] matter, Energy, Environment, Fishing, Foodstuff, Health, Human rights, Human Trafficking, Humanitarian Law, Intellectual Property, International Organization, International Private Law, International Relation & Diplomatic and Consular Law, International Trade and Commerce, Labor Law, Law of the sea, Law of Treaties & Succession of States, Maritime And Shipping, [Minerals, Industrial Material and Industrial] Matter, Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Safety, Peace and Military alliance, Penal Matter &Terrorism, Privileges and Immunities of IO, Settlement of Dispute, Space Law, Sport, Stateless and Refugee, Transport, Women and Children Rights
State Responsibility and Liability for Nuclear Damage1Abhay Singh Thakur
State responsibility and liability for nuclear damage is governed by both customary international law and treaties. Under customary international law, states are responsible for preventing transboundary harm from nuclear activities within their territory and control. Several treaties also establish specific obligations for states regarding nuclear activities, including requirements for licensing, surveillance, and controlling nuclear accidents. When nuclear accidents do occur, states have international responsibility if the accident is attributable to lack of due diligence over nuclear facilities. Affected states can make claims under the law of state responsibility, though defining sufficient injury from nuclear accidents requires further study.
The document provides an overview of various types of aviation regulations including national, bilateral, regional, and international regulations. It discusses in detail national aviation regulations in India and their objectives. It also explains bilateral aviation agreements, including their purpose and typical features. Regional aviation regulations in Europe and North America are briefly mentioned. The history and development of global aviation law through various conferences and conventions such as Chicago (1944) are summarized as well.
This document describes the design and implementation of a directional object sensing and ranging system. It uses an ultrasonic range sensor mounted on a stepper motor to detect objects within a 2.5m radius as the motor rotates continuously. When an object is detected, the microcontroller records the angle of the stepper motor and distance to the object, displaying it on an LCD. The system differs from stationary detectors by providing directional detection capabilities through the rotational motion of the sensors.
This document summarizes progress made on the DOPLOC satellite tracking system between July 1959 to July 1960. It describes the proposed scanning DOPLOC system which uses high-power transmitters and receivers with scanning antennas to detect and track satellites. It discusses developing the necessary algorithms to determine satellite orbits from Doppler data alone. A scaled-down version of the scanning DOPLOC system was proposed for experimental validation but was later cancelled by ARPA.
The document contains instructions for an activity with pictures to arrange in a sequence for 10 points each, with a negative 5 points for incorrect answers. A second activity provides movie-related clues to arrange in a sequence for 50 points each, with a larger negative 40 points for incorrect answers and emphasizes not cheating.
This document outlines the syllabus for an embedded systems course. The first unit covers topics related to embedded system fundamentals, including definitions of embedded systems and their classification. It also discusses the software and hardware perspectives of building embedded systems, including the roles of the initial program loader and startup program in configuring the system. The purpose of embedded systems is summarized as involving data collection, storage, communication, processing, monitoring, control, and user interfaces.
Ripples in the Pond: The Effect of State Actions on the Corpus of Internation...Michael J. Listner
Customary international law and state practice can influence existing space law both positively and negatively. Positive influences include reinforcing treaty principles like res communis through actions supporting free access and use of space. However, certain activities and domestic laws aimed at reinterpreting space law could undermine established norms. Careful consideration is needed regarding potential impacts on the corpus of international space law to avoid unintended consequences.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to users worldwide. It was developed by the U.S. Department of Defense in the 1970s to aid in military navigation. GPS became fully operational in 1994 with 24 satellites providing positioning data. While originally intended for military use, GPS is now available for civilian use as well through devices like car navigation systems and smartphones.
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that provides location and time information to receivers anywhere on Earth. It was developed by the U.S. military in the 1970s and became fully operational in 1994. GPS uses a constellation of satellites that continuously transmit their positions and the current time, allowing receivers to determine their location by calculating the time delay of signals from at least four satellites.
This document analyzes the current status of space law and conventions regarding sovereignty in outer space. It discusses key treaties like the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 and the Moon Treaty of 1979. While these treaties established some framework, many challenges remain unaddressed. Issues around defining boundaries between airspace and outer space, liability for damage, and jurisdiction over objects in space continue to be debated. The document concludes more work is still needed to harmonize regulations and reduce ambiguity regarding sovereignty and activities in outer space.
Transition of space technologies and the spin off technologies realisedAlexander Decker
This document discusses space technologies and spin-off technologies realized from space exploration. It provides examples of past space technologies from the 20th century that enabled space exploration. It also discusses present space technologies and applications that provide satellite communications, remote sensing, GPS, and benefits to various sectors. Examples of specific spin-off technologies are also outlined from space agencies in Europe and Japan that have applications in areas like living, safety/security, environment, healthcare, industry, and education. Potential new space technologies under development in 2013 are also mentioned, including improved spacesuits and reusable rocket technologies.
The Brussels Satellite Convention of 1974 aimed to regulate the legal issues raised by international television broadcasts via satellite. It obligates member states to prevent the unauthorized distribution of satellite signals within their territories. The convention defines key terms like "satellite", "program", and "signal". It establishes exceptions for short excerpts used in news reporting, educational purposes, and signals intended for public reception. The convention has 35 member states as of 2011 but has not been widely adopted due to opposition from broadcasters.
This document provides an overview of international air law, beginning with an introduction to different types of aviation regulations: national, bilateral, regional, and global. It then discusses several key aspects of international air law in more detail, including the Chicago Convention of 1944 which established the basic framework for international commercial aviation. The Chicago Convention set up the International Civil Aviation Organization and addressed issues like nationality and registration of aircraft, facilitation of air navigation, and adoption of international standards. The document also covers the Warsaw system addressing aviation liability.
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space and the UN SystemChristopher Johnson
The document summarizes the history, structure, agenda, and current work of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS). COPUOS reports to the UN General Assembly's Fourth Committee and is comprised of a Scientific and Technical Subcommittee and a Legal Subcommittee. In 2015, the subcommittees will meet in February, April, and June in Vienna to discuss topics like space debris mitigation and the long term sustainability of space activities. COPUOS has 77 member states and aims to promote international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space.
Deficiencies and Pressing Issues in the Existing Legal Regime of Outer SpaceChristopher Johnson
It is increasingly clear that the body of international space law, drafted in the 1960s and 70s (and showing the hallmarks of that era), has a number of deficiencies in relation to existing, emerging, and proposed space activities. These deficiencies include both intended deficiencies in the law—where the drafters refrained from lawmaking (either out of modesty or political expediency); as well as unintended and emergent deficiencies (where technological progress in spaceflight technologies and capabilities were not addressed in the law because they were simply not imagined at the time).
Space Law: What Space Sovereignty Means for Operating in the 4th DomainKlisman Murati FRSA
As space has become more contested and competitive the need to maintain effective situational awareness in the 4th domain is more critical than ever. With this in mind, the Pangaea Wire Group hosted a workshop bringing together key stakeholders across the military, government and industry sectors to discuss approaches and strategies for providing a holistic approach to Space Situational Awareness (SSA).
Exploring space debris, space sovereignty, security, space surveillance and tracking (SST), space weather, the impact of new mega-constellations and international partnerships in space.
Topic UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRA.docxturveycharlyn
Topic: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S ROLE AND POSITION ON MOVING ISRAEL’S CAPITAL
4 pages double spaced
Political Studies: Outline
First section: Topic
1. Paper topic: Write a short paragraph describing your topic. Be very specific.
2. Thesis statement: Write a clear thesis statement about your paper topic.
Second Section: The paper outline
1. Introduction: Outline what your argument in your paper is going to be in a paragraph
2. Section (#): briefly outline what each section of your paper will be about.
· Include your academic citations in their respective sections
· Explain how you will use them in your arguments in one or two sentences
· You should have as many sections in your outline as you expect to have in your paper.
3. Conclusion.
Things you should include in your outline:
1. Specifics on your topic. The more detail you provide the better your grade will be
2. At least six academic sources that are relevant to your topic as well as an explanation of how you will use them. (APA)
Holloway
Canada’s Need to Take Ownersh*t of its Role in Space Exploration
A short paper on international space law
Introduction/Issues
A frozen turd ball was ejected from our orbiting space station and struck a foreign state’s spy satellite. The satellite was knocked out of orbit and crashed to Earth. The foreign state now demands reparations from us. This paper will survey the legal regime for the use of space and states’ obligations with respect to debris causing damage to other objects in space. Then, this paper will analyze the current situation to assess our options for response. This paper concludes that we should pay reparations to the foreign state and develop technologies to reduce our production of dangerous debris in space.
Rules
Given that humanity gained access to space relatively recently, and only a limited number of states actually participate in space exploration, international space law is still in its infancy. Although states have jurisdiction over the airspace immediately above their territory, outer space is understood as a ‘res communis’, meaning that none of it can form part of a state’s sovereign territory.[footnoteRef:1] The Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies entered into force in 1967 and forms the basis of international space law.[footnoteRef:2] 103 states, including Canada, have ratified the treaty and another 25 states are signatories.[footnoteRef:3] Article III notes the parties’ desires to promote peace, security, cooperation and understanding with regards to the use and development of space. Article VIII specifies that states maintain jurisdiction over whatever objects or personnel they send into space. [1: Currie, John H. et al, International Law: Doctrine, Practice and Theory, 2nd ed (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2014) at 466. ] [2: Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities o ...
Private, non-governmental actors are becoming increasingly active in space activities, driving innovation and expanding our capabilities. However, their ambitions have implications for international and national governance regimes. This lecture was given at the Geneva Centre for Security Policy's 2019 Geopolitics and Global Futures Symposium
The document discusses the meaning and scope of outer space law. It begins by defining outer space as the area beyond Earth's atmosphere. Outer space law governs activities in space and aims to regulate relations between states. It encompasses international treaties and agreements as well as national laws concerning space. The five major international treaties governing outer space are discussed, including the 1967 Outer Space Treaty which bans weapons of mass destruction in space and establishes principles of international cooperation for peaceful exploration. The treaty also establishes that space is free for exploration and use by all nations and is not subject to claims of ownership.
M.a.d comprehensive lists of international multilateral treaties (law of trea...maysam araee daronkola
M.A.D Comprehensive Lists of international multilateral treaties (law of treaties)
(treaty, convention, agreement, protocol, amendment, decleration &…) directed by maysam araee daronkolah
http://iilss.net/
http://maynter.com
In introduce to the present work must say this work being divided into several sections:
1: list of treaties by date of conclusion (from 1900 to 2013)
2: list of treaties by date of entry in to force (from 1900 to 2013)
3: list of treaties by subject that consist of:
Air law, Communication And Information, Disarmament and Arms Control, Economic, Ecosystem, [Educational, Scientific and Cultural] matter, Energy, Environment, Fishing, Foodstuff, Health, Human rights, Human Trafficking, Humanitarian Law, Intellectual Property, International Organization, International Private Law, International Relation & Diplomatic and Consular Law, International Trade and Commerce, Labor Law, Law of the sea, Law of Treaties & Succession of States, Maritime And Shipping, [Minerals, Industrial Material and Industrial] Matter, Narcotic drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Safety, Peace and Military alliance, Penal Matter &Terrorism, Privileges and Immunities of IO, Settlement of Dispute, Space Law, Sport, Stateless and Refugee, Transport, Women and Children Rights
State Responsibility and Liability for Nuclear Damage1Abhay Singh Thakur
State responsibility and liability for nuclear damage is governed by both customary international law and treaties. Under customary international law, states are responsible for preventing transboundary harm from nuclear activities within their territory and control. Several treaties also establish specific obligations for states regarding nuclear activities, including requirements for licensing, surveillance, and controlling nuclear accidents. When nuclear accidents do occur, states have international responsibility if the accident is attributable to lack of due diligence over nuclear facilities. Affected states can make claims under the law of state responsibility, though defining sufficient injury from nuclear accidents requires further study.
The document provides an overview of various types of aviation regulations including national, bilateral, regional, and international regulations. It discusses in detail national aviation regulations in India and their objectives. It also explains bilateral aviation agreements, including their purpose and typical features. Regional aviation regulations in Europe and North America are briefly mentioned. The history and development of global aviation law through various conferences and conventions such as Chicago (1944) are summarized as well.
This document describes the design and implementation of a directional object sensing and ranging system. It uses an ultrasonic range sensor mounted on a stepper motor to detect objects within a 2.5m radius as the motor rotates continuously. When an object is detected, the microcontroller records the angle of the stepper motor and distance to the object, displaying it on an LCD. The system differs from stationary detectors by providing directional detection capabilities through the rotational motion of the sensors.
This document summarizes progress made on the DOPLOC satellite tracking system between July 1959 to July 1960. It describes the proposed scanning DOPLOC system which uses high-power transmitters and receivers with scanning antennas to detect and track satellites. It discusses developing the necessary algorithms to determine satellite orbits from Doppler data alone. A scaled-down version of the scanning DOPLOC system was proposed for experimental validation but was later cancelled by ARPA.
The document contains instructions for an activity with pictures to arrange in a sequence for 10 points each, with a negative 5 points for incorrect answers. A second activity provides movie-related clues to arrange in a sequence for 50 points each, with a larger negative 40 points for incorrect answers and emphasizes not cheating.
This document outlines the syllabus for an embedded systems course. The first unit covers topics related to embedded system fundamentals, including definitions of embedded systems and their classification. It also discusses the software and hardware perspectives of building embedded systems, including the roles of the initial program loader and startup program in configuring the system. The purpose of embedded systems is summarized as involving data collection, storage, communication, processing, monitoring, control, and user interfaces.
The document discusses satellite communication and related concepts over multiple sections. It begins with an introduction to satellite communication, describing how satellites are used for telecommunication applications like TV and radio broadcasting. It then covers orbital mechanics concepts like Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's laws of motion that govern satellite orbits. Later sections discuss orbital parameters, perturbations, station keeping, geo-stationary and non-geo-stationary orbits, and look angle determination for communicating with satellites. The document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in satellite communication.
Digital logic families have evolved significantly over time, starting with simple diode logic and moving to more complex families like TTL, ECL, and CMOS. TTL was first introduced in 1964 and shaped digital technology, with newer TTL families still used today. ECL provides the fastest speeds but has low noise margins and high power. CMOS uses less static power, allows for scaling to more transistors, and has full voltage swing, though is susceptible to electrostatic damage. CMOS family evolution has decreased supply voltages over time from 12V down to 1.8V or less for lower power.
This document discusses asynchronous counters. It begins by classifying counters as either asynchronous or synchronous. Asynchronous counters have flip-flops that are clocked in a ripple effect by the preceding flip-flop, making them slower. The document then discusses different types of asynchronous up/down counters using J-K and D flip-flops with positive and negative edge triggering. It provides examples of 1, 2, and 3-bit asynchronous counters and discusses design steps for creating asynchronous counters of any modulus. Finally, it works through a design example for a 14 state up counter.
Parity generator and checker circuits are used to detect errors in data transmission. A parity bit is added to data units using even or odd parity rules. Even parity means the total number of 1 bits including the parity bit is even. Odd parity means the total is odd. During transmission, the sender generates parity bits and the receiver checks them to detect errors. Parity can detect single bit errors but not multiple errors or errors in the parity bit itself. Integrated circuits like the 74280 TTL IC contain parity generator and checker functionality to implement error detection during data transmission.
1. Sequential circuits "remember" their previous state, with their output depending on present inputs and previous state. Examples include latches, registers, memory, and counters.
2. Latches are level sensitive storage elements while registers are edge triggered, and can be implemented using latches. Flip-flops are bi-stable components formed by cross-coupling gates.
3. Counters go through a predetermined sequence of binary values upon input pulses and are often used as clock dividers. Synchronous counters use adders/subtractors while asynchronous counters use cascaded flip-flops.
The document discusses the classification of signals and systems. It defines signals and provides examples. Signals are classified as continuous-time or discrete-time. Continuous-time signals vary continuously while discrete-time signals are sampled. Both types of signals can be further classified as periodic or aperiodic, deterministic or random, energy or power signals. The document also defines causal and non-causal signals. Systems are classified as linear or nonlinear, time-variant or time-invariant, causal or non-causal, and stable or unstable.
This document provides an overview of digital signal processing systems. It defines a system as a physical device or algorithm that performs operations on a discrete time signal. A system has an input signal x(n), performs a process, and produces an output signal y(n). Systems can be classified based on their properties as static/dynamic, time-invariant/time-variant, linear/non-linear, causal/non-causal, and stable/unstable. Examples of each system type are provided. The key aspects covered are the definitions of each system property, how to determine if a given system has a particular property, and examples to illustrate the concepts.
This document summarizes the SuperSEAD secure routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. SuperSEAD uses hash tree chains to authenticate routing updates and prevent attackers from advertising incorrect routing information. It also uses packet leashes and neighbor authentication to avoid replay attacks and verify the origin of messages. The document analyzes SuperSEAD's security properties and the attacks it aims to prevent such as blackholes, replay attacks, and wormholes. It discusses modeling SuperSEAD in the Murphi model checker and the challenges faced in representing all possible network conditions and protocol behaviors.
This document outlines the syllabus for the course EC8702 - Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks. The syllabus covers 5 units: (1) Ad hoc Networks including introduction, routing protocols, (2) Sensor Networks including architecture, (3) Networking concepts and protocols for sensor networks, (4) Security issues in sensor networks, and (5) Sensor network platforms and tools. Unit 1 discusses elements of ad hoc networks, example applications, issues in designing routing protocols, and table-driven and on-demand routing protocols. Unit 2 covers challenges for wireless sensor networks, enabling technologies, application examples, and sensor node architecture.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Mechatronics is a multidisciplinary field that refers to the skill sets needed in the contemporary, advanced automated manufacturing industry. At the intersection of mechanics, electronics, and computing, mechatronics specialists create simpler, smarter systems. Mechatronics is an essential foundation for the expected growth in automation and manufacturing.
Mechatronics deals with robotics, control systems, and electro-mechanical systems.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Accident detection system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The Rapid growth of technology and infrastructure has made our lives easier. The
advent of technology has also increased the traffic hazards and the road accidents take place
frequently which causes huge loss of life and property because of the poor emergency facilities.
Many lives could have been saved if emergency service could get accident information and
reach in time. Our project will provide an optimum solution to this draw back. A piezo electric
sensor can be used as a crash or rollover detector of the vehicle during and after a crash. With
signals from a piezo electric sensor, a severe accident can be recognized. According to this
project when a vehicle meets with an accident immediately piezo electric sensor will detect the
signal or if a car rolls over. Then with the help of GSM module and GPS module, the location
will be sent to the emergency contact. Then after conforming the location necessary action will
be taken. If the person meets with a small accident or if there is no serious threat to anyone’s
life, then the alert message can be terminated by the driver by a switch provided in order to
avoid wasting the valuable time of the medical rescue team.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdf
2015-lachs-panel_6-1-jasani.ppt
1. Bhupendra Jasani
Department of War
Studies
King’s College London
Commercial Systems for
Military
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In 1978 unexpectedly the US ocean
surveillance satellite, Seasat, carrying a SAR
radar detected on the sea surface the wake of
a submerged submarine illustrating yet
another way to detect submarines;
First Gulf War in 1990-1991 illustrated the use
of commercial satellites in an armed conflict;
These were the beginnings of the use of
commercial satellites by the military.
Introduction
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Where are various space assets?
4. Some major space faring states with
defence and commercial programmes
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Country Early-warning
satellites
Communications
satellites
Navigation
satellites
Meteorological
satellites
Observation satellites Indigenous
launch vehicle
D C D C D C D C D C
China
DPRK
Europe
France
India
Iran
Israel
Japan
Russia
USA
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Since the beginning
of the space age in
October 1957 with
the launch of the
Russian Sputnik 1
satellite,
considerable
advances have been
made in the
capabilities of earth
orbiting spacecraft
for both military and
commercial uses,
the latter
approaching that of
military
Some comparison between
commercial and military space assets
Observation satellites-spatial resolution
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Spectral resolution
Range of electromagnetic spectrum over which
observation satellites operate
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Summary of spectral resolution & band
widths
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8
Target in visible and multi-
spectral images
1996 image of the
UK Dungeness
nuclear power plant
imaged by a
Russian Cosmos
satellite carrying a
KVR-1000 sensor
with 2m resolution
Landsat-5 image
acquired on 3
November 1997 over
Dungeness Nuclear
power station; bands 6
(thermal) as red, 5 as
green and 4 as blue; the
warm water discharged
into the sea can be
detected while clearly
the reactor buildings
are well insulated.
Source EOSAT
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Target imaged by a radar
sensor
Dungeness Nuclear Power Plant acquired by ERS-2 radar satellite.
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Target imaged by high resolution
optical and radar sensors
Helicopter
base in
Berlin
imaged by
Russian
satellite
carrying a
KVR
sensor
with a
resolution
of 2m
Helicopter base in Berlin imaged by ERS-2
radar sensor with 25m resolution
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A US sports centre imaged by the US
QuickBird satellite at 0.61m resolution
Lastly, temporal resolution
meaning how frequently a
satellite comes back to a
particular point on the earth’s
surface
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It can be seen that the quality of the commercial remote sensing satellites is
converging to that of the military systems;
This trend continued to other application satellites such as the communications,
navigation and meteorological satellites also,
Because of the availability of information commercially from space assets to all, it
is not surprising that the international community also desires access to and the use
of such satellites;
The two big powers verify their bi-lateral treaties by the National Technical Means
(NTM) of verification largely made up of space-based assets access to which is very
limited;
Because the inspected State is generally reluctant to make it too transparent,
verification by satellites under a Multi-lateral Technical Means (MTM) was
conceptualised;
This was possible because of the availability of commercial high resolution images
and the Principle V of Remote Sensing Principles encourages such activities;
According to this, “States carrying out remote sensing activities shall promote
international cooperation in these activities. To this end, they shall make available to
other States opportunities for participation therein.”
Time has come to examine how to proceed from here.
Where to now?
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13
Some of the existing relevant
legal regimes
There are:
3 Treaties - 1967 Outer Space Treaty, 1972 Liability Convention
and 1976 Registration Convention;
4 Principles - 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles, 1986 Remote
Sensing Principle, 1992 Principles on the use of Nuclear Power
Sources in Outer Space,1996 Declaration on International
Cooperation;
2 Resolutions – adopted by the UNGA on International
Cooperation, 1961 Resolution 1721A and B (XVI) and 2000
Resolution 55/122 concerning the GSO;
Some relevant documents – 2007 Guidelines on Debris
Mitigation and 2009 Safety for nuclear power source.
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Arms control, disarmament and confidence-building measures
are some of the important elements of security;
Unlike the early bi-lateral treaties between the USA and the
former USSR that depended on earth-orbiting satellites for their
verification under the National Technical Means (NTM) of
verification provision, most multi-lateral treaties do not have such
a mechanism;
In such cases, often on-site inspection measures are provided;
However, these usually are very limited because the inspected
State is generally reluctant to make itself too transparent;
Hence the verification by satellites under a Multi-lateral
Technical Means (MTM) was conceptualised since, with the
availability of high resolution images commercially, this was
possible and Principle V of Remote Sensing Principles allows
such activities.
Outer space “in the interest of maintaining
international peace and security”
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Outer space Treaty
Entered into force 10 October 1967
The Outer Space Treaty stipulates that activities in outer space “…shall be carried
out for the benefit and in the interest of all countries..” (Art. I)
Furthermore, it is stated that “States Parties to the Treaty shall carry on
activities…in the interest of maintaining international peace and security…”(Art. III);
Many applications of such satellites as remote sensing and navigation would
suggest the opposite;
Pin pointing a target by remote sensing satellite and delivery of a missile with very
high accuracy by navigation satellites to it would be regarded as very threatening
use;
Moreover, “The moon and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties
to the Treaty exclusively for peaceful purposes.” (Art. IV), while such a provision
does not appear as far as artificial earth satellites are concerned;
The Treaty does not have any verification provisions although orbiting weapons of
mass destruction are prohibited;
A more important issue may be the development of commercial sub-orbital flights
that may have direct ascent ASAT implications;
Again State’s commitments in Articles I, III, V, VI. VII, VIII and IX are repeated in
Paragraphs 1, 4, 9, 5, 8, 7 and 6 respectively in 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles
emphasising the importance of the OST.
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International Liability Convention
In Force since September 1972
A State bears international responsibility for all space objects launched from its
territory so that it is fully liable for damages that result from that space object;
If two states work together to launch a space object, then both those states are
jointly liable for the damage that object may cause;
The term “space object” includes “component parts of a space object as well as its
launch vehicle and parts thereof” (Article I), then can debris from space objects be
regarded as “parts of a space object”?
If so, then there have been either close encounters or actual collisions with space
debris causing potential damage to space objects of other parties as shown in the
following two tables;
However, how is one to determine the ownership of a debris that may be too small
to be tracked and identified that may cause damage to another state’s property?
More recent examples are potential damage that may be caused by debris from the
Chinese 2007 ASAT test or by those caused from the destruction of a US satellite
soon after the Chinese ASAT test;
This is particularly so when tracking of objects is carried out unilaterally by only a
few.
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Summary of some collisions and
close encounters
Hit by debris Close encounter
Hit by or close encounter with
other objects
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Summary of some collisions and
close encounters
Close encounter
Hit by debris Hit by or close encounter with
other objects
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Registration Convention
Entered into force 1976
The convention requires states to furnish to the United Nations with
details about the objects and their orbits; and these obligations are
mandatory;
For example, name of launching State, an appropriate designator of the
space object or its registration number, date and territory or location of
launch, basic orbital parameters (nodal period, inclination, apogee and
perigee) and general function of the space object;
By and large, provision IV.1.(e) has not been fulfilled, since large number
of satellites launched serve military purposes and hardly any of them have
been described to the UN Secretary-General as having military uses;
Timely information is particularly important when a satellite is carrying a
nuclear power source/reactor as often the satellite is registered much later
after its launch (see 1992 Principles relevant to Nuclear Power Sources in
space);
As a first step it is essential to strengthen the compliance with the
Convention.
20. Space debris
It can be seen from the tables that the first ever accidental in-
orbit collision between two satellites occurred on 10 February 2009
at 776km altitude;
A US privately own communication satellite, Iridium 33, and a
Russian Strela-2M military communications satellite, Cosmos 2251
collided;
While in this case the objects are known and therefore resulting
debris could be identify but in a case when debris has spread over
a period of time the owner of a particular piece may be known to
only a few unless the objects are monitored and catalogued
multilaterally;
Over the half century of space activities, some 6,000 satellites
have been placed in orbit of which about 800 are still operating;
More than 12,000 object are tracked by the US Space
Surveillance Network, 5-10cm in LEO and 0.3m-1m in GEO;
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Could the use of remotely sensed data from space to fix prices of agricultural product
against developing states be termed “..for the benefit and in the interest of all countries.”?
(Principle II)
MTM concept was proposed earlier on the basis of “States carrying out remote sensing
activities shall promote international cooperation in these activities.” (Principle V) but this
has not happened yet;
An International Data Centre (IDC) is proposed here in the hope that Principle VI would be
fulfilled according to which “In order to maximize the availability of benefits from remote
sensing activities, States are encouraged…to provide establishment and operation of data
collecting and storage stations and processing and interpretation facilities.”
“The sensed State shall also have access to the available analysed information concerning
the territory under its jurisdiction in the possession of any State participating in remote
sensing activities…” (Principle XII) even though the Sensed State generally is unaware of
being sensed;
“States operating remote sensing satellites shall bear international responsibility
…irrespective of whether such activities are carried out by governmental or non-
governmental entities…” (Principle XIV) and yet, it was reported, that a terrorist organization
used the maps and satellite images available on the Google Earth over and in the region of
Mumbai, India to coordinate and carry out its terrorist activity with devastating effect;
This can only happen as much of the outer space legal regime is weak.
1986 Remote Sensing Principles
Some comments
22. Usefulness of Codes of Conduct for
Outer Space Activities
It is now generally recognised that space capabilities, including
relevant ground facilities, are vital to national and international
security and to maintaining global peace;
A vital element for this is adequate notification of outer space
activities such as pre-notification of launches, possible potential
break-ups in orbits or premature re-entry of space objects causing
potential harm to the earth’s atmosphere and on the ground;
Thus, States should have serious commitment to the outer space
law such as adherence to the Registration Conventions rather than
develop new codes of conduct in outer space activities;
Above all the codes of conduct do not have verification provisions
and they are not legally binding;
It is essential to know how outer space is being used if the relevant
treaties and Code of Conducts are to be effective;
This would require monitoring activities in outer space by
international community under an MTM.
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23. What can be done?
Improve space traffic control:
A working group convened by the four leading non-governmental organizations
dealing with space issues, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
the U.N. Office on Outer Space Affairs, the Confederation of European Aerospace
Societies and International Academy of Astronautics, have suggested more
extensive efforts to improve space traffic control procedures;
Here it is suggested that as a first step, an International Data Centre (IDC) could
be established , for example, in Vienna, where data provided by participating
countries on space objects in orbits would be collated and compiled; the data could
be, for example, the telemetry emitted by satellites, their shapes, sizes, and orbits,
the launching country, and the designation of satellites;
Such an action would be in line with the Principle VI of the Remote Sensing
Principles;
The second step would be that the IDC could establish some equipment
necessary to track objects in space to verify the Registration Convention and also
data that might be available from various states on orbital debris;
The latter would be to check measures that may be used on orbital debris
mitigation.
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Orbital debris mitigation:
The Inter-Agency Debris Coordinating Committee (IADC)
consisting of space agencies from China, France, Germany,
India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and
the United States, and the European Space Agency, has
drawn up a set of guidelines;
However, these are not legally binding;
It might be suggested here that the COPUOS adopts a
possible verifiable “Convention on Limiting and Eliminating
Debris in Orbits (CLEDO)”;
The verification of such a convention could be carried out
by the above proposed IDC.
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Some simple methods for verification of
compliance with existing and new outer
space related measures
Largely it is possible to learn about the missions of various satellites by examining
their orbital characteristics and by scanning numerous technical and military
journals;
While monitoring communications flow would add considerably to the knowledge
on the nature of the spacecraft, it may be easier to monitor the telemetry sent from
the satellite to its command and control centres;
The principal sources of unclassified information about this are groups of amateur
organizations (e.g. UK Kettering School);
Moreover, some information on radio frequencies used by satellites is available
from the International Telecommunications Union;
Thus, for example, IDC should start by collecting such information and equip itself
with simple antenna, signal receivers that could be tuned from 550 kHz to 31 MHz
and that would have digital frequency readout and a tunable very high frequency
receiver with, for example, 55-260 MHz frequency range and an FM demodulator;
A spectrum display unit, a time code generator and a reader, a tape recorder, a
strip chart recorder, a frequency discriminator, a desk computer and a tracking
system.
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Some simple methods for verification of
compliance with existing and new outer
space related measures
continued
A number of tracking facilities would be necessary so as to be able to
generate orbital elements for objects being monitored independent of NASA.
Baker-Nunn cameras could be used that have apertures of about 50 cm
which follow a satellite as it crosses the sky with position accuracy of about
0.001°.
Assuming a camera had a 50 cm aperture and recording light wavelength of
5.5 x 10~7 m, an object of about 30cm could be resolved from a distance of 300
km, a telescope with an aperture of 10 cm could resolve an object of about 1.5
m;
The cost of setting up an independent monitoring organization is modest,
some tens of thousands of dollars which would include the cost of setting up
the equipment and testing the whole system.;
Each station could be manned by not more than a dozen people;
The abovementioned is only a guide to the type needed and is only the
minimum;
The question now is what kind of independent organization need to be
considered.
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A new method that could monitor existing and
new outer space related measures
Continuous monitoring could best be carried out from
GSO;
Can satellite and missile launches be monitored by
weather satellites from the GSO?
Data produced from US and Russian defense satellites
in the GSO is classified;
While several sensors deployed onboard such satellites
are not available for civil spacecraft, electro-optical
sensors sensitive in the IR region of the electromagnetic
spectrum are orbited on commercial weather satellites;
It is proposed that current polar orbiting weather
satellites and those in the GSO should be able to detect the
plum from the launchers or missiles.
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A new method that could monitor existing
and new outer space related measures
continued
Spectrum of radiation from the plume of US Titan IIIB missileand a tactical ballistic
missile with liquid propellant in boost phase (in red) calculated using NATO InfraRed Air
TArget Model (NIRATAM) is shown here when the missile has reached an altitude of
10 km.
Source for the red curve: Kurt Beier and Erwin Lindermeir, 2007.
.
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A new method that could monitor existing
and new outer space related measures
continued
Comparison of spectra from solid and
liquid propellants when the rocket has
reached 20km altitude.
Source: Forden, 2006.
Thus, if this method is
proved workable, then this
would give a means of
verifying not only the
Registration Convention
but also such codes of
conduct as the Hague
Code of Conduct (HCOC)
and other measures also;
The next issue is that of
an institutional frame work
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An independent monitoring
organisation
Examples of these are: (1) SALT type of Standing Consultative Commission
(SSC); (2) International Cospas-Sarsat Programme; and (3) European Union Satellite
Centre;
(1) The sensitivity of data dissemination could be reduced particularly if an SCC
were to be established;
• This could well be done, for example, in a regional or a multi-lateral frame work;
• The main objective of a multi-lateral SCC would be not only to promote the
implementation of the provisions of any multi-lateral arms control agreements that
may have been reached, but also to implement outer space related measures
(2) Under the Cospass-Sarsat programme, several satellites pick up distress
signals that are transmitted at frequencies 121.5 and 406 MHz that saved some 2,700
lives between January 1994 and December 2013;
(3) In 1993 the WEU Satellite Centre was established in Torrejon near Madrid,
Spain; its mission was to develop satellite image processing methods, train image
analysts in satellite image interpretation and monitor the environment;
Thus, the models for an independent multi-lateral or an international verification
agency exists.
31. Some conclusions
It is now generally recognised that space
capabilities, including relevant ground facilities, are
vital to national and international security and to
maintaining global peace;
A vital element for this is adequate notification of
outer space activities such as pre-notification of
launches, possible potential break-ups in orbits or
premature re-entry of space objects causing potential
harm to the earth’s atmosphere and on the ground;
A serious commitment to the outer space law such
as adherence to the Registration Conventions and
Remote Sensing Principles is essential.
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32. Some conclusions
continued
It is proposed that a Multi-lateral Technical Means (MTM) of verification should now be
recognised in current outer space related measures;
It has also been proposed that an International Data Centre (IDC) is established in
support of the MTM-with the level of technical capabilities of most space faring nations,
an MTM is now possible;
MTM and IDC should be recognised in any future measures such as the Global Space
Governance;
There are some already existing multi-lateral organisations existing (for example, the
EU Satellite Centre) that could be used as a guide to the establishment of an MTM and
an IDC;
It is worth examining the types of sensors on board civil meteorological satellites and
see whether they can be used for early warning and detection of launches of spacecraft
and missile applications;
An important element in all of this is adequate notification of outer space activities
such as pre-notification of launches, possible potential break-ups in orbits or premature
re-entry of space objects causing potential harm to the earth’s atmosphere and on the
ground;
A serious commitment to the outer space law such as adherence to the Registration
Conventions and Remote Sensing Principles is essential.
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